禽流感病毒H5亚型HA基因在杆状病毒系统中的表达及生物学活性鉴定

为研究禽流感病毒(AIV)HA蛋白抗原活性,本研究将A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)的HA基因片段克隆于pFastBacHTA中,构建重组质粒pFastBacHTA-HA,转化至DH10Bac感受态细胞,构建重组杆粒,在脂质体介导下转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒。采用间接免疫荧光、western blot和血凝试验对所表达的蛋白进行抗原性和生物学活性分析。结果表明,表达重组蛋白分子量约为64 ku;IFA和western blot试验证明重组HA蛋白能够与H5亚型禽流感阳性血清特异结合,具有良好的抗原性;血凝试验和淋巴细胞增殖试验显示重组蛋白具有良好生物学活性。重组蛋白的正确表达为进一步研究HA基因功能活性和制备禽流感HA基因亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。     

H9N2禽流感病毒HA2基因重组杆状病毒的表达

从pMD18-THA阳性质粒扩增了H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的HA2基因，将扩增到的HA2基因克隆至昆虫杆状病毒转移栽体pBlueBacHis2A中。将其与杆状病毒共转染于Sf9昆虫细胞，经蚀斑筛选纯化重组杆状病毒，用其感染Sf9昆虫细胞，并优化表达条件。SDS-PAGE和Western-blotting分析表明，表达产物的分子质量约为27ku。Dot-ELISA分析表明，表达的HA2融合蛋白可与鸡抗HgN2亚型血清发生特异性反应，而与H5和H7亚型抗血清间无交叉反应。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒HA基因在杆状病毒系统中的表达

利用PCR反应，以特异性引物扩增禽流感病毒去除信号肽的H7亚型HA密码子优化基因，克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBac-HTB中，转座DH10感受态细胞，通过蓝白斑筛选、PCR鉴定获得阳性克隆，然后提取基因组Bacmid，转染Sf9昆虫细胞，得到含H7亚型流感病毒HA基因的重组杆状病毒opti-H7HA-Bac。重组杆状病毒接种Sf9昆虫细胞，待绝大部分细胞产生细胞病变后收获细胞，细胞裂解产物经血凝试验、SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析证实，密码子优化的H7HA基因在重组杆状病毒opti-H7HA-Bac感染Sf9细胞后获得高效表达，且具有良好的蛋白活性及特异免疫反应原性。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA-M2融合基因的真核表达及免疫原性研究

选择H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)的两个保守T细胞表位基因和M2基因胞外保守序列(M2e),经人工合成并通过PCR扩增获得HA-M2融合表位基因,与载体p Fast Bac HTA连接,构建重组真核表达质粒p Fast HTA-HA-M2。阳性重组质粒转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,转染Sf9昆虫细胞获得含HA-M2基因的重组杆状病毒,重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞72 h后,进行SDS-PAGE、间接免疫荧光试验和Western blot鉴定。利用目的蛋白免疫3周龄SPF鸡,采用ELISA测定抗体滴度,MTT试验检测T淋巴细胞增殖。结果显示,目的蛋白HA-M2在昆虫细胞中有特异性表达,能被H9亚型AIV免疫阳性血清所识别,可诱导高滴度的AIV特异性抗体。试验结果为新型禽流感通用疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

VP22短肽融合猪圆环病毒2型重组病毒样颗粒的构建及其鉴定

采用融合PCR方法将猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)Cap基因和人单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型病毒(HSV-1)VP22蛋白转导域串联得到Cap-VP22基因,将其插入到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBac Dual构建pFast-Cap-VP22重组转移载体,通过转化含有Bacmid的DH10Bac感受态细胞,经3种抗性和蓝白斑筛选,获得含Cap-VP22基因的重组穿梭质粒rBac-2Cap-VP22。重组穿梭质粒转染昆虫细胞(Sf9),获得重组杆状病毒。重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞,通过PCR、间接免疫荧光(IFA)、电镜观察对表达产物进行检测。结果表明,成功构建含双拷贝Cap-VP22基因的杆状病毒载体,IFA证实重组蛋白在Sf9细胞中获得正确表达,与PCV2阳性血清具有良好的反应原性;电镜观察结果显示细胞上清中的目的蛋白可装配形成直径约17nm的病毒样颗粒(VLPs);表明C端融合VP22蛋白转导域序列并不影响Cap蛋白的组装。本研究为进一步研制安全、高效的PCV2疫苗奠定基础。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒HA1基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达及其表达产物的抗原性

从pMD18-T—HA阳性质粒中扩增出H7亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）HA1基因，并亚克隆至昆虫杆状病毒转移载体pBlueBacHis2A，将筛选的重组质粒命名为pBlueBacHisH7-HA1，与线性化杆状病毒DNA（Bac—N—BlueDNA）共转染sf9昆虫细胞，挑取蓝色蚀斑，经3次蚀斑纯化，得到重组杆状病毒rpBlue-HisH7HA1。Western-blotting和间接免疫荧光试验结果显示，HA1在昆虫细胞中得到表达，且表达产物具有抗原性。抗原特异性试验证明，重组HA1蛋白与鸡H5、H9亚型AIV抗血清不发生交叉反应。血凝试验证明，重组HA1蛋白具有良好的血凝性。     

高密度悬浮转染方式高效获得重组杆状病毒

为了提高低代次重组杆状病毒的病毒滴度和获得足量低代次种子批,以最大程度满足产业化生产的需求,本研究以表达猪细小病毒(PPV)衣壳蛋白VP2的重组杆状病毒质粒(Bacmid)为研究对象,分别转染贴壁Sf9细胞和高密度悬浮ExpiSf9细胞。通过重组杆状病毒滴度测定、SDS-PAGE、Western blot以及血凝效价测定等方法,对获得的重组杆状病毒滴度和VP2蛋白表达量进行评价。结果表明,高密度悬浮转染获得的P0代重组病毒滴度、VP2蛋白表达水平和血凝效价均要高于贴壁转染方式,同时高密度悬浮转染可获得足量的P0代重组杆状病毒种子批,可为后续外源蛋白表达提供足量同质的低代次毒种,有效解决重组杆状病毒代次比较窄的问题,为后续重组杆状病毒相关产品的产业化生产奠定研究基础。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因杆状病毒载体的构建

经过PCR反应,以特异性引物扩增了禽流感病毒DK/Zhejiang/11/00(H5N1)去除信号肽的HA基因,克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pFastBac-HTA中,阳性重组质粒转座DH10Bac感受态细胞,通过蓝白斑筛选、PCR鉴定获得阳性克隆,碱裂解法提取阳性质粒,转染sf 9昆虫细胞,获得含H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组杆状病毒H5HA-Bac HTA。利用SDS-蛋白酶K方法提取重组病毒DNA,PCR反应证实HA基因片段已重组到杆状病毒基因组中。以适宜剂量的重组杆状病毒接种sf 9昆虫细胞,待绝大部分细胞产生细胞病变后收获细胞。细胞裂解产物经间接免疫荧光、SDS-PAGE及Western-Blot试验检测,结果表明:H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因在重组杆状病毒H5HA-Bac-HTA感染sf 9细胞后获得高效表达,且具有良好的蛋白活性及特异免疫反应原性。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达及检测

利用杆状病毒表达系统对H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因在sf9细胞中的表达进行了研究。首先将pUCm—T—H5HA质粒用BamHⅠ及NotⅠ酶切，获得HA基因片段，同时杆状病毒转座载体质粒pFastBacⅠ也用BamHⅠ及NotⅠ酶切，然后用T4DNA连接酶连接，构建了重组质粒pFastBac—H5HA。再将该重组质粒转化DH10Bac感受态细菌，在体内进行重组，并经三重抗性与蓝白斑筛选，得到杆状病毒重组质粒Bacmid—H5HA。将Bacmid—H5HA转染sf9细胞，获得重组杆状病毒，经SDS—PAGE和Western blotting检测表明，HA蛋白在重组杆状病毒中获得表达。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素特异性单因子血清制备

为制备特异性的H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)单因子血清,本研究分别将6株不同亚群的H9亚型AIV的血凝素(HA)基因以鸡偏嗜的密码子进行优化,经全基因合成插入高效真核表达载体pCAGGS中,构建的真核重组质粒转染293T细胞进行瞬时表达,间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,重组质粒中的HA目的基因获得表达.将重组质粒以200μg/只的剂量免疫1月龄SPF鸡,6周后采血分离血清.交叉微量血凝抑制试验结果表明,血凝抑制效价可达8 long2～12 log2,灵敏度高,与其他AIV亚型抗原无交叉反应,型特异性强.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …