贵州森林旅游资源的类型特征及其区划

为了解贵州主要森林旅游资源的类型特征,并合理区划以指导产业发展,于2006至2008年对贵州全部21个国家森林公园与7个国家级自然保护区的森林旅游资源进行了调查分析,共调查2 741个资源单体,其中自然景观类共计1 338个,人文旅游资源类共计1 403个,结果表明贵州主要森林旅游资源分属于8个主类、29个亚类、124个基本类型,基本涵盖了全国的各类旅游资源类型。根据各森林旅游区的地形、气候特征及旅游资源特征,将贵州森林旅游资源区区划为6个Ⅰ类(级)区和10个Ⅱ类(级)区。研究表明贵州森林旅游资源极其丰富,呈现出类型齐全、喀斯特特点突出、生物与气候旅游资源丰富、人文资源相得益彰等特征,对贵州主要森林旅游资源类型特征与科学区划的研究,将有助于科学引导贵州森林旅游产业发展,为制定科学合理的旅游发展战略规划提供科学依据。     

森林旅游资源分类与调查及评价研究进展

森林旅游资源分类、调查与评价是森林旅游规划与设计的基础与前提.文中对国内外森林旅游资源的内涵演变、分类、调查及评价等4个方面的研究进展进行总结; 指出旅游资源内涵的演变是研究者对旅游业的认识由观光旅游向狭义旅游业再到广义旅游业逐步变化的客观表征, 旅游资源分类的依据主要呈现为物质属性、市场重要性与学科差异3类, 旅游资源调查的共性内容为地理位置、物质属性、利用与保护前景, 旅游评价多采用层次评价法; 对森林旅游资源分类、调查与评价中的不足进行了讨论.     

应用RS技术对南昆山森林生态旅游

利用遥感技术,结合SPOT-5遥感影像特征,对广东省惠州市龙门县西部的南昆山生态旅游区进行森林旅游资源遥感调查.在对研究区内地质、地形、经济、文化等相关信息进行调查收集的基础上,通过处理遥感影像,建立了调查解译标志,并结合实地调查核实和纠正,对该区域的森林旅游资源进行解译和提取.将旅游资源划分为3主类、8亚类、26种基本类型,分别对各类资源进行了分析与评价.通过研究,证明了利用遥感技术进行森林旅游资源调查是一种直观快速的有效调查方法,具有较好的应用前景.     

森林养生旅游产品开发——以广西大明山国家级自然保护区为例

森林养生旅游是养生旅游的重要内容。从森林养生旅游的概念、需求、养生资源进行分析,将森林养生旅游产品分为三大类,并以典型的少数民族聚居区广西大明山国家级自然保护区为研究对象,在分析其生态旅游发展现状和养生资源的基础上,对其旅游产品进行重新规划,形成以森林疗养、康体度假为主三大类森林养生旅游产品。     

关于美国森林旅游业的研究 Ⅰ:发展背景和资源调查

本文论述了美国森林旅游业的发展背景,以及森林旅游在美国整个林业发展中的重要作用和地位。介绍了两类森林旅游资源即森林游乐资源和森林观赏资源的调查方法、内容、目的,同时介绍了在美国森林旅游资源调查经常使用的一些术语。     

带岭林业局森林旅游资源分析与评价

带岭林业局森林旅游资源比较丰富。其中,包括地文旅游景观类、水域风光类、生物景观类、古迹与建筑类、消闲求知类及购物类。通过对带岭林业局森林旅游资源的分析,评价出带岭旅游区是开展森林和环境科普教育的理想基地。     

台州市黄岩区大寺基森林康养基地风景资源质量评价

风景资源质量是森林康养基地建设的基础.以台州市黄岩区大寺基森林康养基地为研究对象,通过调查分析区域森林风景资源质量、环境质量和旅游开发利用条件,对其风景资源质量进行综合评价.结果显示,根据《中国旅游资源分类、调查与评价标准》(GB/T 18972—2003),台州市黄岩区大寺基森林康养基地森林风景资源有5个主类10个亚...     

太极城城市森林旅游风景资源评价

基于太极城城市森林旅游风景资源的调查,根据《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》、《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定》标准,太极城城市森林旅游主要资源有5类44处,森林风景资源质量评分值为25.53分,区域环境质量评价分值为8.0分,开发利用条件评价分值为7.0分,综合得分为40.53分,达到森林公园风景资源质量等级评定分值Ⅰ级标准,其资源价值和旅游价值较高,最后,对太极城城市森林旅游可持续发展提出了对策。     

生态公益型林场发展森林旅游的前景探讨——以湖南湘西青坪林场为例

概述了湖南湘西青坪林场基本情况和生态公益林资源现状,分析了青坪林场发展森林旅游的前景和优势、短板和不足,并提出了坚持以林为本、提高森林经营水平,合理调整经营结构、向复合型旅游转变,结合自身特色、发展特色森林旅游等发展森林旅游的建议,以探讨生态公益性林场转型发展森林旅游的思路和发展前景。     

湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统研究

为提高湖南森林火灾应急资源信息化管理水平,建立湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统,该系统采用B/S模式和Oracle+ArcSDE空间数据管理技术,实现对湖南省森林火灾应急资源海量数据的高效存储和管理.在对湖南省森林消防组织管理体系进行分析的基础上,进行了湖南森林火灾应急资源管理信息系统的需求分析和系统设计,以期实现湖南森林火灾应急资源的科学管理,提高湖南抗御重大森林火灾的能力.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.