Review of the Results of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Breeding at a Large-Scale Hatchery

Long‐term data on the induced spawning of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at a large‐scale hatchery were evaluated. Breeders at the farm prefer medium‐size fish with body weights between 4 and 8 kg. The number of females selected for propagation in the first period of the spawning season made up about half of the total number of females (47.5%). The average spawning ratio from the data of 2620 females receiving hormonal injections was 79.8%. From the egg production data of 2086 females, the average pseudogonadosomatic index (PGSI) was calculated as 16.3 ± 5.87% (mean ± SD) for the same period. There was a high correlation between fish weight and the time of induction, determined by the breeder on the basis of secondary sexual characteristics. The similarity of the responses of females among the different weight categories proved the reliability of this method for identification. The time of induction has a significant effect on both the responsiveness of the females and the relative quantity of eggs released. Spawning ratio was significantly lower in the third period of the reproductive season, compared with those in the first and second period. Mean PGSIfor the third period was significantly lower than that for the first period. The considerable decrease of both reproductive parameters by the end of the spawning season is attributed to ovarian atresia. The spawning ratio and the mean PGSIfor the mirror and scaled varieties were similar.     

Seasonal changes in the humoral immune response and the lymphoid tissues of the marine teleost, Sebastiscus marmoratus

Seasonal modulation in antibody production in relation to the state of lymphoid tissue development was studied in the ovoviviparous fish, S. marmoratus. Animals were kept in tanks with running seawater at 23 +/- 1 degrees C for a minimum 2 week acclimatization period and then immunized three times at 2 day intervals with 20% SRBC (5 microliters/g body weight) intraperitoneally. Immunized fish were bled 2 weeks after the first injection at the time of peak response and plasma were analyzed for titration. The thymus and pronephros were weighed and the number of leukocytes counted in the cell suspension. Antibody levels in fish immunized in summer were higher than those in fish immunized in winter, even if the environmental temperature was held constant. Furthermore, the reactivity of mature females to SRBC was lower than that of males or immature females in the spawning season (winter). The antibody titre was inversely related to the weight of the thymus with the exception of females during the spawning season, while the weight of the pronephros did not show any significant change throughout the year. In addition, the thymus of pregnant, and especially post-spawning females, was entirely involuted, showing a marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes in both the cortex and medulla. Preliminary experiments to examine the effect of photoperiod on antibody production indicated a slight increase in titre among adult fish under a long photoperiod regimen. The present data show that both the season and stage of sexual maturity affect the humoral immune response and lymphoid tissues, and suggest that the thymus might have a function other than that concerned with immunity.     

The application of hCG, CPH and Ovopel in successful artificial reproduction of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) under controlled conditions

Artificial reproduction of fish is one of the main goals of aquaculture production. The aim of this study is to optimize the method of goldfish reproduction under controlled conditions by comparing the effectiveness of carp pituitary homogenate (CPH), Ovopel and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), administered as a one-off dose and inducing two spawns in the same fish within a short time period. Goldfish spawners were stimulated with hCG, CPH and Ovopel, and the results were compared to the fish from the control group, comprised of unstimulated fish. In another experiment, spawn were induced twice within an interval of 21 days with the same group of fish. The best results in the first experiment in terms of the percentage of ovulating females and survival to the eyed-egg stage were achieved after administering hCG (100% and 88.7%, respectively). However, the highest fecundity was observed in fish stimulated with Ovopel (89,960 eggs/kg). It was shown in the second experiment that female goldfish produce higher weight of eggs during the first spawning, but the number of eggs/BW ratio was higher during the next reproduction process. Survival, both that of embryos to the eyed-egg stage and that of spawners, is higher during the first reproduction act.     

The life cycle of Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877 (Acarina: ixodidae) under laboratory conditions

The biology of Rhipicephalus bursa has not been thoroughly studied. In the present study R. bursa was bred in the laboratory and its biology worked out.Larvae, nymphs and adult Rhipicephalus bursa ticks were fed on sheep and were held at 28+/-1 degrees C and 89+/-1% relative humidity (RH) in a darkened incubator. The average weight of engorged females was 0.676g (range 0.353-1.128). The average weight of eggs laid by females was 0.344g (range 0.146-0. 554g). The average number of eggs laid was 7527 (range 6263-8860) and this was significantly correlated with the weight of the females. The index of Reproduction Efficiency (number of eggs per g weight of female) was 8469.6. The index of Conversion Efficiency (weight of eggs per weight of female) was 0.5037.Peak daily oviposition, at an average of 840 eggs per female, occurred on the 6th day of oviposition. After Day 6, the rate declined steadily. The average duration of the preoviposition period was 5.1 days (range 4-7 days). The oviposition period averaged 16.5 days (range 12-21 days), and was significantly related to both the weight of the female and the number of eggs laid. The average pre-hatching period was 31.2 days (range 24-45 days). The average feeding time of larvae and nymphs of this two host tick was 15.2 days (range 14-18 days). Female ticks fed for 5.9 days on the average.Heavier nymphs produced females and a shorter premoult period was noted for lighter male nymphs. The males/females ratio was 1.38:1. The time taken to complete the life cycle was on average 142.45 days (range 99-254 days).     

Evaluation of emamectin benzoate for the control of experimentally induced infestations of Argulus sp. in goldfish and koi carp

The effect of 0.2% emamectin benzoate (SLICE; Intervet/ Schering-Plough Animal Health, Roseland, New Jersey) administered in top-dressed, pelleted commercial fish feed was evaluated for control of freshwater Argulus sp. in goldfish Carassius auratus and koi carp, a variant of common carp Cyprinus carpio, in freshwater aquaria at 24-25 degrees C. Sixteen individually housed goldfish were each exposed to 37 Argulus. The number of fish lice attached to each fish at the start of the experiment was not determined; however, the total number of motile fish lice in each aquarium (on fish and in the water) was determined at the start and end of each experiment. Eight goldfish were fed the control diet (0 microg x kg fish biomass(-1) x d(-1)) and eight were fed the medicated diet (50 microg x kg fish biomass(-1) x d(-1)) for seven consecutive days. After treatment, fish louse infestation in controls was 20.5 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SE) lice per fish. No Argulus were found on fish in the treated group. In a separate experiment, 10 individually housed koi were each exposed to 128 Argulus. Five koi were fed the control diet and five were fed a low-dose medicated diet (5 microg x kg fish biomass(-1) x d(-1)) for 7 d. After treatment, fish louse infestation among the controls was 14.6 +/- 3.8 lice per koi. No Argulus were found on koi in the treated group. Hence, a 7-d regimen of oral emamectin benzoate controlled experimental infestation of Argulus when administered to goldfish at 50 microg x kg fish biomass(-1) x d(-1) and to koi at 5 microg x kg fish biomass(-1) x d(-1).     

Reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly of common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio L.) diseased in swimbladder inflammation caused by Sphaerospora renicola Dyková et Lom, 1982

The weight of internal organs (swimbladder, kidney, liver, spleen) in relation to the body weight was studied in common carp fingerlings divided into three groups on the basis of swimbladder appearance and microscopic examination of the kidney. The fish had been collected from different Hungarian fish farms at the time when swimbladder inflammation (SBI) usually occurs (in July and August). The first group comprised fish with severe signs of SBI and massive renal sphaerosporosis, the second group consisted of fish with milder swimbladder changes and/or kidney infection by a low number of Sphaerospora renicola, while the third group was constituted by infection-free common carp fry. Statistical analysis of swimbladder, kidney, liver and spleen weight in relation to the body weight revealed that in the infected groups the internal organs were substantially enlarged. This suggests that in common carp fry with SBI the swimbladder changes are accompanied by reno-, hepato- and splenomegaly.     

饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,分别添加1.5％的鱼油、豆油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油和猪油作为单一脂肪源,配制成5种等氮等能(粗蛋白质含量35％,总能15mJ/kg)的试验饲料,通过8周的饲养试验,以研究饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、体组成、肝胰脏脂质代谢相关酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响.选取平均初重为(5.83±0.01)g的鲤鱼750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼.结果表明:特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)以鱼油组最好,猪油组最差,且2组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).SGR、PER和FCR在豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对全鱼粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),但对全鱼干物质和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).鱼油组全鱼粗蛋白质含量最高,而粗脂肪含量最低.肝胰脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性以鱼油组最高,其次是豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组,以猪油组最低.肝胰脏苹果酸脱氢酶(mDH)活性表现为:亚麻籽油组＞豆油组＞鱼油组＞菜籽油组＞猪油组.猪油组肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05),而其他各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对肝胰脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),以鱼油组最高,猪油组最低.由此可见,鱼油是鲤鱼较适宜的脂肪源,而猪油不适宜作为鲤鱼的单一脂肪源,会损害肝胰脏健康,进而影响鱼体生长.     

饲料磷水平对草鱼形体的影响及其骨骼畸形的判定

本试验旨在研究饲料中不同磷水平对草鱼形体的影响,并对其骨骼畸形进行判定.选取初始均重为22.29 g的草鱼270尾,随机分为6个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复放鱼15尾,分别投喂合0、13、29、45、61、77 g/kg磷酸二氢钙的纯化饲料.试验期为75 d.结果表明:饲料中磷酸二氢钙添加量为29 g/kg的组草鱼体长...     

Massive mortality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) in the St. Lawrence River in 2001: diagnostic investigation and experimental induction of lymphocytic encephalitis

A massive fish kill affecting exclusively common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) in the St. Lawrence River, Québec, Canada, during the summer of 2001 was investigated by use of laboratory diagnostic methods and by an attempt to experimentally induce the disease. The ultimate causes of mortality were opportunistic bacterial infections with Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium sp. secondary to immunosuppression induced by physiologic (i.e., spawning) and environmental (i.e., high temperatures and low water levels) stressors, and possibly enhanced by an infection causing lymphocytic encephalitis observed in 9 of 18 (50%) fish examined. Experimental induction of disease was attempted in captured wild carp by administration of crude and filtered (particulate <0.22 microm) inocula prepared from a homogenate of tissues from carp affected by the natural outbreak. Although significant clinical disease or mortality was not induced by experimental challenge, lymphocytic encephalitis similar to the one observed in naturally affected carp was induced in four of seven (57%) fish administered crude inoculum and four of seven (57%) fish administered filtered inoculum. None of the control fish inoculated with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (n = 6) were affected by encephalitis. The cause of the encephalitis observed in carp from the natural outbreak and in experimentally inoculated fish could not be determined by use of virus isolation and transmission electron microscopy.     

Gonadosomatic index and testis morphology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in rivers contaminated with estrogenic chemicals

To study the effect of estrogenic chemicals on fish, the gonadosomatic index (GSI = [testis weight/body weight] x 100) and testis histology of mature common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from 2 contaminated sites (Ishizu and Wada rivers, Osaka) and a control site were examined between June 1998 and March 2001. The concentration of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 17beta-estradiol in the Ishizu river was 3-4 times higher than in the Wada river. In the pre-breeding and breeding seasons, there were no significant differences in body weight among carp from the 3 sites, the body weight of Ishizu river carp being significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of Wada river fish only in the post-breeding season. The GSI and testis weight in fish from the Ishizu river were significantly lower (p<0.05) than in control fish during all phases of gonadal cycle and lower than in Wada river fish in the pre-breeding and post-breeding season. No histological abnormalities were found in the testes of the males examined. Histological observation of the testes revealed a delay in the onset of spermatogenesis in fish from the Ishizu river compared with those from the other sites. These results clearly imply that the estrogenic chemicals in the Ishizu river adversely affect the testis development of the fish.     

饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼鱼种生长和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响

通过2个试验研究了饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼生长和前肠蛋白质消化酶活性的影响.试验Ⅰ选用540尾均重11.7 g的鲤鱼,随机均分为6组,随机选取3组分别饲喂鱼粉含量为10%、15%、20%的3种等蛋白基础饲料,另外3组分别饲喂添加有175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的以上3种饲料,试验期60 d.试验Ⅱ选取120尾均重48.7 g的鲤鱼,随机分为2组,一组饲喂鱼粉含量6%的基础饲料为对照组,另外一组饲喂添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的基础饲料为试验组,试验期为30 d.试验Ⅰ结果表明:摄食10%鱼粉饲料和20%鱼粉 175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG饲料的鲤鱼分别具有最低和最高的增重率;在10%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG显著提高了鱼体增重率(P<0.05),但在15%、20%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对鱼体增重率没有显著影响.试验Ⅱ结果表明:相比于对照组,试验组鲤鱼增重率提高了6.4%(P<0.05),饲料系数降低了5.4%(P<0.05).试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ中,添加蛋白酶AG对鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);对消化酶活性的测定表明,在鱼粉含量为10%、6%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可显著提高前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但在鱼粉含量为15%、20%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性没有影响.综上所述,在鱼粉含量较低的饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可提高鲤鱼消化道蛋白酶活性,改善生长性能.     

Reproductive efficiency and maternal-offspring transfer of gossypol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing cottonseed meal.

In a preceding study, complete substitution of fish meal protein with cottonseed meal (CM) protein did not affect the survival or growth rate of adult rainbow trout over a 6-mo period. Gossypol, a naturally occurring compound in cottonseeds, has an antifertility effect in terrestrial animals, but information regarding salmonid fish is lacking. Female rainbow trout in this experiment were fed diets with either 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% (diets 1 to 5) of the fish meal protein replaced with CM protein until first maturation and spawning to study long-term effects on growth and reproduction. Feeding diets containing CM over a total period of 10 mo did not result in differences in growth and mortality compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Increased CM incorporation levels resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) blood hemoglobin (10.6 +/- 1.3, 8.4 +/- 1.8, 7.3 +/- 1.1, 6.9 +/- 0.8, and 5.6 +/- 1.4 g/dL) and hematocrit (49.6 +/- 3.9, 38.5 +/- 9.3, 34.4 +/- 3.7, 34.8 +/- 4.9 and 28.0 +/- 6.8%) levels in diets 1 to 5, respectively. The CM incorporation level had no effect (P > 0.05) on the number of eggs produced per female but led to a reduction (P < 0.05) in egg weight. Eyed stage survival of embryos was low in all dietary groups and did not show differences (P > 0.05). However, an increasing CM incorporation level led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in the number of females that produced no viable embryos (23.1, 37.5, 42.9, 60.0, and 71.4%). Gossypol in the diet was absorbed by the female trout and transferred to the eggs (0, 2.2 +/- 0.5, 6.7 +/- 1.6, 10.6 +/- 4.2, and 20.0 +/- 2.6 micrograms/g in diets 1 to 5, respectively). A high concentration of gossypol remained in the juveniles at the swim-up stage (endogenous yolk-absorbed) (0.6 +/- 0.3, 2.4 +/- 0.3, 3.4 +/- 0.0, and 4.7 +/- 1.0 micrograms/g, diets 2 to 5, respectively). The findings suggest that replacement of the dietary fish meal protein with CM protein has no effect on fish growth and mortality but may lead to a reduction in reproductive performance in female rainbow trout.     

Novel insight into the control of litter size in pigs, using placental efficiency as a selection tool.

Chinese Meishan pigs produce three to five more pigs per litter than less-prolific U.S. or European pig breeds as a result of a markedly decreased placental size and an increased pig weight: placental weight ratio (placental efficiency). We hypothesized that as a result of their intense selection for prolificacy, the Chinese had indirectly selected for a smaller, more efficient placenta in the Meishan breed. The goals of this study were to determine whether 1) significant variation in placental size and efficiency existed within our population of purebred Yorkshire pigs and 2) selection of pigs (boars and gilts) based on clear differences in placental size and efficiency would affect litter size. There was significant (approximately threefold) variation in placental efficiency in our herd of Yorkshire pigs, and marked (approximately twofold) variation existed within individual litters. We then selected pigs (boars and gilts) that had either a higher (A Group) or lower (B Group) than average placental efficiency. Although the birth weights of selected A Group pigs were similar to those of the B Group pigs, they had markedly smaller placentae. Males from each group (A or B) were bred to the females of the same group, and farrowing data were collected from parities 1 and 2. In both parities, A Group females farrowed more live pigs per litter than did B Group females (12.5 +/- .7 vs 9.6 +/- .5, P < .05). Although A Group pigs were on average approximately 20% lighter than B group pigs (1.2 +/- .1 vs 1.5 +/- .1 kg, P < .05), their placentae were approximately 40% lighter (250 +/- 10 vs 347 +/- 15 g, P < .01), resulting in a marked increase in placental efficiency. The results of this study suggest that selection on placental size and efficiency may provide a valuable tool for optimizing litter size in commercially important pig breeds.     

Oogenesis is accompanied by cyclic morphological changes in hepatocytes of Neotropical freshwater fish Piabina argentea

We determined for the first time the reproductive biology of Piabina argentea through macroscopic and microscopic analysis of ovaries and evaluated the morphological changes in hepatocytes. Two hundred and 46 specimens were collected, 204 females and 42 males, between March 2014 and February 2015. Biometrics data were obtained. From females, gonad and liver samples were conducted to histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Mature ovaries were used to determine absolute and relative fecundity. Total length and body weight values indicated that females were larger than males. The estimated weight–length ratio showed negative allometric growth. The absolute fecundity average was 171.83 ± 59.89 oocytes per ovary. In addition, females spawning capable and regressing stages were found throughout the sampling period and the presence of all oocyte types in regressing stage ovaries indicated asynchronous oocyte development and multiple spawning. From regenerating to spawning capable stage the oocytes accumulated yolk in cytoplasm became bigger. While in the liver hepatocytes with a larger cell area during regenerating stage and proliferative activity in the spawning capable stage were observed. Thus, our results indicate that P. argentea had an opportunistic reproductive strategy and cyclic morphological changes of hepatocytes occurred during the oogenesis.     

Functional changes of the LH-immunoreactive cells in adenohypophysis of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from rivers contaminated with estrogenic chemicals

The adverse effect of estrogenic chemicals on luteinizing hormone-immunoreactive (LH-ir) cells in the adenohypophysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined using immunocytochemical and morphometric methods. Adult male fish were collected from two contaminated sites (Ishizu and Wada Rivers) and from a control pond at Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Research Center of Osaka Prefecture. The concentration of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and 17beta-estradiol in the Ishizu River was 3-4 times higher than that in the Wada River. The proportion and size of LH-ir cells were evaluated using the point-counting method by optical microscopy. In control carp, the proportion of LH-ir cells in the breeding season was significantly lower than in the pre- and post-breeding seasons. The same tendency was also found in Ishizu and Wada River carp, but without statistical significance. The proportion of LH-ir cells in Ishizu River carp was significantly lower than that of the control and the Wada River in all seasons. The LH-ir cells in control carp increased in size in the breeding season. LH-ir cells in Ishizu River carp were significantly (p<0.05) smaller than those in control fish, but not different from Wada River carp. A disturbance in the secretory function of LH-ir cells was found in carp from the Ishizu River; granulation and vacuolation were not in synchronization with those of control and Wada River fish. Our data suggest that the estrogenic chemicals in the Ishizu River interfere with functions of LH-ir cells directly or through the testis.     

Breed and sex differences in growth curves for two breeds of dog guides

A desirable dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg as an adult. Male and female German shepherd dogs and male and female Labrador retrievers were weighed between birth and 18 mo of age, with at least one weight recorded after 290 d of age. Growth curves were constructed from 10,484 observations on 880 dogs using the Gompertz function in the form Wt = W(max)exp(-e[-(t-c)/b]), where Wt is weight at time t, Wmax is mature body weight, b is proportional to duration of growth, c is age at point of inflection, and t is age in days. Estimates for mature body weight were 2.4 +/- .3 kg higher for Labrador retrievers than for German shepherd dogs and 4.7 +/- .2 kg higher for males than for females. Male Labrador retrievers were closest to the upper limit for desirable weight, with an average estimated mature weight of 31.4 +/- .3 kg. Duration of growth, 4b + c, was not different between the breeds; however, the estimate for males was 8 +/- 5d longer than for females. Female Labrador retrievers had the shortest estimate for growth of 319 +/- 6 d. The estimate for age at the point of inflection was 3.6 +/- 1.2 d greater for males than for females, but not different between breeds. A better understanding of growth curves for dog guides may aid in estimating mature weight at a young age, thus allowing earlier breeding and training decisions to be made and increasing genetic change per year.     

豌豆分离蛋白和豌豆浓缩蛋白替代部分鱼粉对鲤鱼生长性能的影响

分别采用豌豆分离蛋白和豌豆浓缩蛋白替代饲料中33%、66%和100%鱼粉(对照组鱼粉10%)配制与对照组等氮、等能、等赖氨酸、等蛋氨酸和有效磷的试验饲料(其中豌豆分离蛋白用量3%、6%和9%,豌豆浓缩蛋白用量4.5%、9%和13.5%),饲养初始体重(18.53±0.35)g的建鲤75 d。结果表明:豌豆分离蛋白替代100%鱼粉组增重和特定生长率显著高于、饲料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其余处理组与对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。两种豌豆蛋白替代鱼粉对成活率、肥满度和肠长指数无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著影响肝胰脏指数,其中豌豆分离蛋白替代100%鱼粉组和豌豆浓缩蛋白组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。豌豆浓缩蛋白替代100%鱼粉组可观察到对适口性有不良影响。由上述结果可得出,豌豆分离蛋白和豌豆浓缩蛋白均可作为鲤鱼料的蛋白源,本试验条件下,以生长性能为标识结合适口性推荐豌豆分离蛋白可完全替代鱼粉,适宜用量9%;豌豆浓缩蛋白可替代33%鱼粉,适宜用量4.5%。     

Nutrition of aquaculture species.

Dietary requirements for amino acids and fatty acids have been reported for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapias (Oreochromis spp.), and eel (Anguilla japonicus). Most of the vitamin and mineral requirements are available for channel catfish and salmonids, and some are available for common carp, tilapia, eel, and other finfish and crustaceans. From this available information, cost-effective feeds can be formulated for the major commercial aquaculture species. Major differences in nutrient requirements between fish and mammals or birds are as follows: fish have a lower digestible energy:protein ratio (8 to 10 kcal of DE/g of CP for fish vs 15 to 20 kcal of DE/g of CP for livestock); fish require n-3 fatty acids and land animals require n-6; fish can absorb minerals from the water, which negates the need for some minerals in the diet; and fish have limited ability to synthesize vitamin C and must depend on a dietary source. Areas for further research include 1) refinement of nutrient requirements of the major culture species considering effects of fish size, temperature, and management; 2) nutrient requirements of crustaceans; 3) effects of nutrition on fish health and product quality; and 4) feeding technology.     

全鱼基因在鲫鱼体内的整合与转录

以鲤鱼金属硫蛋白启动子与大麻哈鱼生长激素基因重组的融合全鱼基因（ｃｏｍｍｏｎｃａｒｐｍｅｔａｌｏｔｈ－ｉｏｎｅｉｎｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｒａｎｄｔｒｏｕｔｓａｌｍｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈｈｏｒｍｏｎｅｇｅｎｅ，ｃＭＴｓＧＨ）为外源基因，通过显微注射法将其线性片段导入鲫鱼受精卵内，研究了其整合与转录效率。结果表明，全鱼基因在鲫鱼基因组中的整合率为３６．４％（１６／４４），对转基因鱼阳性的ＲＮＡ样本进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交检测，转录率为２５％（１／４）。由此认为，该全鱼基因可以作为转基因鱼研究和应用的外源基因。     

草鱼幼鱼对缬氨酸需要量的研究

试验选用体重(9.5±0.3)g的草鱼幼鱼,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾;以花生仁粕、酪蛋白及明胶为蛋白质源,分别饲喂缬氨酸水平为7.3～22.3 g/kg的6组等氮半精制饲料(粗蛋白质含量为32%),经70 d的生长试验研究其日粮缬氨酸的最适需求量.试验结果表明:日粮缬氨酸水平对草幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、肌肉RNA/DNA比率、鱼体常规成分组成、消化酶活性、肝胰脏谷草-谷丙转氨酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性以及血液学指标都有显著的影响(P<0.05).随日粮缬氨酸水平的增加,增重率,特定生长率、蛋白质效率及肌肉RNA/DNA比率均呈先升后降趋势,均在16.3 g/kg组达到最大值(P<0.05).以增重率、特定生长率、肌肉RNA/DNA比率为基础对饲料缬氨酸水平进行二次回归分析,确定草鱼幼鱼日粮(32%粗蛋白质)缬氨酸适宜需要量分别为15.6、15.1及16.0 g/kg(日粮基础)或48.8、47.2及50.0 g/kg(日粮蛋白质基础).