河北省土壤温度与干湿状况的时空变化特征

土壤温度和干湿状况是表征土壤特性的重要参数,在土壤系统分类中作为诊断土壤某些亚纲、土类及亚类划分的参考依据。基于河北省142个气象观测站1951—2010年的日值气象数据,利用GIS空间分析技术,对河北省近60年的土壤温度和干湿状况的时空变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1951—2010年的平均土温和平均干燥度指数呈现上升趋势,且1981—2010年的上升速率均高于1951—1980年。(2)河北省主要有冷性和温性两种土壤温度状况,与1951—1980年相比,1981—2010年的温性土壤向北有所移动,移动的距离和面积大约为14.26 km和5 665 km2。(3)河北省的土壤干湿状况分布具有明显的地域差异,地表干湿状况可分为湿润、半湿润和半干旱三个等级;东部和北部区域气候湿润状况优于西部和南部,也间接表明了土壤的干湿分布状况。该研究结果为土壤系统分类定量化的诊断特性取代传统土壤分类中的地带性概念提供参考。     

沧州市优质果品产区土壤中碘的空间变异特征

以沧州市优质果品产区泊头、沧县和献县3县表层土壤(0～20cm)全碘为研究对象,利用地统计与GIS技术相结合的方法研究了该地区土壤中全碘的空间变异特征。结果表明沧县和献县表层土壤中全碘数据呈正态分布,符合指数模型,泊头表层土壤中全碘数据经对数转换后符合高斯模型。沧县和献县表层土壤全碘具有较强的空间相关性,说明受气候、土壤母质、地形、土壤类型等自然结构性因素影响较大;泊头表层土壤全碘具有中等的空间相关性,说明由人类活动等随机因素引起的空间变异起很大作用。采用Kriging最优插值法得到了3县表层土壤全碘含量的空间分布图,结果表明研究区内3县表层土壤全碘的空间分布不均匀,主要受当地的水文地质地形影响,河流两岸及低洼地带全碘含量较高,反之则低,而某些地区全碘含量由于受到人类活动的影响也表现出局部的异常性。     

土地整理后土壤理化性状和烤烟产质量空间变异

为了弄清土地整理后土壤理化性状指标、微生物数量以及烤烟产量和质量的空间变异情况,在福建三明烟区整理后烟田进行了大田取样分析和定点调查。结果显示,土地整理后土壤有效养分比全量养分空间变异大,变异系数超过30%;土壤微生物计数及多样性指数变异系数在66.17%～111.71%,均属于强变异;土地整理对烤烟产、质量均质性影响最大的是上、中等烟比例和糖碱比,烤烟产、质量的变异以285.91 m小范围为主。总之,土地整理后土壤理化性状和微生物数量空间变异明显,对烤烟产量和质量的均质性影响较大,需要进行改良。     

Surface and profile soil moisture spatio-temporal analysis during an excessive rainfall period in the Southern Great Plains,USA

In this work we analyze the temporal stability of soil moisture at the field and watershed scales in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW), as part of the remote sensing Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC07) during June 2007 in south-central Oklahoma. Temporal stability of surface and profile soil moisture data were investigated for 20 LWREW soil moisture measurement stations. In addition, daily surface and profile soil moisture measurements were obtained in four 800 m by 800 m fields (remote sensing footprint), including two rangeland sites and two winter wheat fields. The work aimed to analyze the temporal stability of soil moisture at the watershed and field scale and to identify stations within the watershed, as well as locations within each field, that were representative of the mean areal soil moisture content. We also determined the relationship between sites found to be temporally stable for surface soil moisture versus those determined stable for average profile soil moisture content. For the unusually wet experimental period, results at the watershed scale show that LWREW stations 133 and 134 provided stable underestimates, while stations 132 and 154 provided stable overestimates of the watershed mean at all depths. In addition, station 136 had very high non-zero temporal stability at the 25 cm and 45 cm depths indicating that it could be used as representative watershed site provided a constant offset value is used to acquire a watershed mean soil water content value. In general, the deeper depths exhibited higher soil moisture spatial variability, as indicated by the higher standard deviations. At the field scale, measured average profile soil moisture was higher in the winter wheat fields than the rangeland fields with the majority of the winter wheat depth intervals having high non-zero temporal stability. Field scale temporal stability analysis revealed that 4 of the 16 sampling sites in the rangeland fields and 3 of the 16 sampling sites in the winter wheat fields either under or overestimated the field means in the 0–5 and 0–60 cm depth intervals. Field sites considered temporally stable for the surface soil moisture were not stable for the profile soil moisture, except for the LW45 field where two sites were stable at both the surface and profile soil moisture. This finding is significant in terms of soil moisture ground-truth sampling for calibrating and validating airborne remotely sensed soil moisture products under extremely wet conditions. In addition, identification of temporally stable sites at the watershed and field scales in the LWREW provide insight in determining future measurement station locations and field scale ground sampling protocol, as well as providing data sets for hydrologic modeling.     

20年来东北典型黑土地区土壤肥力质量变化

通过大量样品分析和数据收集,研究了最近20年来东北典型黑土地区土壤肥力质量主要指标——pH、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和黏粒的变化情况,并在地理信息系统和地统计分析的辅助下,研究了该5项肥力指标以及综合肥力指数的时空变异规律。结果表明:20年中该地区土壤pH、有机质和速效钾平均含量明显降低,速效磷平均含量有较大增加;速效磷的变异系数变化最大,pH变化最小;20世纪80年代该地区土壤肥力综合指数以一、二级为主(80%以上),但21世纪初土壤肥力质量几乎被二、三级地所占据(98%以上)。该地区土壤肥力质量明显降低可能与长期以来重种轻养有关。     

Biotic and abiotic factors controlling the spatial and temporal variation of soil respiration in an agricultural ecosystem

Based on the continuous observation of soil respiration and environmental factors in a maize ecosystem from late April to late September in 2005, the spatial and temporal variation of soil respiration and their controlling factors were analyzed. There was a significant spatial pattern for soil respiration at the plant scale and higher soil respiration rates tended to occur near the maize plant during the growing season. On one measurement moment, root biomass (B) in soil collars exerted significant influence on the spatial pattern of soil respiration under the relatively homogeneous environmental conditions. A linear relationship existed between soil respiration rate and root biomass

(1)     

近30年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量时空变化特征

以第二次土壤普查和测土配方施肥项目采集的大量土壤样品为基础,以GIS为技术工具,对江西省耕地土壤全氮的时空变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明:1985年和2012年江西省耕地土壤全氮含量在各设区市以及不同土壤类型之间均存在有较大的空间差异。1985年耕地土壤全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大为赣州市;2012年耕地土壤全氮含量较1985年整体提高了1个等级,全氮含量最高的为新余市,最低的为九江市,空间变异最大的为九江市。2012年水稻土全氮平均含量较1985年提高了7.24%;无论是在1985年还是2012年,水稻土全氮含量最高的为萍乡市,1985年水稻土全氮含量较低的三个设区市分别为吉安、赣州和九江,2012年则分别为九江、鹰潭和赣州。2012年旱地土壤全氮平均含量较1985年增加了43.88%,其中丰富级水平的土壤面积比例由1985年的7.38%提高至2012年的88.16%。     

Geostatistical methods to study spatial variability of soil cations after a prescribed fire and rainfall

Prescribed fire is a technique sometimes used in forest management but the effects on soil are not fully understood. Soil is a complex system and the spatial variability of properties and processes may increase after a disturbance like fire. We modelled three soil cations Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ with probabilistic methods and geostatistics in order to assess the spatial effects of a prescribed fire within a plot (108 m²). Soil samples were collected during 6 different sampling campaigns (pre fire, post fire, 2 months, 5 months, 1 year, and 3 years after the prescribed fire). The sampling interval was designed to detect the effect of rainfall (1315 mm for the 3 years with 72 mm/h peak intensity) on the spatial soil changes as consequence of processes such as: leaching, soil erosion, etc. We developed an index of response to compare each cation after the prescribed fire with its pre-fire levels. Results showed that calcium and magnesium recover with time to their original concentrations. Potassium increase slightly in half of the plot just after fire; however, three years after fire the concentration was two orders of magnitude lower than the pre-fire state. The divalent cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) were more homogeneous but the monovalent cation (K⁺) was more heterogeneous after the fire. Furthermore the maximum rainfall period triggered different spatial processes and the type of process was a function of the valence of the cation.     

Spatial variability of soil water content and mechanical resistance of Brazilian ferralsol

The spatial variability of mechanical resistance to penetration (PR) and gravimetric moisture (GM) was studied at a depth of 0–0.40 m, in a ferralsol cropped with corn, and under conventional tillage in Ilha Solteira, Brazil (latitude 20°17′S, and longitude 52°25′W). The purpose of this study was to analyse and to try explaining the spatial variability of the mentioned soil physical properties using geostatistics. Soil data was collected at points arranged on the nodes of a mesh with 97 points. Geostatistics was used to analyse the spatial variability of PR and GM at four depths: 0–0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3 and 0.3–0.4 m. PR showed a higher variability of data, with coefficients of variation of 52.39, 30.54, 16.91, and 15.18%, from the surface layers to the deepest layers. The values of the coefficients of variation for GM were lower: 9.99, 5.13, 5.59, and 5.69%. Correlation between GM and PR for the same soil layers was low. Penetration resistance showed spatial structure only in the 0.30–0.40 m layer, while gravimetric moisture showed spatial structure at all depths except for 0–0.10 m. All the models of fitted semivariograms were spherical and exponential, with ranges of 10–80 m. Data for the variable ‘GM’ in the 0.20–0.30 and 0.30–0.40 m layers revealed a trend in data attributed to the occurrence of subsurface water flow.     

县域农田土壤有机质空间变异及其影响因素分析

研究县域农田空间变异特征可以为培肥地力,增加作物产量提供指导。本文运用地统计学和 GIS相结合的方法,研究了四川省双流县土壤有机质的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明： ①研究区域土壤有机质含量处于中等偏高水平,平均值为 29.72 g/kg,变异系数为 30.11%,属中等变异强度。②有机质变异函数的理论最佳模型为球状模型,块金值与基台值之比为12.67%,表明有机质含量具有强烈的空间相关性,空间相关距离为 91.10 km,普通Kriging插值表明土壤有机质含量呈现北部向东南部减少的趋势。③影响有机质空间变异的主要因素为土壤类型、地貌类型等结构性因子,而土地利用方式、施肥等随机性因子也对有机质空间变异产生重要影响,其中秸秆还田是有机质含量普遍升高的原因。     

Forest soil acidification assessment using principal component analysis and geostatistics

Soil acidification and consequent Al release is a problem particularly under forests in mountainous areas of the Czech Republic. It is controlled by a number of factors, like acid deposition, forest type, parent rock, altitude, etc. The Jizera Mountains region presents an area heavily influenced by acidification and forest decline. This paper focused on the effect of stand factors on spatial distribution of soil characteristics of the surface organic (O) and sub-surface (B) horizons from 98 sites using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and geostatistics. In the PCA, five principal components (PC) describing more than 70% of total variation were selected. The properties of the O and B horizons (pH, C, N, and S content, potentially dangerous Al forms) were in most cases separated, suggesting different processes and effects in each horizon. Spatial variation of PC scores was analysed using variograms, maps of their distribution were created using kriging. Spatial correlation with stand factors (altitude, slope aspect, forest type and age, soil unit, liming, and grass cover) was analysed using cross-variograms. The surface horizons are more sensitive to external influence (acid deposition, liming, grass expansion) and their spatial variation is stronger. The B horizons are more influenced by forest type (beech vs. spruce) and age, and by soil units (cambic vs. spodic horizons). The effect of stand factors is complex and often indirect. Nevertheless, used combination of pedometrical methods provided concise information about spatial variation and relationships between soil characteristics and the effect of stand factors.     

Spatial variation of soil organic carbon concentrations and stable isotopic composition in 1-ha plots of forest and pasture in Costa Rica: implications for the natural abundance technique

The goal of this study was to examine spatial variation of soil organic C and its stable isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in 1-ha plots of mature rain forest and a cattle pasture dominated by C4 grasses in Costa Rica. Soil samples were taken from 80 mapped locations per plot and analyzed for organic C and δ¹³C. The range of values for soil C concentrations was similar between forest and pasture, although the mean values were higher in the forest. δ¹³C was narrowly constrained in the forest (from −27.96 to −26.09‰) but varied from −15.09 to −28.59‰ in the pasture. Variograms revealed spatial autocorrelation of soil C and δ¹³C in the pasture and organic C concentration in the forest soil. The large range and spatial variability of δ¹³C in the pasture site may be due to varying contributions of C3 and C4 vegetation to the soil C pool, which may limit the usefulness of the natural abundance technique as a precise tracer of soil C dynamics in this pasture.     

额济纳不同植被覆盖类型土壤氮素时空分异特征

量化土壤时空变化对生态系统模型、精准农业和自然资源管理有重要意义。为了更好地控制环境问题,本文把传统统计方法、地统计学方法和地理信息系统三者结合起来,研究了中国西北部额济纳旗(1480 km~2)不同植被覆盖类型土壤氮的时空变化。于2011年与2015年从49个样点采集了98个0~15 cm土壤样品,测量了土壤全氮和硝态氮的含量,比较了不同植被覆盖类型土壤全氮和硝态氮的空间变化和时间变化。结果表明:土壤全氮含量明显受植被覆盖类型影响;土壤全氮平均值变幅为0.259~0.904 g kg~(-1),胡杨林地土壤全氮含量柽柳地土壤全氮含量梭梭地土壤全氮含量;2011年与2015年同一植被覆盖类型下土壤全氮含量差异不显著;2011年胡杨林地、柽柳地、梭梭地土壤硝态氮含量分别为45.185 mg kg~(-1)、76.95mg kg~(-1)、39.335 mg kg~(-1),2015年胡杨林地、柽柳地、梭梭地土壤硝态氮含量分别为2.259 mg kg~(-1)、21.546 mg kg~(-1)、14.554 mg kg~(-1);胡杨林地和柽柳地土壤全氮呈中等强度空间相关性,梭梭地土壤全氮呈强空间相关性;植被覆盖类型明显影响着植被中氮的转移、转化和吸收;研究区土壤氮素含量呈现剧烈的时空变化。     

南京市2001~2008年水土流失的时空变化与治理成效研究

利用2001～2008年气象资料和地理信息系统数据库,采用"监测水土流失的定量新方法"对南京全市各区县和小流域8年期间水土流失状况进行了定量监测和分析。结果表明:(1)8年期间南京全市平均轻度以上(包括轻度)水土流失面积为858.5 km2,平均轻度以上水土流失总量为206.4×104 t,全市水土流失主要发生在丘陵山区;(2)南京地区水土流失存在年内和年度变化特征,其侵蚀月份多数发生在4～8月,侵蚀最严重年度为2003年,最轻年度为2001年,最接近8年平均监测年度为2006年;(3)各区县、镇街和小流域8年平均水土流失状况存在差异,就土壤流失总量、轻度以上面积和强度以上面积而言,最严重的是江宁区,其次是六合区,最严重小流域是江宁区百家湖和上坝河小流域;(4)8年来南京全市水土流失控制成效显著,侵蚀模数由中度降为轻度,土壤流失总量、流失面积和急需治理面积均大幅减少;水土保持措施实施和植被覆盖面积增加,使南京全市生态环境状况有明显改善;(5)水土流失治理成效分析说明,植被覆盖率增加和水土保持措施对控制水土流失具有明显的作用。     

徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析

土壤有机质含量是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力和质量的重要指标,精确估算土壤有机质含量具有重要意义.本研究在徐淮黄泛冲积平原西北部选取了一个24 km×24 km方形区域为研究区,按照套合采样方法,采集了168个耕作层土样,测定分析土壤有机质含量和机械组成,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了徐淮黄泛平原区表层土壤有机质含量的空间变异特征,利用方差分析和回归分析定量分析了区域内土壤有机质空间变异的影响因素.统计结果表明,研究区土壤有机质含量为21.80-7.43 gkg-1,属中等水平,变异系数为34.08％,属中等变异强度;地统计分析表明,研究区具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构变异占主导作用,各向异性显著,在45°方向上变异程度最剧烈,土壤有机质呈条带状分布,自东北向西南呈递减趋势;方差分析和逐步回归分析表明,土壤机械组成是研究区土壤有机质空间变异的主控因素,能够独立解释空间变异的64.9％,其次是土地利用、成土母质、土壤类型,四个因子对土壤有机质空间变异的综合解释为74.6％.     

四川省仁寿县土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其主控因素

准确地获取区域尺度内土壤有机碳含量信息对土壤碳调控及全球环境变化具有重要意义。本研究基于野外实地采集的555个表层(0~20 cm)土样,探讨四川省仁寿县土壤有机碳空间分布特征及其主控因素。运用方差分析和回归分析对比了成土母质、土壤类型和土地利用方式对仁寿县土壤有机碳空间分布的影响。结果表明:研究区表层土壤有机碳含量为3.36~37.10 g·kg-1,平均13.46 g·kg-1,变异系数为48.87%,属中等强度的空间变异性。块金效应C0/(C0+C)为66.7%,空间分布受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同影响,总体呈现北高南低的趋势。土地利用方式和土壤类型对土壤有机碳的影响极显著(P0.01),而成土母质的影响不明显(P=0.256)。土类能够独立解释23.7%的土壤有机碳空间变异;亚类和土类的解释能力接近,分别为27.0%和27.1%,土壤亚类可作为探讨该区域土壤有机碳空间变化的最小土壤分级单元。土地利用方式能独立解释53.0%的土壤有机碳空间变异,远大于土壤类型,是研究区土壤有机碳空间分布的主控因素。     

土地开发对农田土壤养分和盐分变异特征的影响

利用地统计学方法研究了新疆库尔勒市包头湖农场土地开发后土壤空间变异特征。结果表明:土地开发后种植区的土壤有机质和盐分降低,有效磷含量增加,碱解氮含量变化不大;尤其是土地开发后撂荒地土壤有机质含量下降明显。土壤盐分与有机质、碱解氮及速效钾的含量均呈显著正相关,与有效磷呈显著负相关。因此,土地开发后需增施有机肥,补充钾肥,并尽可能不撂荒。     

Fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in earthworm surface casting activity in agroforestry fields, western Honduras

Quantification of the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of soil fauna is a relatively new area of research, and has been proposed as the key to understanding the high diversity typical of soil fauna communities. Field research on the relationships among the spatial distribution patterns of trees, litter and earthworm surface casting was carried out in two agroforestry fields in a rugged area of western Honduras. Grid-based sampling at a scale of 2-20 m was employed to determine whether any spatial relationships existed among these variables at this fine scale. Each field was sampled twice at either 2 or 3 week intervals, to determine the short-term stability of spatial relationships. The spatial distribution of litter showed a strong pattern of aggregation, whereas earthworm cast distribution did not exhibit strong spatial autocorrelation. However, the spatial distribution patterns of each of these variables were well explained by the spatial arrangement of trees in both sites. Fitted model cross-semivariograms explained between 70% and 90% of the total variation in cross-semivariance between tree density and litter cover, and between tree density and earthworm cast weight. The results of the study suggest that farmers may be able to manipulate populations of earthworms indirectly by managing the spatial arrangement of trees within their crop fields. Planning the distribution of trees could allow farmers to create ‘patches’ of organic resources within fields, while minimising the negative effects of trees on crop growth due to competition for light, water and nutrients. Over the short time scale of the study, unusually heavy rainfall led to substantial changes in spatial distribution patterns of earthworm cast activity and litter cover, which may otherwise not have occurred. This result emphasises the need to take into account short-term temporal change during ecological studies at fine spatial scales.     

Control of chemical contaminants in foods: past, present, and future

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, almost the only analyses carried out for chemical contaminants in foods were for lead arsenate and other arsenical pesticides in fruits. Since then, a tremendous expansion has occurred in the types of chemical contaminants found in foods and in the activities of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other organizations responsible for monitoring and controlling the presence of these contaminants in the food supply. This paper describes the findings and control of additional chemical contaminants in foods, including synthetic pesticides, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), other industrial chemicals, fungal metabolites such as aflatoxins, toxic metals, and radionuclides. The common characteristics of problems connected with these different types of contaminants include uncontrolled entry into the food supply, incidents causing extreme public worry, and near impossibility in removing these contaminants from the food supply. Problems may also arise from new technologies and environmental developments. New approaches beyond ordinary regulatory activities are being used to meet these problems. Broader analytical methods requiring less time and faster and more sophisticated toxicological methods are needed to assess the hazard of these environmental food contaminants.