Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytrigia Desv

Elytrigia Desv.is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids,tetraploids,hexaploids,octaploids,and decaploids.The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels,however,is not well-defined.In this study,the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures.The results showed that accessions of E.intermedia and E.repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids,tetraploids and hexaploids.For E.elongata,E.pontica,and E.caespitosa,it was found that two ploidy levels presented,and only one ploidy level was in those of E.hybrid,E.pycnantha,E.pungens,E.juncea,and E.alatavica.Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid,tetraploid and hexaploid of E.intermedia was 2n=2x=14=6m+6sin+2st,2n=4x=28=2M+10m+16sm and 2n=6x=42=4M+18m+20sm,respectively.Furthermore,the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E.intermedia was 2n=4x=28=2M+10m+16sm,2n=4x=28=4M+22m(sat)+2sm and 2n=4x=28=4M+12m+12sm(sat),which were not completely uniform.Therefore,it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.     

Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytrigia Desv.

Elytrigia Desv. is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids, octaploids, and decaploids. The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels, however, is not well-defined. In this study, the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures. The results showed that accessions of E. intermedia and E. repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. For E. elongata, E. pontica, and E. caespitosa, it was found that two ploidy levels presented, and only one ploidy level was in those of E. hybrid, E. pycnantha, E. pungens, E. juncea, and E. alatavica. Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 2x = 14 = 6m + 6sm + 2st, 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M + 10m + 16sm and 2n = 6x = 42 = 4M + 18m + 20sm, respectively. Furthermore, the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M + 10m + 16sm, 2n = 4x = 28 = 4M + 22m (sat) + 2sm and 2n = 4x = 28 = 4M + 12m + 12sm (sat), which were not completely uniform. Therefore, it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.     

植物染色体核型分析常用方法概述

植物核型分析是指对植物细胞染色体的数目、形态、长度、带型和着丝粒位置等内容的分析研究,是植物分类和遗传研究的重要手段。对植物核型分析的基本方法,包括取材、预处理、固定、解离、染色、制片及结果分析进行了比较系统的介绍和评价。     

偃麦草属4种牧草种子萌发的基本特性

设置了６种恒温温度、４种变温温度、３种芽床处理、２种光暗水平对偃麦草属（Ｅｌｙｔｒｉｇｉａ．Ｄｅｓｖ．）４种牧草种子发芽的适宜条件进行了探讨。结果表明，４种牧草种子萌发的适宜温度（℃）分别为，毛偃麦草（Ｅ．ｔｒｉｃｈｐｐｈｏｒａ）：２０；１５～２５；１０～２０；长穗偃麦草（Ｅ．０ｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）：２０；１０～２０；偃麦草（Ｅ．ｒｅｐｅｎｓ）：１５～２５；２０～３０；２０；中间偃麦草（Ｅ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｄｅｉａ）：２０；１５～２５；２０～３０。在１５～２５℃和２０～３０℃变温处理下，胚根、胚芽生长健壮，使萌发种子的全株重量和简化活力指数极大提高。光暗条件不影响种子的发芽势，但光照显著促进偃麦草和中间偃麦草种子提高发芽率，而黑暗条件，对毛偃麦草和长穗偃麦草种子的发芽率有明显或显著促进效应。４种偃麦草种子的发芽率有明显或显著促进效应。４种偃麦草种子的发芽方式均以纸上法为最佳。     

甜瓜属12份种质的核型分析

利用染色体压片技术对1份野生种甜瓜和11份近缘野生种甜瓜的核型进行分析,结果表明,除西印度瓜、迪普沙瓜各有1份种质染色体分别为2n =48,2n=44外,其余种质染色体均为二倍体,2n=24.10份染色体数为24的甜瓜种质核型可分为5种类型:迪普沙瓜、普拉菲瓜为24 m;马包瓜为2M+18 m+4sm;泡状瓜、非洲瓜、...     

锦葵科悬铃花的核型分析

利用根尖压片法对悬铃花进行核型分析。结果表明:悬铃花体细胞的染色体数为2n=28,相对长度系数组成为:2L+10M2+8M1+6S,核型不对称系数为:59.95%;其核型公式为:20m+8sm,属2B核型。为今后锦葵科悬铃花属植物核型分析研究提供一定的借鉴和依据。     

猪屎豆抗氧化活性成分的提取及活性测定体系的优化

[目的]研究猪屎豆（Crotalaria mucronata Desv.）乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性。[方法]采用超声波辅助乙醇提取法提取猪屎豆抗氧化活性成分,用H2O2-鲁米诺化学发光体系测定清除羟自由基（·OH）的效率。并对测定体系进行优化。[结果]在料液比为3.6∶1,乙醇体积分数为70%,提取时间为30min,提取温度为80℃,猪屎豆乙醇提取物对·OH的清除效果最佳。清除率测定体系中,H2O2浓度为0.60%和Luminol浓度为1.00×10-4mol/L时测定结果较准确。[结论]猪屎豆乙醇提取物对·OH有很好的清除作用。     

山蚂蝗属植物药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索的基础上,对山蚂蝗属植物的成分、药理、临床应用及生态价值等进行概述,为进一步研究和开发提供科学资料。     

不同品系黄连的核型分析

采用压片法对黄连(Coptis chinensis Franch.)不同品系植株的染色体数目进行统计及核型分析。结果显示,黄连3个品系的染色体数目相同,均为2n=18;但核型公式和核型类型有所差异,大花叶黄连和有光叶黄连的核型公式均为2n=18=18m,小花叶黄连核型公式为2n=18=6m+10sm+2tm;大花叶黄连和有光叶黄连核型类型均为1A,小花叶黄连核型类型为3B。黄连不同品系间染色体进化程度有所差异,可以为栽培上筛选良种和遗传育种提供参考。     

山蚂蝗属种子的硬实特性及催芽处理技术研究

采用不同方法对山蚂蝗属种子进行催芽处理,并对处理后种子的发芽率进行统计分析。结果表明：用物理方法热水浸种和化学方法赤霉素、萘乙酸溶液处理种子均可破坏种皮,提高种子发芽率;不同处理方式对山蚂蝗属不同种的发芽种子效果不同,整体上,30℃热水处理30min效果最好,种子发芽率高达75％,而90℃热水处理30min发芽效果最差。     

云南多星韭细胞核型研究

对梁王山地区4个多星韭种群的染色体进行核型分析与比较,结果表明:多星韭1号种群为二倍体,核型公式为:2 n=2 x=14=6 m(2 SAT) 8 sm;2,3,4号种群为四倍体,核型公式为:2 n=4 x=28=8 m(2 SAT) 20 sm.不同四倍体种群核型的最大与最小染色体比值、最大染色体形态等存在差异.从而对四倍体多星韭的起源途径提出一种设想,它们是部分异源四倍体,并经历了较长的二倍化过程.     

榆系4种榆树的核型分析

对榆属榆系４个种的核型进行了分析，结果表明，白榆，２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２８＝２ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋１２ｓｔ＋６ｔ；裂叶榆，２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２８＝２ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋１４ｓｔ＋４ｔ；兴山榆，２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２８＝２ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋１８ｓｔ＋４ｔ，毛榆２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２８＝２ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２０ｓｔ＋４ｔ。在上述榆树中，除白榆的３Ａ核型外，其他３种均为３Ｂ核型。     

10种月见草属植物染色体核型分析

采用常规压片法,对10种月见草属植物进行核型分析。结果表明,10种月见草的染色体基数均为x=7,美丽月见草为四倍体,2n=28,其余皆为二倍体,2n=14。仅发现m和sm 2种类型染色体;除夜来香外,其余9种月见草均包含1~3条随体;在美丽月见草中发现了1条B染色体;核型类型上,夜来香和无茎月见草为1A型,待霄草‘柠檬日落’为3A型,其余均为2A型;核型不对称系数介于56.79%~65.43%,整体较为对称,无茎月见草和夜来香的进化程度较低,待霄草‘柠檬日落’最为进化,长果月见草和密苏里月见草的亲缘关系最为紧密,10种月见草中有9种的核型为首次报道。     

云南多星韭细胞核型研究

对梁王山地区4个多星韭种群的染色体进行核型分析与比较,结果表明:多星韭1号种群为二倍体,核型公式为:2n=2x=14=6m(2SAT)+8sm;2,3,4号种群为四倍体,核型公式为:2n=4x=28=8m(2SAT)+20sm.不同四倍体种群核型的最大与最小染色体比值、最大染色体形态等存在差异.从而对四倍体多星韭的起源途径提出一种设想,它们是部分异源四倍体,并经历了较长的二倍化过程.     

山蚂蝗属植物外部形态变异及形态类型研究

[目的]研究山蚂蝗属植物的外部性状并探讨各性状间的相关性。[方法]利用SAS（6.0）和SPSS（10.0）数据处理系统软件对所测性状变异及其规律进行分析并计算各性状间的遗传相关系数。[结果]植株自然高度的变异系数高达104.97%;叶长、叶宽的变异系数分别为26.34%和33.51%;千粒重的变异系数为35.13%;果荚粒数、荚果长度、种子长度、种子宽度的变异系数分别为17.06%、24.99%、21.08%和20.35%;中央小叶柄长度、叶柄长度的变异系数分别为40.39%和58.24%;中央小叶长度与中央小叶宽度、叶柄长度与中央小叶宽度的相关系数分别为0.8370和0.5790;株高与小叶长度、小叶宽度、小叶叶柄长度、叶柄宽的相关系数分别为0.6488、0.6897、0.5156、0.6954;种子长度与千粒重、种子宽度与千粒重的相关系数分别0.8745和0.8293;株高与荚果长、叶柄长与荚果长的相关系数分别为0.5896和0.6059。[结论]该研究为山蚂蝗属种源的开发利用奠定了理论基础。     

黄芪染色体核型分析

染色体核型分析表明,膜荚黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.]和蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao]均为二倍体,2n=2x=16,第8号染色体上均有随体;膜荚黄芪核型为2n=2x=8m(1SAT) 8sm,蒙古黄芪染色体核型为2n=2x=6m 10sm(1SAT);核型对称性分别为2A和2B型.该结果支持<中国植物志>关于蒙古黄芪为膜荚黄芪变种的观点.     

壳斗科格氏栲和栲树的核型分析

本文首次报道了壳斗科栲属格氏栲Castanopsis Kawakamii Hayata和栲树Castanopsis fargesii Franch的核型分析结果。研究结果发现格氏栲和栲树的染色体数目均为2n=24;由中部着丝点染色体(m)和近中部着丝点染色体(Sm)组成。二者核型类型均为2B型,格氏栲核型公式为2n=24=18m+2m_(sa(?))+4Sm;栲树核型公式为2n=24=18m+5Sm+1Sm_(sat),二者存在一定的差异。     

我国苦茶资源主要生化成分的鉴定评价(英文)

Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in the China National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository(CNGHTR),were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that no significant differences of major biochemical components affecting the tea quality were found between bitter tea and common tea.According to the processing suitability index,bitter tea was suitable for the manufacturing of black tea;while according to evolutionary indices such as the composition and content of catechin,bitter tea was similar to C.sinensis var.assamica belonging to the relatively primitive type in evolution.The results of cluster analysis indicated that bitter tea was clustered with C.sinensis var.assamica,so it could be considered to belong to C.sinensis var.assamica.     

新疆无芒雀麦的核型分析

本文首次报道了新疆昭苏无芒雀麦的染色体数及核型。其根尖细胞染色体数为2n=28,核型是2n=28=24m+4sm,属1A型,为一对称型核型。根据无芒雀麦染色体组基数是7,从而确定新疆昭苏无芒雀麦是四倍体。     

自动核型分析技术及其在植物中的应用

核型分析是一种重要的细胞遗传学研究手段。染色体自动分析技术操作简便、速度快、结果可靠,是未来核型分析技术发展的方向。综述了生物核型分析的策略、系统组成、自动化图像处理和分析技术及其在植物核型分析中的应用。