菜用大豆百粒鲜重QTL定位

百粒鲜重是衡量菜用大豆品质的重要指标之一,以NJ(SP)BN(BOGAO×NG94-156)的RIL群体158个家系为研究材料,于2005年和2006年测定该RIL群体的百粒鲜重并构建遗传图谱进行QTL定位.采用Win QTL Cart V2.5中的复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,结果表明,两年资料对百粒鲜重QTL的定位结果基本一致,其中位于G连锁群上的一个QTL在两年中均被检测到,可解释7.64%-12.74%的表型变异.此外利用QTL Mapper 1.6对以上定位结果进行验证并估计与环境的互作效应,结果表明,定位到一个加性QTL(qss-5)与环境存在显著的互作效应,效应值为1.18%.本研究筛选到的与百粒鲜重紧密连锁的SSR标记,为菜用大豆分子标记辅助选择育种提供了理论基础.     

利用SNP标记高密度遗传图谱进行花生出仁率QTL定位

为进一步明确出仁率遗传基础,本研究以出仁率性状有显著差异的两亲本中花5号和ICGV 86699衍生的RIL群体为材料,以其表型数据结合栽培花生第一张基于SNP标记的高密度遗传图谱,采用Windows QTL Cartographer V.2.5软件的复合区间作图法,对3个单环境及联合环境下出仁率进行QTL定位,共检测到28个QTL。各QTL解释的表型变异为3.98%~13.77%,LOD值介于2.59~7.36之间,其中6个为贡献率大于10.0%的主效QTL。Meta-QTL分析鉴定出7个在不同环境下都能稳定表达的一致性QTL。其中一致性QTL cq SPA4b在3个单环境和联合环境中都能检测到,一致性QTL cq SPB6a在3个单环境中能检测到,且平均贡献率为11.86%。与前人的研究结果比较发现,cq SPA5b与另外两个不同群体鉴定出的A5染色体上出仁率QTL区间相似。本研究结果为出仁率QTL的精细定位及分子标记辅助育种奠定了良好基础。     

大豆百粒重QTL的上位效应和基因型×环境互作效应

基于Charleston×东农594重组自交系群体,采用完备区间作图和混合线性模型对2006-2010年连续5年的百粒重QTL进行定位,并进行基因×环境互作及上位性分析。结果定位了16个与大豆百粒重性状相关的QTL,其中有5个QTL分别与环境发生互作,互作贡献率在0.11%～0.52%之间;定位了8对上位互作位点,贡献率在1.15%～2.59%之间。     

大豆百粒重QTL的上位效应和基因型×环境互作效应分析

本研究中基于Charleston×东农594重组自交系群体,采用完备区间作图和混合线性模型对2006-2010年连续5年的百粒重QTL进行定位,并进行基因×环境互作及上位性分析。本研究定位了16个与大豆百粒重性状相关的QTL,其中有5个QTL分别与环境发生互作,互作贡献率在0.11%~0.52%之间;定位了8对上位互作位点,贡献率在1.15%~2.59%之间。     

接种根瘤菌环境下大豆叶形遗传及QTL定位分析

为探究接种根瘤菌环境下影响大豆叶形的遗传基础，本研究利用两个叶形具有显著差异的大豆品种及RIL群体，在接种和不接种根瘤菌环境下对大豆叶形性状进行遗传和QTL定位等分析。结果显示，叶形相关性状的遗传率在0.60~0.95之间，环境与基因型间存在互作效应，并且接种根瘤菌可以显著影响叶形指数（LS）与单株粒数（GN）、单株荚数（PD）和单株粒重（GW）的相关系数。此外，两种处理下共检测到8个QTL位点，LOD值范围在2.50~7.03，可解释6.4%~16.9%的遗传变异。其中，qLS-15可解释由根瘤菌×基因型互作引起叶形性状6.4%~9.3%的遗传变异，LOD值在2.50~3.69之间，表明qLS-15是与环境互作的主要遗传位点之一。综上所述，根瘤菌可以通过qLS-15影响大豆叶形，研究结果为解析根瘤菌提升大豆产量的内在机制提供了理论依据。     

偃展1号×内乡188群体抗小麦赤霉病QTL分析

为给黄淮麦区小麦抗赤霉病育种提供新的抗性资源,以偃展1号/内乡188小麦重组自交系群体为材料,在田间充分发病的情况下,进行连续两年小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定,并通过复合区间作图,分析群体小麦赤霉病抗性的加性QTL、上位性互作及与环境的互作效应。结果表明,两年间亲本偃展1号、内乡188赤霉病抗性差异显著,群体间赤霉病病情指数变幅分别为0.16~0.70和0.26~0.90。对两年赤霉病抗性鉴定结果进行联合分析,检测到5个加性抗性QTL,1对上位性互作QTL,分别解释表型变异的32.39%和3.05%,环境互作很小(1.88%)。在5个加性QTL中,QFHB.caas-5D和QFHB.caas-4D对变异的解释率较大。群体199个家系中,共筛选到19个赤霉病抗性较好且稳定的家系。上述结果对于加快我国黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性育种具有重要的意义。     

水稻重要农艺性状的两年QTL剖析

 利用水稻汕优63（珍汕97 × 明恢63）重组自交系群体241个株系，对株高、生育期、产量及其产量构成因子等9个重要农艺性状进行了年度间的QTL定位和比较。结果表明，9个性状的表现型在两年均为连续分布，且都存在一定数量的双向超亲遗传类型。两年共检测到64个QTL，分布于水稻除第4染色体外的其余11条染色体，其中1999年检测到45个，2000年检测到35个，两年相同的QTL共16个。2000年检测到的QTL贡献率介于283%~1499%，且大多低于1999年。不同环境可以影响QTL的表达，但表达差异并不全是QTL×环境(QE)互作结果，也可能是由于该性状的遗传力偏低、QTL本身效应偏低或QE互作等原因共同造成的。另外，检测到8个显著的QE互作，但其互作效应明显低于对应的QTL效应。     

甘蓝型油菜分枝数QTL定位及其候选基因预测

分枝数是影响油菜产量的重要株型性状之一。为了有助于油菜分枝数的分子标记辅助育种,以甘蓝型油菜品系888-5(多分枝)和M083(少分枝)杂交形成的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,通过利用第一张油菜60KSNP芯片对群体进行高通量SNP分型,并结合单环境和多环境2种QTL检测方法对RIL群体在4个环境(武汉-2012、武汉-2013、扬州-2012和扬州-2013)下分枝数进行QTL定位。结果表明:共检测出18个分枝数QTL,分布于A2、A6、A7、C1和C4连锁群。其中11个QTL在2个以上环境下可重复检测到;有2个QTL与环境之间存在互作效应。主效QTL 2个(qBN2-3和qBNE2-1),分别在3个、4个环境下重复检测到,可解释的表型变异为13.12%~20.60%,2.80%~30.10%。qBNE2-1与环境存在互作效应。另外,通过利用SNP标记侧翼序列和油菜基因组比对作图,从3个QTL(qBN2-1、qBN7-6和q BN7-8,三者可解释的表型变异分别为19.40%~17.30%、5.70%~12.21%和7.88%~10.32%)的基因组区段内(分别为279kb、165kb和562kb)共筛选出4个与分枝数有关的候选基因,它们的拟南芥同源基因(分别为CUC2、PIN3、F23N20.8和PIN4)均参与拟南芥分枝数的分化或形态建成。     

大豆四粒荚数QTL分析及位点交互群体验证

为定位年际间稳定、群体间通用的大豆四粒荚QTL,以2013-2016年表型数据为基础,利用RIL群体结合SLAF-seq高密度遗传图谱对大豆四粒荚数进行QTL分析,利用含目标区间的导入系个体对QTL进行表型验证。结果表明:RILs群体大豆四粒荚QTL分析共获得8个QTL,其中在Gm06染色体上检测到4个位置相近的QTLs,加性效应为正值,区间大小0.62Mb,在Gm16染色体上检测到4个位置相同的QTL,加性效应为负值,区间大小1.04Mb,这些QTL是不同年际间稳定存在的位点。共有5个导入系个体含有Gm06染色体目标区间,这些个体在不同年际间的四粒荚表型值均显著高于轮回亲本,共有7个导入系个体含有Gm16染色体目标区间,这些个体在不同年际间的四粒荚数表型值均显著低于轮回亲本,表明目标区间的导入对导入系四粒荚数表型具有相应的增效或减效作用,从而在全基因组导入系群体中验证了QTL的准确性与通用性。研究结果为大豆四粒荚数候选基因挖掘及分子辅助育种提供理论依据。     

小麦抽穗期QTL及其与环境的互作

为筛选稳定表达的小麦抽穗期QTL用于辅助选择,以旱选10号×鲁麦14的DH群体为试材,在四种环境下对抽穗期进行QTL。结果表明,该DH群体抽穗期呈连续性分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状。四种环境下共检测到6个抽穗期加性QTLs,分别位于1B、1D、4D、6B、7B、7D染色体上,LOD值为3.13~10.88,贡献率在1.57%~6.72%之间,其中QHd-1D-1和QHd-7B与环境具有互作效应。共检测到10对上位性QTL位点,互作效应值为-0.39~0.423,表型贡献率在1.39%~4.86%之间,其中4对上位性位点与环境具有互作效应。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).