天蚕素B基因在奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞系中的稳定表达

采用RT-PCR方法,以家蚕cDNA为模板扩增天蚕素B(Cecropin B)基因的全长cDNA编码区序列,利用DNA重组技术将其定向插入到真核表达载体pECFP-C1,构建CecropinB真核表达载体,经酶切和测序鉴定后,用脂质体转染法转染奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞,通过G418筛选,建立稳定转染的奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞系,用RT-PCR及琼脂糖扩散试验检测抗菌肽CecropinB基因及其表达活性。结果成功构建了pECFP-B真核表达载体,并建立了稳定转染的奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞系,成功地表达了目的基因,为进一步研究CecropinB的功能奠定良好的实验基础。     

山羊β-酪蛋白启动子指导的通用表达载体及乳腺暂时表达系统

为了实现外源蛋白在动物乳腺中的特异性高效表达，利用山羊β-酪蛋白5’端1．132kb的侧翼调控序列、牛生长激素基因polyA(BGHPA)序列、基质结合区(matrixattac}linentregion，MAR)和多克隆住点(MCS)，构建了乳腺组织定位通用表达裁体pMRPA，鉴定正确后，将2．1kb的人组织型纤溶酶原激活荆(tissue—type plasminogen activator，tPA)cDNA克隆到pMRPA多克隆位点，获得重组表达载体pMRPA—tPA。在不同的泌乳时间，使用不同的包裹剂，采用不同的剂量，将pMRPA—tPA注入泌乳期山羊乳腺组织进行暂时表达。结果显示，所构建的乳腺组织特异性通用表达载体能够有效地指导目的基因的高效表达。通过乳腺暂时表达试验进一步发现，泌乳稳定期表达效果最好，tPA表达水平在2．020～6．959mg／L；表达量随DNA用量的增加而提高；使用普通包裹剂和裸质粒相比，普通包裹剂对表达效果无明显影响。本试验对乳腺暂时表达系统进行了系统性研究，为通过乳腺暂时表达系统改良乳汁蛋白组成提供了重要依据。     

山羊BLG基因侧翼区的克隆及序列分析

克隆奶山羊β-乳球蛋白基因5′、3′调控区并对其进行序列分析。从徐淮奶山羊组织中提取基因组DNA,采用高保真长模板PCR法克隆得到山羊β-乳球蛋白基因4.2 kb的5′调控区和1.8 kb的3′调控区。将纯化后的PCR产物克隆到pGEM-TEasy载体中,经酶切鉴定和序列测定验证克隆的正确性。部分序列分析表明,5′区与GenBank中登录的山羊和绵羊BLG基因5′区同源性分别为100%和95%;3′区同源性则分别为99%和93%。克隆得到的奶山羊BLG调控区与山羊BLG伪基因显著不同,5′区和3′区同源性分别为83%和88%。结果表明,克隆得到的奶山羊BLG调控区可用于构建乳腺特异性表达载体,为指导外源基因在转基因动物乳腺中的高效表达奠定了基础。     

家蝇抗菌肽天蚕素基因的定点突变和高效表达质粒的构建

运用反转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)技术从家蝇体内扩增出抗菌肽天蚕素 (cecropin)基因的开放阅读框(ORF) ,与pMD 18T载体重组 ,经限制性酶切片段分析和核苷酸序列分析 ,与GenBank中报道的序列一致。根据此ORF ,重新合成 1对引物 ,并在碳末端进行定点突变 ,加上Asn编码 ,使其末端酰氨化 ,再利用半嵌套式PCR扩增出家蝇cecropin基因的成熟肽 ,与双酶切的酵母表达载体pPICZαA连接 ,经PCR和双酶切鉴定 ,成功构建了分泌型表达质粒。     

山羊INSIG1基因超表达对乳腺上皮细胞中脂质合成的影响

本研究旨在通过构建西农萨能奶山羊胰岛素诱导基因1(INSIG1)的重组腺病毒(Adenovirus,Ad)超表达载体,研究该基因超表达后对乳腺上皮细胞中脂质合成的影响,从而为该基因在山羊乳腺脂质合成调控中的功能研究奠定基础。根据GenBank(登录号:JQ665439)中山羊INSIG1基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增得到其CDS区序列。将目的基因连接到穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV后获得pAdTrack-CMV-INSIG1质粒,将该质粒PmeⅠ线性化后转入大肠杆菌BJ5183感受态细胞进行同源重组,获得pAdEasy-INSIG1重组腺病毒超表达载体。该重组质粒经PacⅠ线性化后转染293A细胞进行病毒的包装及扩繁,利用LaSRT法测定其滴度。将获得的重组腺病毒AdINSIG1感染山羊原代乳腺上皮细胞,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测INSIG1及脂质合成相关基因的mRNA表达情况,利用GPO-Trinder酶学反应检测细胞中甘油三酯的含量。结果表明,成功构建了奶山羊INSIG1基因重组腺病毒超表达载体,获得了具有较高滴度(2×108 U·mL-1)的超表达腺病毒Ad-INSIG1;Ad-INSIG1感染山羊原代乳腺上皮细胞48h后,与Ad-GFP组相比,INSIG1基因的mRNA表达量上调约500倍,固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)和SREBP裂解活化蛋白(SCAP)的mRNA表达量无明显变化,参与脂肪酸从头合成(ACCα、FASN)及去饱和(SCD1)基因的mRNA表达量均显著下降(P0.05);参与甘油三酯合成的3个关键基因中,GPAM及DGAT2的mRNA表达量显著下降(P0.05),AGPAT6的表达无显著变化;同时,催化甘油三酯分解(ATGL)的基因mRNA表达量也显著下降(P0.05);细胞内甘油三酯含量无显著变化。综上所述,在山羊原代乳腺上皮细胞中,INSIG1能够抑制脂质合成相关基因的表达,对山羊乳腺脂质合成具有调控作用。     

奶牛bTAP蛋白表达载体的构建及其在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

奶牛气管抗菌肽是一种具有较强抗菌活性的抗菌小肽。实验从奶牛气管组织中提取总RNA,反转录成c DNA,以此为模板,用奶牛气管抗菌肽特异性PCR引物扩增奶牛气管抗菌肽基因,然后将其连入载体p CMV-C-e GFP中构建奶牛气管抗菌肽的真核表达载体b TAP-GFP,并将此载体转染进奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中,分别运用荧光蛋白观察和细菌记数等方法检测b TAP-GFP蛋白在细胞中的表达及其对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性。试验结果表明,试验成功的建立了奶牛气管抗菌肽的真核表达载体b TAP-GFP,并且此重组载体能在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中正常表达具有抗大肠杆菌活性的b TAP-GFP蛋白。     

乳腺特异的甜味蛋白Brazzein基因真核表达载体的构建

为了建立通过山羊乳汁获取甜味蛋白Brazzein的方法,研究在人工合成甜味蛋白Brazzein基因的基础上,利用乳腺特异表达的pBC-1载体,构建Brazzein基因的真核表达载体。结果表明:所合成的Brazzein基因与GenBank中Brazzein序列的同源性为100%,构建的克隆载体STP-pMD18-Simple正确;将甜味蛋白Brazzein基因与pBC-1载体连接后,成功构建甜味蛋白Brazzein基因的乳腺特异性表达载体STP-pBC-1。     

天蚕素抗菌肽B在鱼类疾病控制中的应用

正抗菌肽是分子质量小、两亲性、带正电的非特异性物质~([1-2]),多为α螺旋结构,天蚕素是最早被发现的,目前研究最清晰,效果最显著的一类抗菌肽。早在1972年,瑞典科学家Boman等~([4])从美国希古比天蚕蛹(Hyalophoracecropia)中获得抗菌肽,并将其命名为Cecropin;随后,Boman等测定了天蚕素抗菌肽A (Cecropin A)和天蚕素抗菌肽B (Cecropin B)的一级结构~([4])。目前,天蚕素抗菌肽家族已被分为A、B、C、D、E共5个成员,其中Cecropin B具有最高的抗菌活性~([5-6])。     

综述抗菌肽的生物学功能

抗菌肽广泛存在于动物的免疫细胞、内脏黏膜、皮肤以及植物的花、果、叶中。早在1972年,瑞典科学家Boman等[1]首次用大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌诱导惜古比天蚕蛹(Hyatophora cecropia),从其血淋巴中分离得到天蚕素抗菌肽。随后Boman等[2]又进一步测定了天蚕素抗菌肽A和B的一级结构,随后天蚕素抗菌肽相继被分离、纯化,并且其氨基酸的结构特征和基因序列得到确定。到目前为止,天蚕素抗菌肽共[3]     

乳蛋白基因的表达调控及其应用

近年来，乳蛋白基因在乳腺组织的高效、特异性表达的调节机制是人们研究的热点。随着研究的不断深入，其调控序列的结构已日渐清楚，而利用其调控序列构建乳腺特异性表达载体也成为人们关注的焦点。现就乳蛋白基因的表达调控及应用其构建乳腺生物反应器表达载体的研究概况作一综述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.