3种养殖鰤鱼消化相关酶活性的比较分析

为深入了解鰤鱼的消化生理特性,测定并比较分析了3种鰤鱼[高体鰤(Seriola dumerili)、黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)、五条鰤(Seriola quinqueradiata)]的消化系统(胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠和肝脏)中5种消化相关酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶)活性与组织分布特点。结果显示,3种鰤鱼中5种消化相关酶主要分布在幽门盲囊、肝脏和肠道中。3种鰤鱼胃组织中胃蛋白酶活性无差异。幽门盲囊中胰蛋白酶活性：黄条鰤>高体鰤>五条鰤(P<0.05),高体鰤肝脏组织中胰蛋白酶活性显著高于其他2种鰤鱼(P<0.05);胃、中肠、后肠组织中α-淀粉酶活性：五条鰤>黄条鰤>高体鰤(P<0.05),幽门盲囊、前肠组织中α-淀粉酶活性：黄条鰤>五条鰤>高体鰤(P<0.05);胃、幽门盲囊组织中脂肪酶活性：黄条鰤>五条鰤>高体鰤(P<0.05),前肠、后肠、肝脏中脂肪酶活性：五条鰤>黄条鰤>高体鰤(P<0.05);3种鰤鱼的酸、碱性磷酸酶活性组织分布趋势基本一致,其中,黄条鰤幽门盲囊组织中酸、碱性磷酸酶活性最高(P<0.05)。研究表明,3种鰤鱼消化相关酶活性的组织分布特点基本一致,幽门盲囊是5种酶作用的主要靶器官,除胰蛋白酶外,高体鰤其他4种酶活性均显著低于其他2种鰤鱼,黄条鰤幽门盲囊和肠道的5种酶活性显著偏高。结果可为揭示鰤属鱼类的消化生理特性、研制适宜鰤属鱼类消化特点和种特异性生长的高效专用配合饲料提供理论依据。     

基于Cyt b、ND1及ND2的DNA条形码在鰤属鱼类物种鉴定中的应用

为建立我国鰤属(Seriola)鱼类快速有效的分子鉴别技术,从DNA条形码角度出发,分析了线粒体细胞色素b (Cyt b)、NADH脱氢酶(ND1和ND2)基因在黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)、高体鰤(Seriola dumerili)和五条鰤(Seriola quinqueradiata)等鰤属鱼类物种鉴定和系统进化以及地理区域鉴别中的适用性。结果显示,Cyt b基因表现出明显的A+T偏倚性,ND2基因序列突变速率较高,变异率为20.52%,ND2基因(Hd=0.900, Pi=0.082)的遗传多样性高于ND1 (Hd=0.874, Pi=0.077)和Cyt b (Hd=0.814,Pi=0.061)。比较了鰤属鱼类3种基因序列的结构特征,基于ND1和ND2基因计算的鰤属鱼类种间遗传距离都为种内遗传距离的10倍以上,但Cyt b基因对高体鰤和几内亚鰤(Seriola carpenteri)辨识力不足。系统进化分析显示,每个物种都形成单系分支,3个基因均能对我国3种鰤属鱼类进行鉴别,且都可有效区别来自全球3个不同水域的黄条鰤种群。因此,Cyt b、ND1和ND2基因不仅可作为鰤属鱼类物种鉴定的有效DNA条形码,还可作为不同地理种群划分和种质资源科学保护的依据,为我国鰤鱼养殖产业的持续健康发展和种质资源的可持续利用提供技术依据。     

DNA条形码在鰤属鱼类物种鉴定和系统进化分析中的适用性

为了探讨线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ、Ⅱ(COⅠ、COⅡ)和16SrRNA基因在鰤属鱼类物种鉴定和群体划分中的适用性,在黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)、高体鰤(Seriola dumerili)、五条鰤(Seriola quinqueradiata)等鰤属鱼类中克隆了 3种基因,并进行序列比对与系统进化分析....     

两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群对生长的微生态调控作用

探究了工厂化、网箱养殖模式对黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)幼鱼生长性能及消化道菌群的影响, 通过 16S rRNA 高通量测序和生物信息学方法, 分析了两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼消化道(胃、幽门盲囊、肠道)、饵料及养殖水中的菌群结构特征及其互作关系。结果显示, 本实验条件下, 网箱养殖黄条鰤幼鱼较工厂化养殖鱼生长性能显著提升; 在黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群方面, 门水平上的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和属水平上的拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)在网箱养殖模式中其丰度值高于工厂化养殖模式, 其中拟杆菌属仅出现于网箱养殖模式且呈现显著性差异; Beta 多样性分析显示消化道菌群更多受到饵料菌群的影响, 受水环境影响相对较小。KEGG 注释分析表明两种养殖模式的差异菌群中, 网箱养殖幼鱼消化道菌群主要参与磷酸转移酶系统 (PTS)和 NOD 样受体信号通路, 而工厂化养殖幼鱼为碳水化合物代谢和类胡萝卜素合成通路。本研究表明, 环境菌群中, 饵料菌群对消化道菌群的影响大于养殖水体菌群; 消化道微生物群落通过调整其组成结构从而改变菌群功能通路的方式, 积极参与两种养殖模式下黄条鰤幼鱼生长机能差异的调控。因此, 网箱养殖鱼表现出更快速的生长性能可能是由于机体内的菌群产生了更多的短链脂肪酸并诱导 IGF-1 等生长相关功能基因的表达, 从而促进机体的营养吸收和生长。本研究预期结果将为黄条鰤专用配合饲料的研制和健康养殖技术开发提供微生态理论支撑。     

工厂化养殖密度对黄条鰤生长和生理特性的影响

养殖密度是水产养殖管理中一项非常重要的参数, 适宜的养殖密度能够降低养殖动物的应激胁迫水平, 促进其健康、快速生长。为探究黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)在陆基工厂化养殖条件下的最适密度, 本研究对 1 龄黄条鰤 [(565.83±70.22) g]开展为期 60 d 的养殖实验, 共设置 10 尾/m³ (低密度组)、20 尾/m³ (中密度组)和 30 尾/m³ (高密度组) 3 个密度组。实验过程中测量并计算包括增重率、特定生长率、肥满度和肝体指数在内的生长指标, 并检测血液生理、血清生化、肝脏和肾脏组织的非特异性免疫酶活性等指标。结果表明, 中、高密度组黄条鰤的增重率、 特定生长率在第 60 天时均显著低于低密度组对应的数值(P＜0.05); 在 3 个密度组中, 低密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 时显著高于 30 d 的数值(P＜0.05), 中密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 与 30 d 之间差异不显著(P＞0.05), 高密度组的特定生长率在 60 d 时低于 30 d 的数值, 说明高密度养殖对黄条鰤的生长产生了的胁迫。整个实验过程中, 血清中肾上腺素和皮质醇等的含量在 30 d 和 60 d 时均随养殖密度的增加而显著升高(P＜0.05), 生长激素和类胰岛素生长因子 Ⅰ的含量呈相反趋势; 肝脏和肾脏中超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和丙酮酸激酶的活性在 30 d 和 60 d 时整体呈现随养殖密度的增加而显著升高的趋势(P＜0.05), 说明高密度养殖对黄条鰤的生理造成了胁迫。由此可见, 从生长、生理和生产实践角度综合评价, 中密度(20 尾/m³ )是 1 龄黄条鰤工厂化养殖的适宜密度, 相关研究结果将为黄条鰤工厂化养殖技术进一步完善提供参考。     

黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)肌肉营养组成分析与评价叱

为进一步认识和评价黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)的营养与食用价值,本研究测定了其肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质等成分,并对其养殖及野生个体的肌肉营养成分组成进行了比较分析。结果显示,黄条鉚肌肉中蛋白质含量较高,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,完全符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白质标准,是一种优质蛋白供给源。根据AAS和CS分值,黄条鉚肌肉的第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸,第二限制氨基酸为缬氨酸。黄条鉚肌肉的脂肪含量高于三文鱼(Salmo salar)、金枪鱼(Thunnus thynnus)、石斑鱼(Epinephelus sp.)等,且肌肉中含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值较高,特别是EPA+DHA的含量高,具有较优的口感鲜度和较高的营养价值。另外,黄条鉚肌肉中含有多种机体新陈代谢所需的矿物质,经常食用可促进人体新陈代谢水平。比较发现,养殖黄条鰤较野生黄条鉚具有相对较高的脂肪含量和较低的水分含量,比能值(EP)分别为13.44 kJ/g和8.68 kJ/g,其他营养成分无显著差异,表明养殖与野生黄条鰤肌肉营养价值相似。综上所述,黄条鉚肌肉蛋白质和脂肪质量较高,口感鲜美,营养成分丰富,是一种值得大力开发养殖的海产经济鱼类。     

黄条鰤线粒体全基因组测序及结构特征分析

通过二代测序、软件拼接获得中国黄海海域黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)线粒体基因组全序列。其序列全长为16609 bp,碱基组成分别为A(26.68%)、G(17.84%)、C(30.12%)和T(25.36%);共有13条蛋白编码基因, 22个tRNA基因, 2个rRNA基因,除NAD6、trnQ、trnA、trnN、trnC、trnY、trnS、trnE、trnP外,其余基因均在H链上编码。黄条鰤线粒体基因组全序列与蛋白编码基因的A+T含量分别为52.05%和51.085%,具有明显的AT偏好性。线粒体基因中存在2个散在重复序列,分别位于NAD1基因序列正义链的中游和COX2基因序列反义链的上游。在其22个tRNA基因中,除了tRNAGly外,均具有典型的三叶草二级结构。黄条鰤线粒体基因组的蛋白编码基因起止位点与密码子除COX1、NAD5外,均与日本海域出产的黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)完全吻合,且COX1、NAD5基因皆短于日本黄条鰤;两者间存在一定的遗传差异。基于18种隶属于13属的鲹科鱼类线粒体基因组全序列构建系统发生树,可知小甘鲹(Seriolina nigrofasciata)、黄条鰤、五条鰤(Seriola quinqueradiata)、高体鰤(Seriola dumerili)、长鳍鰤(Seriola rivoliana)同属一近支,且黄条鰤与五条鰤亲缘关系最近,与小甘鲹进化距离较远。     

基于稳定同位素分析的野生黄条鰤食物组成研究

通过检测工厂化养殖黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)各组织(肝脏、肠、心脏、鳃和肌肉)及饵料鱼的碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C),获得黄条鰤各组织的碳同位素判别值(Δ13C),结合大连海域野生黄条鰤及其潜在食物的δ~(13)C值,推测黄条鰤的食物来源。结果表明:工厂化养殖黄条鰤各组织Δ13C依次为肌肉(1.00‰)鳃(0.98‰)心脏(0.95‰)肠(0.79‰)肝脏(0.37‰)。大连海域野生黄条鰤的46种可能饵料生物的δ~(13)C为-21.61‰~-16.84‰。通过工厂化养殖黄条鰤肌肉组织的Δ13C,推测大连海域野生黄条鰤的食物组成以中上层鱼类为主,其次为中下层鱼类、底层鱼类、游泳虾形类、蟹类、头足类,其平均贡献率依次为64.0%、9.8%、9.0%、6.2%、5.1%、3.7%。     

日本2011年度的海水鱼主要鱼种的养殖计划数量

近年来(2005～2009年),日本的海水养殖产量一直稳定在120万t前后(占渔业总产量中的22%),海水养殖的主要品种有鱼类(主要为真鲷、五条鰤,其次为高体鰤和黄条鰤);贝类     

黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata)染色体核型分析

以黄海北部沿海捕获的野生黄条鰤(Seriolaaureovittata)为实验材料,经过体内注射植物血细胞凝集素(PHA)和秋水仙素,取头肾细胞,经空气干燥法制片,Giemsa染液染色后,观察黄条鰤的染色体核型和特征。本研究分析了21条黄条鰤的80个中期染色体核型,结果显示,黄条鰤核型有48条染色体,2n=48占所观察分裂相的比例是81.25%;第1对染色体有次缢痕和随体。核型公式为2n=48=6sm+4st+38t,其染色体臂的数量为54,单倍体染色体总长度约为51.97μm。黄条鰤染色体核型比较独特,具有3对亚中部染色体和2对亚端部染色体;不同于以往报道的其他鰤属鱼类的染色体核型特征。通过比较分析认为,黄条蛳为进化上的高位类群中的特化类群。本研究为鰤属鱼类的细胞遗传学研究提供了基础资料,并为黄条鰤种质资源保护及未来人工养殖等奠定基础。     

Species identification method for marine products of Seriola and related species

The complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from four Seriola spp. (S. quinqueradiata, S. lalandi, S. dumerili, and S. rivoliana) were determined with the aim of developing a species identification analysis method for discriminating between commercially important Seriola spp. and other related species. In addition, the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) from five related but less expensive species in terms of market value (Seriolella brama, S. caerulea, S. punctata, Hyperoglyphe japonica, and Rachycentron canadum), which are often used as substitutes for Seriola spp., were determined. Restriction enzyme sites were examined by comparing the nucleotide sequences, and species-specific primers were designed for PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Based on the results of the PCR amplification studies, the four Seriola spp. and the five related species tested could be categorized into three groups according to their PCR product pattern: a 373-bp product from the four Seriola spp., a 513-bp product from three Seriolella spp. and H. japonica, and a 204-bp product from R. canadum. In addition, RFLP analysis of the PCR products was able to differentiate these fish species.     

Amino acids composition difference and nutritive evaluation of the muscle of five species of marine fish, Pseudosciaena crocea (large yellow croaker), Lateolabrax japonicus (common sea perch), Pagrosomus major (red seabream), Seriola dumerili (Dumeril's amberjack) and Hapalogenys nitens (black grunt) from Xiamen Bay of China

A study was conducted to investigate the muscle amino acid profiles of five species of marine fish, Pseudosciaena crocea (large yellow), Lateolabrax japonicus (common sea perch), Pagrosomus major (red seabream), Seriola dumerili (Dumeril's amberjack) and Hapalogenys nitens (black grunt). These carnivorous fishes, all of which belong to the Perciforms, were sampled from Xiamen Bay. Chemical analysis shows significant difference (P < 0.01) among the five species in the muscle total amino acids (TAA). Lateolabrax japonicus has the highest level of TAA in muscle tissues. Significant difference in muscle total essential amino acid (TEAA) and total non‐essential amino acid (TNEAA) were also found among the five species. Lateolabrax japonicus has the highest TEAA level, and H. nitens has the highest level of TNEAA level. Significant difference (P < 0.01) existed in specific EAA except for lysine (P > 0.05). The significant difference (P < 0.05) of the A/E ratios [(each essential amino acid content/total essential amino acid content including cystine and tyrosine) ×1000] based on the essential amino acid composition of muscle tissue from the five species were found in lysine, histidine, methionine, cystine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and arginine, except for threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. These differences indicate that the amino acids profile is species specific for the five species and their essential amino acid requirements are greatly different although they were fed similar feed. In contrast to the reference amino acid profile recommended by FAO/WHO, muscle proteins of each fish were all rich in lysine, the S‐containing amino acids and threonine, but histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine were deficient for children's diets. The first limiting amino acid was histidine for P. crocea and L. japonicus, valine for P. major and H. nitens, leucine for S. dumerili. The amino acid score was 66.8, 76.7, 78.4, 84.0 and 95.7 for P. crocea, L. japonicus, P. major, H. nitens and S. dumerili, respectively. In the adult human diet the muscle protein of the five species of marine fish can almost fulfil the requirements of all essential amino acids except for the histidine of P. crocea and L. japonicus and thus can serve as supplemental source of protein in cereal‐based adults diets if we reinforce the histidine correspondingly. Therefore, increasing the proportion of marine fish in the diet of the people in the area where paddy rice and wheat are the main protein sources is an effective way to enhance the nutrition value of food and improve the nutrition status of the developing countries. Moreover, all of five marine fish species contained a comparatively high content of glutamic acid and arginine, which are beneficial to the patients under such conditions as trauma, burn injury, massive small‐bowel resection and renal failure.     

Susceptibility by amberjack (Seriola dumerili), yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) and Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Neobenedenia girellae (Monogenea) infection and their acquired protection

This study investigated: 1) susceptibility differences to infection by Neobenedenia girellae (Capsalidae) between amberjack Seriola dumerili (Carangidae), yellowtail S. quinqueradiata and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Paralichthyidae); 2) growth and egg production of N. girellae on each fish species; 3) acquired protection of each fish species against this parasite. The number of N. girellae on S. dumerili was significantly higher than on S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus when these fishes were exposed to oncomiracidia in the same aquarium. Neobenedenia girellae growth on S. dumerili was fastest and, thus the number of eggs laid by parasites on S. dumerili was greater than on the other two species. Seriola dumerili and P. olivaceus, which were previously infected with N. girellae and treated by freshwater bath, acquired partial protection against re-infection by N. girellae. The relative re-infection of three S. dumerili individuals out of eleven individuals was markedly low compared with the initial infection, and the relative initial infection and re-infection on two P. olivaceus out of eleven individuals was markedly low. The results of this study could be useful to control N. girellae infections when cultivating S. dumerili, S. quinqueradiata and P. olivaceus.     

三种水族馆珍贵鱼类的营养成分分析及脂肪酸营养评价

睛斑鳗狼鱼、巨巴西骨舌鱼和锥齿鲨是水族馆中珍贵的展示鱼类,但是有关这3种鱼类成体的营养生理研究却十分缺乏。本研究对从水族馆获得的成年睛斑鳗狼鱼、巨巴西骨舌鱼和锥齿鲨的肌肉和肝脏组织进行了常规营养成分(水分、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量)和脂肪酸组成测定分析,并进一步将3种鱼类所食饵料与其肝脏和肌肉中的脂肪酸相对含量进行了比较。结果显示,在3种鱼中,锥齿鲨肌肉和肝脏中的蛋白质含量最高,分别为26.84%和24.03%;睛斑鳗狼鱼的肌肉和肝脏中的脂肪含量最高,分别为41.96%和32.27%;巨巴西骨舌鱼的肌肉和肝脏中的灰分含量最高,分别为4.95%和5.51%。锥齿鲨肌肉和肝脏中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量高于睛斑鳗狼鱼,睛斑鳗狼鱼肌肉和肝脏中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量高于巨巴西骨舌鱼和锥齿鲨,巨巴西骨舌鱼肌肉和肝脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量及其肌肉中UFA/SFA值高于睛斑鳗狼鱼和锥齿鲨。研究表明,锥齿鲨所食饵料与其体内脂肪酸组成最为相似,其肌肉和肝脏与饵料的相关系数分别为0.972和0.861,其次是巨巴西骨舌鱼(0.912和0.846),而睛斑鳗狼鱼肌肉和肝脏中脂肪酸组成与所食饵料的相关系数仅分别为0.760和0.681。从脂肪酸营养的角度分析,在当前水族馆养殖条件下,锥齿鲨饵料较为合适,巨巴西骨舌鱼的饵料中应注意添加EPA和DHA,而睛斑鳗狼鱼饵料中则需提高MUFA比例。本研究首次阐明了3种珍贵的水族馆鱼类成体的营养组成,并为水族馆相应的饲料配制提供了重要的参考依据。     

云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交“云龙斑”肌肉营养成分分析及品质评价

对云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"肌肉营养成分进行分析和品质评价,为其种质营养学鉴定及配合饲料的研制提供基础数据资料。采用常规方法,依据国家标准,对3种石斑鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分含量以及氨基酸、脂肪酸和10种矿物元素的组成与含量进行了测定和评价。云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"石斑鱼肌肉中粗蛋白含量分别为19.6%、18.4%和19.4%;3种石斑鱼氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸指数、鲜味氨基酸总量分别为(15.54%、14.72%、15.99%)、(6.86%、6.41%、7.04%)、(75.19、74.93、77.96)和(5.57%、5.3%、5.73%)。3种石斑鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量分别为4.2%、10.1%和4.5%,脂肪酸种类丰富,并且含有大量的多不饱和脂肪酸,其比例符合理想脂肪酸的标准。3种石斑鱼肌肉中矿物元素种类丰富,5种常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg、P和5种微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se均有检出,其中杂交"云龙斑"的Na、K、Cu含量略高,另外几种矿物元素含量居于父母本之间。研究表明,云纹石斑鱼、鞍带石斑鱼及杂交"云龙斑"氨基酸种类齐全、比例适宜,人体必需氨基酸含量较高,是优质的蛋白源,同时含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,且矿物元素种类齐全,是具有较高食用价值的优良海水养殖品种。其中杂交"云龙斑"在一些营养指标中明显高于其父母本,显现出一定的杂交优势。     

Nutritional Assessment of Some Traditionally Processed Hill-Stream Fishes of Manipur with Special Reference to n-3 Fatty Acids

Traditionally, smoke-dried hill-stream fishes are an important part of the diet of the people of Manipur, India. The nutritional values of the processed fishes were studied. The proximate composition, protein digestibility, and fatty acid composition of hill-stream fishes Neolissochilus stracheyi, Labeo pangusia, Semiplotus manipurensis, Schizothorax sp., and Ompok sp. were determined. The mean values of protein, lipid, ash, and moisture ranged from 31.20 to 72.58%, 6.36 to 18.73%, 4.32 to 5.33%, and 10.14 to 16.25%, respectively. The protein digestibilities were high (75.56–97.65%), and alpha amino nitrogen liberated during in vitro tests was highest (19.34 mg/g) in L. pangusia in pepsin and trypsin phase. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were highest in L. pangusia, followed by S. manipurensis. The study shows that the processed hill-stream fishes have different food values, and some are a good source of highly digestible protein and also contain a good amount of essential fatty acids that may be beneficial for brain development and optimal health.     

养殖博氏鱼芒肉营养成分的分析及评价

采用国家标准方法测定湖北英山博氏(鱼芒)肉一般营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素含量.结果表明,博氏(鱼芒)肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的含量分别为75.36％±1.07％、17.90％±0.43％、5.13％±0.18％和0.98％±0.09％;18种氨基酸总量为(69.01±0.07) g/100 g(干重),其中5种鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的41.70％,8种人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48.68％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值为95.06％;粗脂肪中含24种脂肪酸,油酸含量38.41％±0.29％最高,单不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的42.68％±0.10％,n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值为1.48;矿物质元素中钾含量最高,为(1 118.51±30.67) mg/100 g(干重),微量元素中,铁、锌含量最高,分别为(1.19±0.10)和(1.18±0.05)mg/100 g(干重).与其它鱼类相比,博氏(鱼芒)肉蛋白质质量较高,氨基酸组成比例均衡,富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,矿物质元素含量丰富,有较高的营养价值.     

Comparative analysis of the predominant carotenoids and chemical components in the common and orange‐muscle mutant of Haliotis gigantea

The Xishi abalone (Haliotis gigantea) is an economically significant aquaculture species in southern China. We identified a novel orange‐muscle mutation present in less than 2% of the cultured population. High‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified zeaxanthin and β‐carotene as the two main pigments present in the orange‐muscle abalone. The concentrations of zeaxanthin and β‐carotene detected in the orange‐muscle abalones were significantly higher than those detected in the common abalones (p < 0.01). Notably, the concentration of zeaxanthin was approximately 16.5 times higher in orange‐muscle abalones than in common abalones, which was also the species with highest carotenoid content reported in shellfish to date. Furthermore, the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in the orange‐muscle abalone were higher than that in the common abalone, though not significantly, while the content of non‐essential amino acids was significantly higher in the orange‐muscle abalone than that in the common abalone (p < 0.05). The saturated fatty acid content in the orange‐muscle abalones was slightly lower than that in the common abalones, and the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in the orange‐muscle abalones than that in the common abalones. These results could provide a basis for characterizing the mechanism by which carotenoids accumulate in abalones and further guide the breeding of abalone with orange‐muscle mutants in the future.     

莱氏拟乌贼肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用常规生化分析方法对莱氏拟乌贼(Sepioteuthis lessoniana)肌肉的营养成分进行测定,并对其营养品质进行了分析与评价。结果显示,在肌肉湿样样品中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和总糖的含量分别为76.10%、19.01%、1.20%、1.71%和1.98%。肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,占干样品的64.65%,氨基酸含量丰富;必需氨基酸(EAA)含量达到22.97%,与氨基酸总量(TAA)和非必需氨基酸(NEAA)的比值分别为35.53%和69.42%,氨基酸组成比例适宜;4种呈味氨基酸总量达25.02%,味道鲜美;第一限制性氨基酸为胱氨酸+蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为68.02,氨基酸组成较为平衡;饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量分别为43.02%、6.59%和42.39%,PUFA含量较高,其中,EPA+DHA的含量达32.64%,对人体有较高的保健价值;此外,莱氏拟乌贼肌肉中含有丰富的K、Zn、Se等矿物元素和B族维生素。本研究表明,莱氏拟乌贼肌肉的营养成分全面、营养价值高,是一种优质水产品。     

2种乌贼肌肉的营养成分及品质评价

为了探究2种乌贼肌肉营养成分及品质差异,评价其营养价值,本研究对浙江舟山地区捕获量较大的日本无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)和金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)的常规营养成分、质构特性、蒸煮损失率、甲醛含量、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及矿物元素进行了分析。结果显示,日本无针乌贼肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量与金乌贼相比无显著差异(P>0.05),水分含量显著低于金乌贼(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著高于金乌贼(P<0.05)。金乌贼肌肉的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和内聚性均显著高于日本无针乌贼(P<0.05)。2种乌贼肌肉的甲醛含量分别为0.56和1.18 mg/kg,均符合国家卫生标准。氨基酸测定结果显示,2种乌贼的肌肉中均检测出17种水解氨基酸,第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸;其中,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均高于31%,金乌贼与FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白模式更接近,其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)高达82.99。脂肪酸测定结果显示,2种乌贼的肌肉中均检测出20种脂肪酸;其中,C20:5n-3 (EPA)和C22:6n-3 (DHA)的总含量均高于40%,且日本无针乌贼显著高于金乌贼(P<0.05)。2种乌贼肌肉富含人体所需的多种无机元素,常量元素中K和P含量最高,微量元素中Zn和I含量最高。研究表明,2种乌贼肌肉的营养成分及品质存在一定的差异,但均属于优质的低脂蛋白,具有较好的开发利用价值。本研究为开发利用东海头足类海洋资源提供了一定的依据和参考。