饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成及血清生化指标的影响

本试验以不同脂肪源配制成等氮等脂的7种饲料,对大菱鲆[(27.31±0.10)g]进行40 d的饲养试验,旨在探讨不同饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆生长、体组成、血清生化指标的影响。7种饲料分别添加6%的鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、花生油(PO)、猪油(L)、鱼油-豆油(1∶1)(FSO)和鱼油-豆油-猪油(3∶4∶3)的混合油(MIX)。每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。研究结果表明:(1)鱼油-豆油组特定生长率显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组(基础饲料组)提高了10.42%(P < 0.05),猪油组特定生长率最低,较鱼油组降低了19.79%(P < 0.05)。猪油、混合油、花生油组饲料系数分别较鱼油组提高了36.36%、33.33%、25.25%(P < 0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P > 0.05);(2)饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆鱼体水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量影响不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组粗蛋白质含量显著低于鱼油组、菜籽油组和花生油组,其中较鱼油组降低了4.47%(P < 0.05)。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的大菱鲆空壳、内脏和背肌的脂肪含量差异不显著(P > 0.05),猪油组空壳的水分显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组(P < 0.05);(3)各试验组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和碱性磷酸酶含量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。猪油组和混合油组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组分别升高了124.89%和119.94%(P < 0.05),混合油组的谷草转氨酶含量显著高于其他各组,较鱼油组提高了352.51%(P < 0.05),表明猪油组和混合油组鱼体肝脏受到一定程度的损伤。综合以上7种饲料脂肪源对鱼体生长性能、体组成及血清生化指标的影响,鱼油-豆油(1∶1)、豆油和菜籽油可作为大菱鲆饲料合适的脂肪源,而猪油、混合油不适宜作为大菱鲆的饲料脂肪源。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、脂质代谢和抗氧化能力的影响

在一种实用饲料配方的基础上,分别添加1.5％的鱼油、豆油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油和猪油作为单一脂肪源,配制成5种等氮等能(粗蛋白质含量35％,总能15mJ/kg)的试验饲料,通过8周的饲养试验,以研究饲料中不同脂肪源对鲤鱼生长性能、体组成、肝胰脏脂质代谢相关酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响.选取平均初重为(5.83±0.01)g的鲤鱼750尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼.结果表明:特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)以鱼油组最好,猪油组最差,且2组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).SGR、PER和FCR在豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对全鱼粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),但对全鱼干物质和粗灰分含量无显著影响(P＞0.05).鱼油组全鱼粗蛋白质含量最高,而粗脂肪含量最低.肝胰脏脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性以鱼油组最高,其次是豆油组、菜籽油组、亚麻籽油组,以猪油组最低.肝胰脏苹果酸脱氢酶(mDH)活性表现为:亚麻籽油组＞豆油组＞鱼油组＞菜籽油组＞猪油组.猪油组肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于其他各组(P＜0.05),而其他各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).不同脂肪源对肝胰脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),以鱼油组最高,猪油组最低.由此可见,鱼油是鲤鱼较适宜的脂肪源,而猪油不适宜作为鲤鱼的单一脂肪源,会损害肝胰脏健康,进而影响鱼体生长.     

饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

以不同脂肪源配制成等氮等脂的7种试验饲料,对体重为(27.31±0.10)g的大菱鲆幼鱼进行40 d的饲养试验,旨在探讨饲料脂肪源对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。7种试验饲料的脂肪源分别为鱼油、豆油、菜籽油、花生油、猪油、鱼油+豆油(鱼油∶豆油=1∶1)和鱼油+豆油+猪油(鱼油∶豆油∶猪油=3∶4∶3)。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。结果表明:鱼油+豆油组的增重率和特定生长率显著高于鱼油组、豆油组和菜籽油组(P0.05),花生油组、猪油组和鱼油+豆油+猪油组的增重率和特定生长率则显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。饲料系数以鱼油+豆油组最低,猪油组最高。各组干物质和总磷表观消化率差异不显著(P0.05),猪油组和鱼油+豆油+猪油组的粗脂肪表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。花生油组、鱼油+豆油组和豆油组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于猪油组(P0.05)。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。猪油组鱼体粗蛋白质含量显著低于菜籽油组、花生油组和鱼油组(P0.05),其余各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。除C14∶0以外,各组大菱鲆肌肉中的脂肪酸含量和相应饲料中脂肪酸含量呈正相关。大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量以鱼油组和鱼油+豆油组较高,而以花生油组和猪油组较低。结果提示:豆油和菜籽油是大菱鲆幼鱼饲料良好的脂肪源,鱼油和豆油按1∶1混合添加则能使大菱鲆幼鱼更好地生长。     

饲料中添加不同油脂对奥尼罗非鱼生长发育、体内抗氧化能力和血液生化指标的影响

用4种添加不同脂肪源(鱼油、豆油、猪油和茶油)的饲料,投喂奥尼罗非鱼[初体重为(4.60±0.5)g]幼鱼,研究不同脂肪源对奥尼罗非鱼生长发育、体内抗氧化能力和血液生化指标的影响。结果显示:鱼油组、豆油组及茶油组之间试验鱼的终体重及增重率均无明显差异,但均显著高于猪油组(P<0.05);茶油组、鱼油组及豆油组鱼体肝脏内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力均显著高于猪油组(P<0.05),而鱼油组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力显著高于豆油组和茶油组(P<0.05),豆油组GSH-Px活力最低,说明不同油脂对抗氧化酶的作用具有特异性;从总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)指标看,茶油和鱼油更有利于奥尼罗非鱼的健康;除血液总胆固醇(TC)外饲料中不同的油脂来源对试验组奥尼罗非鱼的血清生化指标均会产生明显影响。     

饲料脂肪水平对彭泽鲫免疫、抗氧化和肠道消化酶活性的影响

试验研究饲料脂肪水平对彭泽鲫免疫、抗氧化和肠道消化酶活性的影响,以平均体质量为(31.58±0.19)g的彭泽鲫为研究对象,进行为期8周的饲养试验。将180尾试验鱼随机分成3组。以鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制脂肪水平分别为5%、8%、11%(实测值为4.7%、7.9%、11.1%)的试验饲料。结果显示:随着饲料脂肪水平的增加,总抗氧化酶(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著增强,11%饲料脂肪组活性显著高于其余各组(P0.05);过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现相反的趋势。彭泽鲫肠道脂肪酶活性、胰蛋白酶活性随饲料脂肪水平的增加显著升高(P0.05),11%饲料脂肪组活性达到峰值。随着饲料脂肪水平的增加,淀粉酶活性呈降低的趋势,5%饲料脂肪水平组其活性显著高于11%饲料脂肪水平组(P0.05)。试验结果表明,饲料中适宜的脂肪水平可提高彭泽鲫的消化酶活性,增强抗氧化能力,并有助于改善彭泽鲫的健康状况。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能、体成分、养分表观消化率、肝脏脂肪代谢酶活性和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中不同脂肪源对杂交鲟幼鱼生长性能、体成分、养分表观消化率、肝脏脂肪代谢酶活性和血清生化指标的影响。分别以鱼油、大豆油、亚麻油、菜籽油和棕榈油为脂肪源,配制5种等氮等能的试验饲料。挑选300尾初重(76.59±1.16) g的西伯利亚鲟×施氏鲟(Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii)杂交鲟幼鱼,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。各组分别投喂5种不同脂肪源的试验饲料,养殖周期为8周。结果表明:1)大豆油组的增重率显著高于其他各组(P0.05),大豆油组的特定生长率显著高于棕榈油组(P 0.05),大豆油组的摄食量和饲料系数显著低于棕榈油组(P0.05)。2)鱼油组和大豆油组的干物质表观消化率显著高于菜籽油组和棕榈油组(P0.05),大豆油组的粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于亚麻油组和菜籽油组(P0.05)。3)亚麻油组的全鱼和肝脏粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),鱼油组的肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),亚麻油组的肝脏粗蛋白质含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。4)大豆油组的全鱼多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),鱼油组的全鱼二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。5)鱼油组和大豆油组的肝脏脂肪酶活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05),亚麻油组的肝脏脂蛋白脂酶活性显著高于棕榈油组(P0.05)。6)大豆油组的血清总胆固醇含量显著低于亚麻油组、菜籽油组和棕榈油组(P0.05),大豆油组的血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著低于菜籽油组(P0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加大豆油作为脂肪源更有利于杂交鲟幼鱼的生长和健康。     

饲料中不同脂肪源对青鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肌肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中不同脂肪源对青鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肌肉品质的影响。选择540尾初始体重为(5.25±0.25) g的青鱼幼鱼,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。以鱼油(FO)、猪油(PL)、菜籽油(RO)、玉米油(CO)、花生油(PO)、豆油(SO)为脂肪源,配制6种等氮等能的试验饲料。各组分别投喂6种不同脂肪源的试验饲料,养殖周期为180 d。结果表明：1)各组之间增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)无显著差异(P>0.05)。FO组、RO组和SO组肥满度(CF)和脏体比(VSI)显著高于PL组、CO组和PO组(P<0.05)。FO组和SO组肝体比(HSI)显著高于PL组、RO组、CO组和PO组(P<0.05)。2) PL组、RO组、CO组和PO组全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著高于SO组(P<0.05)。SO组和PL组全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于FO组、RO组、PO组和CO组(P<0.05)。FO组全鱼和肌肉粗灰分含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)FO组和RO组肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著低于PL组、CO组、PO组和S...     

不同种类油脂对雏鸡机体ω-6/ω-3值、生长性能、内脏指数、养分表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同种类油脂对雏鸡机体ω-6/ω-3值、生长性能、内脏指数、养分表观代谢率及血清生化指标的影响。选取1日龄雌性罗斯(Ross)褐壳蛋鸡200只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只。对照组(C组)在基础饲粮中添加1.500%豆油,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加1.155%鱼油+0.345%豆油(Ⅰ组)、0.495%亚麻籽油+1.005%豆油(Ⅱ组)和0.525%紫苏籽油+0.975%豆油(Ⅲ组)。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组机体ω-6/ω-3值显著低于C组(P<0.05)。2)各组之间平均日增重、平均日采食量、胫长、管围均无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅰ组料重比与C组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组体斜长显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。3)各组之间心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胃、法氏囊指数以及肠道总长无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组肺脏指数显著低于C组(P<0.05)。4)各组之间有机物、粗蛋白质、钙、磷、粗纤维、粗脂肪表观代谢率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。C组干物质表观代谢率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。5)各组之间血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及尿素(UREA)、总蛋白(TP)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、甘油三酯(TG)含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅲ组血清总胆固醇(TCHO)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加鱼油、紫苏籽油、亚麻籽油可显著改善雏鸡机体ω-6/ω-3值,但对雏鸡的生长性能、内脏指数、养分表观代谢率及血清生化指标无明显影响。     

不同脂肪对育成期蓝狐生产性能及消化代谢的影响

为探讨豆油、猪油和脂肪粉3种不同脂肪对育成期蓝狐生产性能和消化代谢的影响,采用单因素试验设计,选用7周龄健康的蓝狐72只,随机分为3组,每组公母各半,分别饲喂含6%豆油、6%猪油和6%脂肪粉的3种试验日粮。通过饲养试验和消化代谢试验,筛选出适宜添加的脂肪类型。结果表明,各组间的日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),但饲喂豆油有降低日采食量的趋势;脂肪粉组的日增重显著低于豆油组和猪油组,公狐组间差异显著(P<0.05),豆油组和猪油组间差异不显著(P>0.05);料肉比以豆油组最低,脂肪粉组最高,并且豆油组公狐和母狐分别与脂肪粉组差异显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01);饲喂脂肪粉能提高干物质消化率,但差异不显著(P>0.05);脂肪消化率以豆油组最高,其次是猪油组,脂肪粉组最低,豆油组和猪油组均极显著地高于脂肪粉组(P<0.01);钙消化率以豆油组最高,并且显著地高于猪油组和脂肪粉组(P<0.05),磷消化率各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合各项试验指标,育成期蓝狐日粮中添加豆油的效果较好。     

不同碳链长度n-3脂肪酸及脂肪水平对罗非鱼生长、肝功能和餐后血液指标的影响

在实用饲料配方的基础上分别添加5%鱼油(低水平鱼油)、10%鱼油(高水平鱼油)、5%亚麻籽油(低水平亚麻籽油)和10%亚麻籽油(高水平亚麻籽油),配制4种试验饲料,在室内淡水循环水族缸内饲喂罗非鱼8周,比较研究不同碳链长度n-3脂肪酸及脂肪水平对罗非鱼生长、肝功能以及餐后血液指标的影响。将360尾初重为(43.70±1.06)g的罗非鱼随机分成4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,每组试验鱼随机饲喂1种试验饲料。结果表明:各组罗非鱼末重、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率均无显著差异(P0.05),但高水平亚麻籽油组的摄食量显著低于低水平亚麻籽油组(P0.05)。鱼油组罗非鱼血清总胆固醇(TCHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量均高于亚麻籽油组,且同一脂肪源的高水平组高于低水平组。鱼油组血清TCHO含量峰值出现在餐后6 h,而亚麻籽油组出现在餐后9 h。各组血清HDL-C含量均在餐后6 h回落到最低值。亚麻籽油组血清甘油三酯(TG)和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量高于鱼油组。各组血清TG与VLDL-C含量峰值均出现在餐后6 h。随餐后时间的延长,罗非鱼血糖含量基本呈降低趋势。鱼油组肝胰脏谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性极显著低于亚麻籽油组(P0.01),而各组间肝胰脏谷草转氨酶(AST)活性差异不显著(P0.05)。肝胰脏丙二醛(MDA)含量表现为高水平鱼油组高水平亚麻籽油组低水平鱼油组低水平亚麻籽油组,且组间差异极显著(P0.01)。同一水平下,鱼油组肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与亚麻籽油组没有显著差异(P0.05),而低水平鱼油组肝胰脏SOD活性显著高于高水平鱼油组(P0.05)。由此可见,不同碳链长度n-3脂肪酸及脂肪水平不会影响罗非鱼的生长,但会影响其肝功能以及餐后血液指标。     

不同植物油对大规格吉富罗非鱼生长性能、组织脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在探究大规格吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)对不同植物油的利用效果,筛选出大规格吉富罗非鱼饲料中合适的植物脂肪源。分别以大豆油(SO)、棕榈油(PO)、棉籽油(CO)、菜籽油(RO)、磷脂油(SL)和大豆油∶棕榈油∶棉籽油∶菜籽油∶磷脂油=1∶1∶1∶1∶1的混合油(MIX)为脂肪源配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(229.92±0.31)g的吉富罗非鱼8周。每种试验饲料投喂4个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养50尾。结果表明:对于增重率和特定生长率,棉籽油组和混合油组显著低于菜籽油组(P0.05)。菜籽油组饲料系数显著低于混合油组(P0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。混合油组蛋白质效率显著低于菜籽油组和磷脂油组(P0.05)。混合油组肝体指数显著高于棕榈油组和菜籽油组(P0.05)。大豆油组、菜籽油组、棕榈油组和磷脂油组在增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数方面没有显著差异(P0.05)。大豆油组和菜籽油组肌肉饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。对于肌肉中n-3系脂肪酸/n-6系脂肪酸,菜籽油组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),棉籽油显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。棉籽油组肝脏饱和脂肪酸总量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),菜籽油组则显著低于其他各组(P0.05);对于肝脏n-3/n-6,菜籽油组显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。各组肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关系数均高于肝脏脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关系数。在饲料脂肪酸组成与肌肉或肝脏脂肪酸组成的相关系数中,均以棕榈油组最大,磷脂油组最小。由此得出,大豆油、棕榈油、菜籽油和磷脂油可以作为大规格吉富罗非鱼(体重为230~790 g)饲料中良好的脂肪源。大规格吉富罗非鱼肌肉中脂肪酸组成一定程度上被饲料脂肪酸组成影响,但肝脏脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成的相关性较小。     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响

本试验通过检测运输胁迫前后血清皮质醇、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度以及组织抗氧化性能的变化,以研究饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳运输前后应激指标及组织抗氧化能力的影响。试验配制4种试验饲料,分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油+30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油+70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,饲喂平均体重(17.2±6.7)g银鲳60 d后进行4 h运输胁迫。每种饲料饲喂3个水泥池(重复),每池投放50尾试验鱼。结果显示:4 h运输胁迫后,各组血清皮质醇浓度均有所增加,其中SO组变化显著(P0.05),升高1.89倍,SFO组变化程度最小;各组血清葡萄糖浓度均略有增加,其中SFO组增加最少,但变化均不显著(P0.05);各组乳酸浓度则均出现显著增加(P0.05),尤其是SO组;各组脑部乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活力均出现显著减弱(P0.05),而SFO组无论是在胁迫前还是在胁迫后在各组中均有最高活力;各组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均显著增强(P0.05),其中SO组上升幅度最大;虽然各组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均有所增强,但只有SO组变化显著(P0.05);肝脏和肌肉CAT活力仅SO组显著增强(P0.05),其余各组变化不显著(P0.05);SO组血清SOD和CAT活力显著增强(P0.05)。由此可见,SO组银鲳在运输后机体健康情况较差,应激反应较为剧烈,说明投喂过量添加大豆油的饲料不利于银鲳的机体健康和长途运输,而在保持鱼油含量的前提下适当添加大豆油的效果较好。     

醋酸棉酚对异育银鲫生长性能、血清生化指标和棉酚残留的影响

本试验旨在研究醋酸棉酚对异育银鲫生长性能、血清生化指标和棉酚残留的影响.选取平均体重为(31.68±0.01)g的异育银鲫270尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0(对照组)、300和900mg/kg醋酸棉酚的试验饲料.试验期为8周.结果表明:随着醋酸棉酚添加量的增加,畀育银鲫的...     

氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼生长性能和抗氧化指标的影响及精氨酸的干预作用

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标和血清、肝脏抗氧化指标的影响以及添加精氨酸对其的干预作用。选取初始体重为(4.41±0.05)g的健康黄颡鱼幼鱼600尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,分别投喂含2.5%新鲜鱼油(FF组)、1.5%新鲜鱼油+1.0%氧化鱼油(FO1组)、0.5%新鲜鱼油+2.0%氧化鱼油(FO2组)、2.5%新鲜鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FFA组)、1.5%新鲜鱼油+1.0%氧化鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FOA1组)、0.5%新鲜鱼油+2.0%氧化鱼油+0.48%L-精氨酸盐酸盐(FOA2组)的6种饲料,投喂期为56 d。结果显示:在FF、FO1、FO2组中,随着氧化鱼油添加量的增加,黄颡鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率均逐渐降低,饲料系数和摄食率均逐渐升高,均在FO2组达到极值,与其他2组差异达到显著水平(P0.05);氧化鱼油饲料添加精氨酸后,在FFA、FOA1、FOA2组上述指标没有产生显著性差异(P0.05),其中FOA1、FOA2组的增重率分别比FO1、FO2组升高3.0%和9.9%。双因素方差分析结果显示,氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼增重率和摄食率的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),氧化鱼油与精氨酸对黄颡鱼特定生长率、蛋白质沉积率和饲料系数的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。FO1组肝体比显著低于FF组(P0.05),FO2组肠体比与FFA、FOA2组相比显著降低(P0.05),氧化鱼油与精氨酸对黄颡鱼肝体比的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。FOA1组全鱼粗脂肪含量与FO1组相比显著降低(P0.05)。在FF、FO1、FO2组中,随着氧化鱼油添加量的增加,黄颡鱼血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)逐渐降低,FO2组显著低于FF组(P0.05);氧化鱼油饲料添加精氨酸后,黄颡鱼血清T-AOC分别升高77.0%(FOA1组vs.FO1组)和137.4%(FOA2组vs.FO2组),其中后者达显著水平(P0.05)。双因素方差分析结果显示,氧化鱼油对血清丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响达到显著水平(P0.05),氧化鱼油和精氨酸对黄颡鱼血清T-AOC的影响存在交互作用(P0.05)。结果表明,在饲料中添加一定量的氧化鱼油会抑制黄颡鱼的生长并降低血清的抗氧化能力,但添加一定量的精氨酸可以缓解氧化鱼油对黄颡鱼生长的抑制作用,并增强其机体的抗氧化能力。     

The influence of different lipid sources and levels on growth, body composition and haematology of Huso huso

In order to improve feeding and growth of juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso, the effects of various lipid sources in feed were examined. Three hundred juveniles (initial body weight 215 ± 10 g) were distributed into 15 flow-through 1100 l tanks (20 fish per tank). Five experimental diets containing various lipid levels were formulated: diet C (control; without added oil), SO(L) and SO(H) diets containing soybean oil concentrations respectively, (53.5 vs. 174 g/kg), FO(L) and FO(H) diets containing fish oil with low and high concentrations respectively (53.5 vs. 174 g/kg). Fish were fed three times daily based on their appetite for a period of 6 weeks. At the termination of the experiment, growth rate was improved with increasing oil content in the diets. There were significant differences in final weights among fish fed the different experimental diets. Lipid content of muscle and liver significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid levels for both soybean and fish oil. The lowest cholesterol level and the highest haematocrit value were measured in fish fed the FO(H) diet. No significant difference was found among dietary treatments in terms of triacylglycerol concentration, number of red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC). According to the most growth indices, results of this study suggest that the best results were observed in FO(H) which can be attributed to the greater palatability of diet containing high fish oil, supply of fatty acid requirement and enhanced physiological performance.     

Insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil as a potential substitute for fish or soy oil in the fish meal-based diet of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Alternative sources of fish oil (FO) are one of the major problems in aquaculture; therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine insect (black soldier fly larvae) oil (BSLO) as a potential replacer of fish/soy oil in juvenile rainbow trout (initial average weight of 32 ± 0.15 g) feed. Four diets were formulated wherein FO (control diet) was completely replaced with either soybean oil (SO) or BSLO, and an additional BSLO-based diet supplemented with 1.5% bile acid (BSLO + BA) were fed to the fish for 10 weeks. Growth performance of the BSLO fed group was similar (P > 0.05) to that of the FO and SO fed groups, however, the fish fed BSLO + BA diet registered the lowest growth (P < 0.05). Oil sources did not (P > 0.05) affect the major nutrient content of whole-body, however, the fatty acid composition of the muscle and liver was influenced (P < 0.05), with the highest 14:0, 16:0, and total saturated fatty acid detected in BSLO or BSLO + BA fed trout compared to the others (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) or total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in muscle among the groups, whereas, the highest EPA:DHA and n-3:n-6 ratios were detected in the FO group. Gene expression for fatty acid binding protein (fabp), fatty acid synthase (fas), and Δ5 desaturase in the liver was lower in FO (P < 0.05), while BSLO + BA registered the highest Δ6 expression (P = 0.006). Supplementation of BA in the BSLO diet increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSLO could serve as a substitute for FO and SO in rainbow trout diet without negatively impacting growth performance, whole-body composition and nutrient retention, and modulate the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes in rainbow trout.     

Effect of dietary alternative lipid sources on haematological parameters and serum constituents of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterobranchus longifilis</Emphasis> fingerlings

The worldwide increase in aquaculture production and the decrease of wild fish stocks has made the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeed industry a priority. Therefore, the use of terrestrial animal fats and vegetable oils, which has lower cost and larger supplies, may be good as substitute for FO. This study investigate the effects of total replacement of FO by two terrestrial animal fats (pork lard and poultry fat) and three vegetable oils (palm kernel oil, sheabutter oil and sunflower oil) on haematological and serum biochemical profile of Heterobranchus longifilis over 70 days. FO-diet was used as the control. The haematological parameters were significantly affected by dietary lipid sources. Serum total protein was not influenced by the dietary lipids. However, serum cholesterol was significantly higher in fish fed diet containing sunflower oil. Glucose and activities of liver enzymes in blood serum were significantly reduced in fish fed alternative lipids when compared with the control. These results indicate that FO can be replaced completely with alternative lipids without any serious negative health impacts.     

龙须菜对异育银鲫消化吸收、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在评估龙须菜替代饲料中的菜粕对异育银鲫幼鱼消化吸收、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响,确定龙须菜的适宜替代范围。选取健康且规格一致的异育银鲫幼鱼450尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾,以不含龙须菜的基础饲料为对照组饲料,以3%（D1）、6%（D2）、9%（D3）、12%（D4）、15%（D5）龙须菜替代菜粕配制成的饲料为试验饲料饲喂试验鱼8周,所有饲料等蛋等脂,试验结束时测定各组异育银鲫消化吸收、免疫及抗氧化相关酶活性。结果显示,与对照组相比,投喂龙须菜饲料各组异育银鲫肝脏消化酶活性无显著差异（P<0.05）;D1组异育银鲫前肠碱性磷酸酶、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性,D1和D2组异育银鲫前肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活性显著升高（P<0.05）,D5组异育银鲫前肠脂肪酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性显著下降（P<0.05）;D1~D3组异育银鲫肾脏酸性磷酸酶活性、D2~D5组异育银鲫血清溶菌酶活性及D2、D3组异育银鲫血清总胆固醇含量和前肠总抗氧化能力显著升高（P<0.05）,而D5组异育银鲫血清总蛋白含量显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,饲料中添加3%~6%的龙须菜可在一定程度上提高异育银鲫消化吸收与免疫性能,当龙须菜替代水平达15%时,会对鱼体消化吸收和健康产生负面影响。     

Manipulation of the type of fat consumed by growing pigs affects plasma and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions and lymphocyte and phagocyte functions

To investigate the immunological effect of feeding pigs different dietary lipids, 3-wk-old, weaned pigs were fed for 40 d on one of five diets, which differed only in the type of oil present (the oil contributed 5% by weight of the diet and the total fat content of the diets was 8% by weight). The oils used were soybean (control diet), high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), sunflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), and fish oil (FO; rich in long-chain [n-3] polyunsaturared fatty acids). There were no significant differences in initial or final animal weights, weight gains, or health scores among the groups. There were no significant differences in the concentration of anti-Escherichia coli vaccine antibodies in the gut lumens of pigs fed the different diets. The fatty acid composition of the diet markedly affected the fatty acid composition of the plasma and of mononuclear cells (a mixture of lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages) prepared from the blood, lymph nodes, or thymus. The FO feeding resulted in a significant increase in the number of circulating granulocytes. The FO feeding significantly decreased the proportion of phagocytes engaged in uptake of E. coli and decreased the activity of those phagocytes that were active. The proliferation of lymphocytes in cultures of whole blood from pigs fed the HOSO, SO, or FO diets was less than in those from pigs fed the CO diet. Proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes from SO- or FO-fed pigs was less than that from control, CO-, or HOSO-fed pigs. The natural killer cell activity of blood lymphocytes from pigs fed the FO diet was significantly reduced compared with those from pigs fed the CO diet. The concentration of PGE2 in the medium of cultured blood, lymph node, or thymic mononuclear cells was lower if the cells came from pigs fed the FO diet. Thus, the type of oil included in the diet of growing pigs affects the numbers and functional activities of immune cells in different body compartments.