日粮能量对母猪繁殖性能的影响

能量是饲料的重要组成部分,是动物营养中投入量最大的养分,是中国食物与饲料结构中最短缺的资源,对机体的生长发育有着极其重要的作用.其也是影响繁殖效率的重要因素,它不仅影响母猪的产仔数,而且影响仔猪的生产性能,尤其是断奶体重和成活率.为此,本文从母猪能量需要入手,针对母猪繁殖性能进行综述.     

日粮粗纤维水平对妊娠母猪规癖行为及繁殖性能影响

为研究日粮粗纤维水平对母猪规癖行为及繁殖性能的影响。试验选用30头胎次、配种时间、体况等均相近的经产PIC配套系父母代母猪,随机分成5组,每组6头猪,每组6个重复,妊娠期间分别饲喂含3%、5%、7%、9%和11%的粗纤维日粮,通过调节各组的饲喂量,使其所摄入的能量、蛋白、钙、磷等基本一致。其中3%为对照组,日粮中不另加粗纤维。结果表明:(1)妊娠期间母猪日粮中添加11%粗纤维组在降低无食咀嚼、啃栏和犬坐行为以及增加趴卧时间方面效果显著高于其它4组(P0.05);(2)妊娠期间母猪日粮中添加9%粗纤维组平均窝产仔数极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);平均产活仔数各组之间差异不显著(P0.05);9%、11%粗纤维组平均初生窝重极显著高于其它3组(P0.01);9%、11%粗纤维组平均21日龄窝重显著高于其它3组(P0.05);9%粗纤维组平均断奶窝重极显著高于其他各组(P0.01);9%粗纤维组平均发情间隔显著低于其它各组(P0.05)。研究结果显示,当妊娠母猪日粮中添加9%粗纤维水平对降低母猪规癖行为、提高繁殖性能的效果最好。     

日粮纤维对母猪繁殖性能的影响

本文主要介绍了日粮纤维对母猪繁殖性能的影响及其影响因素。     

日粮蛋白、能量水平对母猪繁殖性能的影响

选用36头配种日龄相近，其父母代繁殖性能无显著差异的长大初产母猪，研究妊娠和哺乳28d3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。在保持日粮的蛋能比基本不变的条件下，为妊娠和哺乳母猪分别设置3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮，即高能高蛋白，低能低蛋白和原用日粮。结果表明：妊娠日粮蛋白能量水平对母猪产仔数，活仔数影响显著（P＜0．05），妊娠日粮蛋白能量水平对仔猪初生重无显著影响（P＞0．05），但高能高蛋白的试验组2略高于试验组1和对照组。仔猪断奶前的平均日增重受妊娠和哺乳日粮蛋白能量水平的影响不大。     

日粮中不同蛋白水平对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响

研究旨在通过对妊娠母猪繁殖性能为期一年的监控,探讨不同蛋白水平对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响,为妊娠母猪养殖提供参考。从2014年9月~2015年9月对湖南某猪场3个妊娠母猪舍母猪的繁殖性能进行测定,3个妊娠母猪舍分为A、B、C组,每组长期保持150~200头母猪,其中A组、B组和C组分别饲喂蛋白水平为14.01%、14.35%和14.71%的日粮。结果表明:(1)B组平均总产仔数较A组和C组分别提高了5.1%(P<0.05)和2.4%(P<0.05),A组稍低于C组,差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)C组平均窝活产仔数较A组提高了5.3%(P<0.05),C组高于B组,差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)C组平均窝弱仔数较B组降低了35.52%(P<0.05),C组较A组降低10.9%,差异不显著(P>0.05);(4)C组平均窝死产仔数较B组降低了42.67%(P<0.05),C组较A组降低29.51%,差异不显著(P>0.05);(5)随着蛋白水平的升高窝木乃伊数没有显著的变化趋势(P>0.05)。结果表明,在妊娠母猪饲养过程中,适当提高日粮中蛋白水平至14.71%可以有效改善繁殖性能,获得较多的健仔数,为养殖生产带来更大的经济效益。     

日粮中不同能量水平对母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选用30头配种日期、系谱、日龄、体重接近的健康长大经产母猪,平均胎次为3～5胎,按单因子试验设计随机分为3组,每组10头,即高能量组(试验1组)、低能量组(试验2组)和对照组(原用日粮)。研究妊娠和哺乳28d3个不同能量水平的日粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。本试验的结果表明:当妊娠日粮能量水平为:DE12.4～14.00MJ/kg;哺乳日粮能量水平为:DE12.61～14.07MJ/kg,母猪的繁殖性能较好,可达到窝产仔11.5～12.67头,活仔10.25～10.89头,断奶个体重8.37～8.57kg。     

日粮中锌水平对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验研究了不同日粮锌水平对母猪繁殖性能、母猪和新生仔猪血清参数等指标的影响。结果表明 ,日粮中添加5 0 mg/ kg锌足以防止母猪出现锌缺乏症。添加 75、10 0、12 5 mg/ kg锌组产活仔数可提高 0 .5、1.0 (P<0 .0 5 )、0 .87(P<0 .0 5 )头 /胎 ,平均初生重可提高 4 .73%、7.4 3% (P<0 .0 5 )和 9.4 6 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;平均初生窝重可提高 6 .38%、18.5 8% (P<0 .0 5 )、19.2 8% (P<0 .0 5 )。适量增加妊娠母猪日粮中锌含量可提高母猪血清孕酮含量 ,提高新生仔猪血清白蛋白水平 ,降低血清中尿素氮含量 ,提高新生仔猪血清 T3、GH和 IGF- 1水平 ,增加新生仔猪血液和肝脏中锌含量     

妊娠期日粮能量水平对母猪繁殖性能影响的研究进展

能量水平是评价妊娠母猪日粮营养价值的重要指标,对妊娠母猪的胚胎生长发育、存活以及仔猪初生重等繁殖性能有重要影响.因此,给妊娠期母猪饲喂不同能量水平的日粮,其饲喂效果可直接作用于母猪胚胎.本文就妊娠母猪的能量需要、不同能量水平及来源对母猪繁殖性能的影响进行综述,以期为母猪生产中的营养调控提供参考.     

日粮蛋白、能量水平对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选用14头分娩日期相近的杜长大经产母猪,按体重、胎次随机分成2个处理,每个处理7个重复,1头1个重复。在28d的试验期母猪自由采食和饮水。研究饲喂按NRC(1998)配制的高蛋白、高能量水平日粮(蛋白为18.50%和代谢能为14.23MJ/kg)与按NRC(1988)配制的日粮(蛋白为17.10%和代谢能为13.19MJ/kg)对母猪生产性能的影响。分娩当天、28d测定母猪背膘厚度、体重、采食量;分娩当天、21d、28d测定仔猪窝重;21d采取母猪乳样,分析乳固形物、乳蛋白、乳脂成分。结果表明:高水平日粮对母猪采食量和失重有显著影响(P<0.05),对仔猪平均日增重和母猪乳成分没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance,milk compositions and blood profiles in lactating sows

Twenty‐four multiparous sows were used to investigate the effects of dietary glucose inclusion on reproductive performance, milk compositions, blood metabolites and hormones during lactation. The sows were randomly assigned to four treatments and each treatment had six replicates (sows). The diets were added with 0%, 1%, 3% or 5% glucose at the expense of corn and fed to sows for 24 days. The loss of backfat thickness during lactation was quadratically decreased (p = 0.008) and the wean‐to‐oestrus interval was shortened (linear, p = 0.013; quadratic, p = 0.009) with increasing levels of dietary glucose supplementation. The reproductive performance was not affected (p > 0.05) by different dietary glucose contents. Increased concentrations of total solid and fat in milk were noted (p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference on colostrum compositions. With increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion, the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.004) and glucose (p = 0.029) were linearly increased at weaning. The concentrations of insulin were increased at post‐farrowing (linear, p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.013) and weaning (linear, p = 0.029; quadratic, p = 0.017), respectively. Furthermore, the pulses of insulin and FSH at weaning were linearly (p = 0.049) and quadratically (p = 0.015) increased with the increasing levels of dietary glucose inclusion. In conclusion, this study indicated that inclusion of 3% glucose in lactating diet could reduce backfat loss, increase milk fat and have no negative effect on reproductive performance in multiparous sows.     

泌乳期母猪的饲喂频率对其体况、生产和繁殖性能的影响

文章评估了哺乳期间母猪的饲喂频率(2或3次/d)对母猪体况、繁殖性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择68头母猪,随机分为8组(每组8~10头母猪),哺乳期间其中4组母猪每天饲喂2次,另外4组每天饲喂3次,母猪分为青年母猪(<2胎次)和老龄母猪(≥3胎次),试验结束后记录母猪体况评分、肩部组织病变、发情率、母猪生产及仔猪生长性能。结果显示:每天饲喂3次的母猪比饲喂2次的母猪采食量高(P<0.05),肩部组织病变低(P<0.05)。在每天饲喂3次的母猪中,青年母猪返情率为0%,老龄母猪返情率为29%,而在每天饲喂2次的母猪中,青年母猪发情率为20%,老龄母猪为5%。综上所述,在哺乳期,母猪每天饲喂3次较每天饲喂2次提高了采食量,对母猪体况评分和肩部组织病变有改善作用,同时也降低了年轻母猪的返情率。     

日粮能量水平对母羊繁殖性能影响的研究进展

能量是影响母羊繁殖性能的重要因素之一.满足母羊不同时期的能量需求是提高母羊生产效益的重要措施,对保证母羊繁殖和羔羊健康生长有重要意义.能量主要通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴来影响母羊的繁殖性能.文章综述不同能量水平对母羊的发情、胚胎发育、泌乳和羔羊生长的影响,以期为母羊合理的日粮能量水平提供依据.     

Effects of dietary amino acid density and metabolizable energy level on the growth and meat yield of summer-reared broilers

The effects of dietary amino acid (AA) density and AME on the growth and meat yield of summer-reared Cobb × Cobb 700 (CCB-700) broilers were evaluated. In addition, the responses of CCB-700 and Cobb × Cobb 500 (CCB-500) broilers to dietary AME levels (with low AA) were compared. All chicks were fed through a starter, grower, finisher, and withdrawal phase program. Grow-out performance, carcass traits, meat yield, and feed cost efficiency were evaluated using 2 separate 2-way ANOVA based on 2 separate 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Each group includes 14 replicate pens with 14 chicks/replicate. Mortality was not affected by treatment; however, as compared with birds fed other diets, feeding CCB-700 broilers a low-AME and high-AA density diet decreased feed intake and BW on d 35, 42, and 54, and decreased carcass, breast, wing, front half, and back half weights on d 55. The CCB-500 broilers consumed more feed and gained more weight as compared with CCB-700 broilers at 14, 28, and 35 d of age. However, at 55 d of age, breast weight and wing yield were observed to be higher in the CCB-700 than in the CCB-500 broilers. However, the back half (drumstick and thigh) weights were lower in the CCB-700 than in the CCB-500 broilers. In conclusion, without affecting feed costs, broiler performance and carcass yield were affected by diet in both strains. More specifically, a higher AME diet and lower AA density increased the yield of all cut-up parts, except for legs, in summer-reared CCB-700 chicks.     

纤维原料对母猪繁殖性能和粪便的影响

为研究妊娠后期及哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加纤维产品对母猪生产性能和粪便的影响,试验选取48头分娩日期相近的3~6胎妊娠后期母猪(长×大),按胎次、体重、膘情随机分成2组,每组24个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加1%的纤维产品。试验期为母猪产前30d到断奶后发情。结果表明:本次试验未观测到添加1%纤维产品组母猪哺乳期采食量和平均窝产活仔数有提高的趋势,但平均断奶重和日增重有提高,其中断奶重提高5%,日增重提高4.74%。添加纤维产品可有效降低便秘程度,其中在分娩至断奶,断奶到发情阶段达到极显著水平(P<0.01),便秘评分分别提高7.75%和28.81%。另外添加纤维还可缩短产程,减少母猪产后缺乳、发热和难产的发生率,均降低4.17%。由此可见,母猪产前30d到哺乳期饲粮中添加1%的纤维产品,能够有效改善母猪便秘,缓解母猪无乳综合征症状。     

饲料代谢能水平对农大3号小型蛋鸡生产性能的影响

180只140日龄的农大3号小型蛋鸡随机平均分为A、B、C、D、E五组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡,体重大小基本一致,各组间生产性能差异不显著。分别饲喂代谢能水平11.5MJ/kg、11.3MJ/kg、11.1MJ/kg、10.9MJ/kg和10.7MJ/kg的饲料,其他营养成分含量设计上保持一致。通过30周的观察,发现在产蛋高峰前饲喂稍低能值的饲料(10.9MJ/kg)有利于采食量的增加和产蛋率的迅速上升。在一定饲料代谢能值范围内,饲料能值的高低对小型蛋鸡采食量影响不显著,所以从产蛋高峰期开始,必须使用代谢能水平较高的日粮,才能满足小型蛋鸡维持高产蛋率对能量的需求。综合来看,饲料代谢能为11.3MJ/kg时,小型蛋鸡有较高的产蛋量和饲料报酬。     

Development of a model to predict dietary metabolizable energy from digestible energy in beef cattle

Understanding the utilization of feed energy is essential for precision feeding in beef cattle production. We aimed to assess whether predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) to digestible energy (DE) ratio (MDR), rather than a prediction of ME with DE, is feasible and to develop a model equation to predict MDR in beef cattle. We constructed a literature database based on published data. A meta-analysis was conducted with 306 means from 69 studies containing both dietary DE and ME concentrations measured by calorimetry to test whether exclusion of the y-intercept is adequate in the linear relationship between DE and ME. A random coefficient model with study as the random variable was used to develop equations to predict MDR in growing and finishing beef cattle. Routinely measured or calculated variables in the field (body weight, age, daily gain, intake, and dietary nutrient components) were chosen as explanatory variables. The developed equations were evaluated with other published equations. The no-intercept linear equation was found to represent the relationship between DE and ME more appropriately than the equation with a y-intercept. The y-intercept (−0.025 ± 0.0525) was not different from 0 (P = 0.638), and Akaike and Bayesian information criteria of the no-intercept model were smaller than those with the y-intercept. Within our growing and finishing cattle data, the animal’s physiological stage was not a significant variable affecting MDR after accounting for the study effect (P = 0.213). The mean (±SE) of MDR was 0.849 (±0.0063). The best equation for predicting MDR (n = 106 from 28 studies) was 0.9410 ( ± 0.02160) +0.0042 ( ± 0.00186) × DMI (kg) – 0.0017 ( ± 0.00024) × NDF(% DM) – 0.0022 ( ± 0.00084) × CP(% DM). We also presented a model with a positive coefficient for the ether extract (n = 80 from 22 studies). When using these equations, the observed ME was predicted with high precision (R² = 0.92). The model accuracy was also high, as shown by the high concordance correlation coefficient (>0.95) and small root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), <5% of the observed mean. Moreover, a significant portion of the RMSEP was due to random bias (> 93%), without mean or slope bias (P > 0.05). We concluded that dietary ME in beef cattle could be accurately estimated from dietary DE and its conversion factor, MDR, predicted by the dry matter intake and concentration of several dietary nutrients, using the 2 equations developed in this study.     

Season-dependent effect of daily frequency of feed distribution on the rate of feed consumption and reproductive performance in sows during lactation

The effects of the daily frequency of feed distribution (once, One; twice, Two; and four times, Four,) on the rate of feed consumption (RFC) and reproductive performance were investigated in Large White sows farrowing in the hot season from June to September (H sows) and in the rest of the year (R sows). The RFC was greater in feeding treatment Four than Two (P < 0.01) in H sows; however, bodyweight loss during lactation was not affected by the feeding treatment. No difference in effects of frequency of feed distribution for sows was observed on piglet growth. The survival rate of the piglets was not different between feeding treatments. The number of sows that came into estrus within 7 days post‐weaning was smaller in the feeding treatment Four than One (P < 0.05) in H sows and those of Four than One (P < 0.01) and Two (P < 0.05) in R sows. These results suggest that in sows during lactation increasing the daily frequency of feed distribution may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.     

饲养管理、环境及体况对妊娠母猪繁殖性能影响的研究进展

在母猪饲养过程中,通过考虑到个体差异可以降低饲料成本,从而提高动物生产效率.因此,对母猪进行精准饲喂可以提供有关动物生产性能和生活条件的实时信息,这些信息应被集成到需求估计中.到目前为止,只有体重和背膘厚度的生产数据被集成到个体营养需求计算中.但文献报道,健康状况和行为(如身体活动、社会行为和在围栏中的位置)会强烈影响...     

Effects of the standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 2,121 growing-finishing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were utilized in six experiments conducted to determine the effects of different ratios of standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID-Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Exps. 1 (30 to 50 kg), 2 (52 to 70 kg) and 3 (81 to 104 kg) were conducted to find an optimum ME level and then this level was used in Exps. 4 (29 to 47 kg), 5 (54 to 76 kg) and 6 (84 to 109 kg) to test the response of pigs to different ratios of SID-Lys:ME. In Exps.1 to 3, four treatments were used consisting of diets with a formulated ME content of 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 or 3.4 in Exps. 1 and 2 while Exp. 3 used 3.05, 3.15, 3.25 or 3.35 Mcal/kg. A constant SID-Lys:ME ratio of 2.6, 2.3 or 2.0 g/Mcal was used in Exps. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Weight gain was significantly increased with increasing energy level in Exp.1 while weight gain was unaltered in Exps. 2 and 3. For all three experiments, feed intake was decreased (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) with increasing energy level. Tenth rib back fat thickness linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing energy level. In Exps. 4 to 6, five treatments were used consisting of diets with a SID-Lys:ME ratio of 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0 or 3.2 in Exp. 1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9 or 3.2 in Exp. 2 and 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, or 2.6 in Exp. 3. A constant ME level 3.2, 3.2 and 3.05 Mcal/kg was used in Exps. 1, 2 and 3, respectively (selected based on the results of weight gain). For all three experiments, weight gain increased (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency improved linearly (P < 0.05) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio increased. Tenth rib back fat thickness linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio increased. Based on a straight broken-line model, the estimated SID-Lys:ME ratio to maximize weight gain was 3.0, 2.43 and 2.2 for 29 to 47, 54 to76 and 84 to 109 kg of pigs, respectively.