低温驯化阶段不同抗寒性冬小麦品种生理代谢的比较

为分析寒地冬小麦越冬性的生理基础,比较低温胁迫下东农冬麦1号(强抗寒)和济麦22(弱抗寒)两个品种小麦幼苗的鲜重、干重、相对含水量及其叶片和分蘖节的电导率和脯氨酸含量变化。结果表明,低温驯化阶段东农冬麦1号干物重显著高于济麦22,气温低于0℃时,东农冬麦1号干重仍增加,而济麦22则降低。济麦22相对含水量显著高于东农冬麦1号,10月29日(-2℃/7℃)东农冬麦1号植株的相对含水量迅速降低,而济麦22植株的相对含水量在11月2日(-3℃/5℃)迅速降低。两个品种分蘖节的脯氨酸含量显著高于叶片的脯氨酸含量,东农冬麦1号分蘖节的脯氨酸含量高于济麦22分蘖节的脯氨酸含量。低温胁迫下济麦22叶片的相对电导率高于东农冬麦1号。     

低温胁迫下冬小麦叶片细胞膜透性与抗寒性的相关研究

[目的]研究低温胁迫下冬小麦叶片细胞膜透性与抗寒性的相关性。[方法]以小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57构建的DH群体的168个株系及亲本为材料,采用电导法测定低温胁迫处理后冬小麦叶片细胞膜透性,分析其与田间冻害程度的相关性。[结果]细胞膜透性与冻害级别的相关系数（r）为0.8806,呈显著正相关,根据低温胁迫处理后的冬小麦叶片细胞膜透性大小,可以判断冬小麦受冻害的程度。[结论]利用电导法测定受冻小麦叶片细胞膜透性是鉴定冬小麦抗寒性可靠而有效的方法之一。     

越橘叶片组织结构及其与抗寒性的关系

对18个引种越橘品种的叶片组织细胞结构进行了观察、描述，并测定了叶片、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度等结构参数。结合18个品种抗寒性的田间观察结果，分析认为：越橘叶片组织结构的栅／海比(栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比值)与SR(疏松海绵组织厚度与叶片厚度的比值)同越橘的抗寒性有一定的关系。单一组织(如栅栏组织，气孔大小等)会随着试材所处生态条件和生理状态的不同而发生变化，而叶片栅／海比和SR值反映了栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶片厚度3者之间的相互关系，栅／海比越大、SR值越小，抗寒性越强，而且能够保持相对稳定，有可能作为越橘抗寒性的鉴定指标。     

低温下寒地冬小麦差异蛋白表达比较分析

以抗寒性不同的两个冬小麦品种“东农冬麦1号”和“济麦22”为试验材料,以包含生长点的分蘖节为研究对象,分析低温驯化、封冻初期及深度封冻期两份材料细胞膜受损差异,检测分蘖节处细胞活力,对两个品种分蘖节进行蛋白质双向电泳,筛选差异表达蛋白后作质谱分析。结果表明,低温下东农冬麦1号细胞膜受损程度小于济麦22,分蘖节处细胞活力显著高于济麦22。共鉴定出品种间21个差异蛋白点,低温驯化期济麦22参与能量代谢、蛋白合成、光呼吸及抗性蛋白表达量较高,东农冬麦1号参与糖代谢、细胞壁合成的蛋白表达量高;封冻后东农冬麦1号抗性蛋白、参与能量代谢、物质合成及维持细胞稳定的蛋白表达量增强。研究明确抗寒品种东农冬麦1号耐低温蛋白表达情况,丰富寒地冬小麦安全越冬理论基础,为采用分子手段开展抗寒性遗传改良提供理论依据。     

低温驯化期冬小麦生理指标变化的比较

为分析抗寒性不同的冬麦品种在低温驯化期适应性的差异,以两个冬小麦品种为材料,在低温驯化期测定叶片和分蘖节处的生理指标。结果表明,抗寒性较强的东农冬麦1号的电导率低于济麦22;在低温驯化期,两个品种脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均有升高,其中东农冬麦1号两个部位的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均高于济麦22。     

冬小麦寒害和抗寒性生化机理研究

以大田正常生长和室内培养的抗寒性不同的两个品种的冬小麦 :临汾 1 1 8和Riband为材料 ,研究了它们在受到寒害后保护酶活性及其它相关生化指标的变化。结果表明 :冬小麦受寒害后 ,膜结构遭到破坏 ,保护酶活性发生了变化。不同的降温过程使保护酶活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量在变化上有所不同     

冬小麦抗寒性的研究进展

抗寒力强是冬小麦能够在严寒地区生长的一个关键因素。由于温度低,积温不够,一般农作物只能一年一熟,土地利用率低,因此提高冬小麦的抗寒性对农业,特别是高寒地区农业生产具有十分重要的意义。文章综述了冬小麦抗寒性的最新研究进展,包括抗寒性的影响因素研究、抗寒性机制研究、抗寒性育种及栽培研究等情况,提出了我国在冬小麦抗寒性研究中的不足及解决办法。     

生长锥发育对冬小麦抗寒性的生理效应

1984—1986年间,采用分期播种,在南京自然和控制条件下,研究了春性和冬性小麦的生长锥发育与抗寒锻炼、脱锻炼及再锻炼的关系。 蚰包小麦的抗寒锻炼潜力比宁麦4号大。越冬期间,正常播期下的春性小麦的抗寒性随温度的波动而改变,蚰包小麦的抗寒性强而平稳。 在二棱末期前的冬小麦幼苗,抗寒锻炼效应基本上不受生长锥发育阶段的影响。单棱期的麦苗在15℃/5℃下,宁麦4号的幼穗发育速率和脱锻炼比蚰包小麦快。在更高温度下,两者脱锻炼速率相似。说明小麦品种间脱锻炼的差异决定于幼穗发育速率对温度的敏感性。 调节播期使小麦在越冬时开始穗分化,不影响小麦的抗寒性,有利于分化大穗。     

Phytopathological characteristics of leaf rust resistance of new winter wheat varieties

The characteristics of types of leaf rust resistance of 14 winter wheat varieties under artificial climate chamber and field conditions as well as recommendations on their effective use are given.     

‘龙柱’碧桃对不同强度修剪反应及抗寒性影响的研究

以5~6年生‘龙柱’碧桃为试材,研究在冬夏两季利用4种不同强度修剪对树势生长建造及抗寒性的影响。实验结果表明：不同季节和修剪强度对‘龙柱’碧桃抽条、花势、花期和耐寒力存在差异。长放处理后萌枝少,花期短,花色杂,1年生枝抗寒性弱;轻剪处理后成枝力较强,花量多但花冠小颜色浅,抗寒力强;中剪处理萌发长枝数多,花芽萌动早,花期长,抗寒力较强;重剪处理成枝力最高,花冠大但花量少,夏季重剪后萌枝抗寒性最低。     

Anatomical Structure Comparison Between Leaves of Two Winter Wheat Cultivars with Different Cold/Freezing Tolerance Under Low Temperature Stress

Winter wheat （Triticum aestivum） cultivars Dongnongdongmai 1 with strong cold/freezing tolerance and Jimai 22 with weak cold/freezing tolerance were used for investigating the difference of microstructure and ultrastructure between leaves of two cultivars under low temperature stress （5℃ and -15 ℃） using optical and electron microscope. The results showed that there was no obvious difference between leaves of Dongnongdongmai 1 and Jimai 22 in microstructure. However, the difference between those leaves was distinct in ultrastructure. The grana lamella and stroma lamella were stacked regularly and arranged parallelly along the long axis of chloroplasts in cv. Dongnongdongmai 1, while the arrangement directions of thylakoids in Jimai 22＇s leaves were so irregular as to form various angles with the long axis of chloroplasts. At -15℃, the mitochondrias were swelled to be round and the structure of cristaes became blurry in both cultivars＇ leaves, while some cristaes of Jimai 22 disappeared. These results would provide theoretical evidence for selecting cold/freezing tolerant winter wheat germplasm resources     

冬小麦品种耐冻性比较研究

通过电导率、叶色、株高、鲜重及干重5项指标比较20个冬小麦品种幼苗期对冷冻处理的耐性强弱。结果表明,各品种对冷冻处理的不同指标反应不同,有的表现为抑制,有的表现为促进。鲜重、干重和株高对冷冻处理相关显著。筛选出的耐性品种为高优503、秦麦78-4、德州961、临麦2号、晋麦47、太633、633、泰山269、太原8003、京10531。与株高相比,鲜重与干重及相对耐性间的相关系数较高,因此,鲜重可以作为评价苗期冬小麦耐冻的指标。     

Physiological response of flag leaf and yield formation of winter wheat under different spring restrictive irrigation regimes in the Haihe Plain,China

In order to identify the optimum period of spring water-restrictive irrigation for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the Haihe Plain, China and elucidate its effects on flag leaf senescence and yield formation, field experiments were conducted at the Xinji Experimental Station of Hebei Agricultural University from 2016 to 2019 by using different irrigation regimes in spring, including the conventional regime involving two irrigation periods(control(CK), the 3-leaf unfolding stage and the anthesis stage) and a series of single, restrictive irrigation regimes(SRI) comprising irrigation at the 3-leaf unfolding stage(3 LI), 4 LI, 5 LI, and 6 LI. There are five major findings:(1) The senescence(determined by the green leaf area, GLA) in the 4 LI treatment occurred moderately earlier than that in CK, showed no significant difference with that in 5 LI and 6 LI, and occurred significantly later than that in 3 LI.(2) Compared with other SRI treatments, the GLA value and photosynthetic rate in 4 LI were 14.82 and 20.1% higher, respectively. Microstructural analysis of flag leaf also revealed that the mesophyll cells and chloroplasts were irregularly arranged under drought stress in 3 LI and 6 LI; however, drought stress had minimal negative effects on the microstructure in 4 LI and 5 LI.(3) Postponed irrigation in spring could significantly increase superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities in the early stage of grain filling; however, these activities would subsequently decrease. Among the four SRI treatments, the overall enzyme activities were the highest in 4 LI, and the combined malondialdehyde(MDA) content in flag leaves in 4 LI and 5 LI was 14.5% lower on average than that in 3 LI and 6 LI.(4) The soluble sugar(SS) and proline(Pro) contents in 4 LI were the highest among the four SRI treatments; however, they were lower than those in CK. The abscisic acid(ABA) hormone content in 4 LI and 5 LI was lower than that in 3 LI and 6 LI, respectively, suggesting a smaller drought stress effect in 4 LI and 5 LI.(5) In two growing seasons, there was a larger number of spikes per unit area in 4 LI(i.e., 13.4% higher than that in 5 LI and 6 LI) and the 1 000-grain weight in 4 LI was the highest among the four SRI treatments(i.e., 6.0% higher than that in the other three SRI treatments). Therefore, a single restrictive irrigation regime at the 4-leaf unfolding stage is recommended to be effective in slowing down the senescence process of flag leaves and achieving high yield.     

不同CO2浓度变化下干旱对冬小麦叶面积指数的影响差异

叶面积指数是作物生长状况的一个重要表征参数,也是研究陆地生态系统的一个重要的参数.当今世界温室气体排放逐年上升,气候变暖趋势明显,对气候变化敏感的农业将受到影响.在全球变化的背景下,采用农业技术转移决策支持系统(DSSAT)系统,通过在黄淮海平原典型站点模拟3种CO2浓度条件下冬小麦在水分充足和水分亏缺2种情境下的生长过程,分析不同CO2浓度下水分亏缺对冬小麦叶面积指数的影响差异.研究发现,CO2浓度升高对叶面积指数增长有促进作用,且在干旱情况下对叶面积指数的正效应比湿润情况下更为明显,在CO2浓度倍增条件下,发生水分亏缺的作物叶面积指数数倍增长.研究结论有助于分析CO2浓度变化对农作物生长过程的影响,为农田水分管理提供依据,又为估算叶面积指数提出了一种模型的方法.     

水肥条件对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及生物量的影响

【目的】研究水肥耦合对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及生物量的影响,建立旱地冬小麦生产的合理水肥管理模式。【方法】2011-2012年,以长旱58为供试材料,设置水分(W)和肥料(Y)2个因子,其中水分包括不灌水、低灌水量、中灌水量、高灌水量4个水平,肥料包括不施肥、低肥、中肥、高肥4个水平,共16个处理,于小麦不同生育时期测定其光合指标(净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr))及生物量。【结果】1)方差分析表明,水分对小麦旗叶光合特性的影响大于肥料,各施肥水平下,旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr与水分呈正相关。不论在何种水肥组合处理中,随着生育期的延长,冬小麦旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr均呈先升后降趋势,于开花期达到最大值。2)在中等施肥量水平下,小麦开花期低灌水量处理较不灌水处理、中灌水量处理较低灌水量处理Pn分别显著提高3.25%和5.01%,Gs分别显著提高10.20%和5.34%,Tr分别提高7.76%和0.15%。3)在土壤水分较充足时,小麦旗叶Pn、Gs、Tr随施肥水平的增加而提高,小麦开花期Pn在中等灌水量水平下,低施肥量处理较不施肥处理、中施肥量处理较低施肥量处理Pn分别显著提高2.45%和3.19%,Gs分别显著提高3.27%和4.23%,Tr分别显著提高4.26%和6.86%。4)同一水分条件下,灌浆期和成熟期生物量均随施肥量的增加先增后减,最高生物量出现在中等肥力水平(Y2)时;返青期和孕穗期,生物量随施肥量的增加逐渐增大。各灌水条件下,开花期生物量随施肥量的增加而变化趋势不同。【结论】高水(100mm)中肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O用量分别为278.55,163.20,322.80kg/hm2)组合的小麦旗叶光合特性较为优良。