Composting as a Means of Disposal of Sheep Mortalities

Four studies explored the feasibility of year-round composting of lamb and mature sheep mortalities within the arid climate of the Canadian prairies. In all studies, a ratio of 2:1:1 (manure : mortalities : chopped straw) was maintained, although depth of the mortality layer within the bin, number of layers of mortalities per bin, age of animal (lamb or mature sheep) and time of year (summer or winter) were varied. Composting neonatal lambs in the spring/summer was successful whether a single layer (n=15 lambs, weight 99.7 kg) or two, separated layers of mortalities (n=41 lambs, weight 198 kg) were added to a 2.4 m³ open bin. Residual bone, wool and soft tissues were negligible after the lamb compost had completed one heating cycle. In contrast, composting mature sheep in the fall/winter was more difficult due to: (1) over wet manure (31% dry matter) resulting in continuous anaerobic decomposition of carcasses; (2) fat/grease accumulation when composting a layer of carcasses 71 cm in depth (weight of sheep 1020 kg). For mature sheep mortalities, 2 heating cycles were required to eliminate soft tissues and wool. As compost in all studies heated in excess of 60°C in the primary and/or secondary bin, bacterial isolates taken after the compost completed the secondary heating cycle were all innocuous species. Provided that compost is protected from excessive moisture and compost is aerated by turning into a secondary bin, a 2:1:1 (manure:mortalities:straw) ratio allowed for year-round composting of lamb and mature sheep mortalities.     

不同种类有机肥施用对黑土团聚体有机碳及腐殖质组成的影响

以吉林省农业科学院黑土有机培肥定位试验基地为平台,研究了不同种类有机肥(堆腐肥、鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪)施用对土壤及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)和单施化肥(NPK)相比,有机肥配施化肥显著(P0.05)增加了土壤有机碳、胡敏酸碳(HAC)和胡敏素碳(HUC)含量;同时,有机肥配施化肥也增加了不同粒级团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,其中施用堆腐肥显著增加了各粒级团聚体中有机碳、HAC和HUC含量。不同种类有机肥相比,施用堆腐肥处理的土壤有机碳、HAC和HUC含量均高于其他有机肥处理,并与牛粪处理之间差异显著;施用堆腐肥和牛粪后,0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量高于其他有机肥处理,且2~0.25mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著高于鸡粪处理;从不同粒级团聚体中腐殖质组分的分布来看,施用堆腐肥后,2~0.25mm粒级团聚体中HAC和HUC含量显著高于猪粪处理,而0.25~0.053,0.053mm粒级团聚体中HAC含量显著低于鸡粪处理。上述结果说明,有机肥配施化肥提高了土壤团聚体中有机碳和腐殖质碳含量,但不同有机肥的效应不同。     

Organic Matter Evolution Index (OMEI) as a Measure Of Composting Efficiency

The significance of the organic matter evolution index (OMEI) related to the composting process degree was tested on a full-scale windrow process for 239 days. Analytical data from many samples collected during the process and kinetics were in agreement regarding the insufficient degree of stability and maturity reached by the compost obtained. As expected, the OMEI at the end of the process was low (OMEI = 0.46) confirming its validity to composting degree evaluation. New analytical methods for humic substances quantification were developed by monitoring humic acids concentration versus composting time and ligno-humic fraction.     

Evaluation of Changes in CEC During Composting

Changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC) during composting were evaluated with respect to compost amending, and compost processing. CEC_dm (CEC on dry matter basis), CEC_om (CEC on organic matter basis), and CEC_C (CEC on carbon basis) are parameters used for describing properties of composts. In this study effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) was determined during drum composting; sampling from the infeed (FM) and the outfeed (DC0), and during curing in experimental heaps; sampling when the compost was turned first time (DC1), second time (DC2), and third time (DC3). The ECEC_dm was 18.1 (cmol+/kg) in FM, 35.5 in DC0 and 70.5 in DC3; this rise in ECEC_dm being beneficial from compost amendment standpoint. The ECEC_om was 20.6 (cmol+/kg) in FM, 41.5 in DCO and 89.8 in DC3, whereas ECEC_C was 39.3 (cmol+/kg) in FM, 77.2 in DCO and 183.1 in DC3. When ECEC was expressed on carbon mole basis (ECEC_molC), it was c. 0.5 (cmol+/Cmol) in FM, c. 0.9 in DC0 and c. 2.2 in DC3. These changes in ECEC_om, ECEC_C and ECEC_molC are valuable from the compost quality standpoint. Because the basis of CECdm, as well as, of CEC_om and CEC_C, is affected by composting, they can not be used in determining the effects of composting on the actual number of CEC sites. The amount of ash is not affected by composting, and thus ash basis can be used for determining the effects of composting on the actual number of cation sites. It was shown in this study, that during composting of manure the actual number of effective cation exchange sites increased from DC1 to DC3 by 34 percent, whereas at the same time ECEC_dm, ECEC_om and ECEC_C increased by 99 percent, 116 percent, and 137 percent, respectively. Based on CEC data reported in this paper and in compost literature, it was concluded, that changes in the number of CEC sites due to composting is overemphasized, when unanchored CEC_dm, CEC_om or CEC_C is used.     

接种微生物条件下牛粪＋麦秸堆腐过程有机组分的动态变化

大量排放的畜禽粪便若利用不当则会对环境构成威胁,经微生物发酵、制成高效有机肥料是粪肥与秸秆综合利用的一种重要方式。试验以牛粪添加不同比例的小麦秸秆为原料,在接种和非接种微生物的条件下进行堆腐,研究了腐解过程有机组分及腐殖物质的动态变化。结果表明,随着腐解进行,乙醇溶性组分含量逐渐降低;水溶性组分含量先升高再降低;半纤维素和纤维素含量随腐解进行呈现一定波动,但总体呈降低趋势;木质素含量呈增加趋势;全碳含量降低,腐殖物质碳占全碳的比例逐渐增加,H/F比值逐渐升高。秸秆的加入比例越高越有利于木质素的积累,牛粪所占比例越大则越有利于腐殖物质的形成。接种微生物可促进有机物料中各有机组分的分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成。     

化肥减施下有机物料对砂姜黑土有机碳组分和养分含量的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾化肥减施下有机物料对砂姜黑土固碳培肥的影响,于2018—2020年开展大田试验,设置常规单施化肥(F)、常规施肥+生物炭(F+B)、化肥减量20%+生物炭(80%F+B)、常规施肥+秸秆还田(F+S)、化肥减量20%+秸秆还田(80%F+S)5个处理,分析水稻季化肥减量配施生物炭或秸秆还田对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量、所占比例,碳库管理指数及养分含量的影响。结果表明,相较于单施化肥,常规施肥下增施生物炭土壤总有机碳含量显著提高19.6%。化肥减量配施有机物料显著提高了土壤水溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,较F处理分别增加21.6%~28.6%、46.2%~61.1%和16.2%~36.3%,其中80%F+S处理土壤易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量、所占比例及土壤碳库管理指数均最高。F+B处理土壤有效磷和速效钾含量最高,较F处理分别提高11.1%和30.8%,其他处理有效磷含量则降低6.5%~15.7%。主成分分析表明,活性有机碳组分和碳库管理指数在80%F+S处理中具有较高载荷,而F+B处理土壤有效磷、pH和速效钾因子得分较高。化肥减施下秸秆还田有利于提高砂姜黑土活性有机碳含量、所占比例及碳库管理指数,而常规施肥下配施生物炭能够促进土壤总有机碳积累和磷、钾有效性。本研究结果可为沿淮平原稻麦轮作区化肥减量增效、农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术支撑。     

有机酸对石灰性潮土有机磷组分的影响

采用小麦盆栽试验的方法,研究了有机酸对石灰性潮土有机 P 组分含量及土壤 P 有效性的影响.结果表明:石灰性潮土的 4 种有机 P 组分中,以中度活性有机 P 为主,其次为高稳性有机 P 和中稳性有机 P ,活性有机P的含量最低;施用磷酸二氢钾和氟磷灰石后,土壤有机P总量和有机P各组分发生了变化;土壤经有机酸处理后,有机P总量增加,有机P总量的增加主要是中度活性有机P和活性有机P的增加.而中稳性有机P和高稳性有机P主要表现为下降,说明有机酸能够促进土壤有机P由有效性较低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,从而进一步矿化为无机P或者被植物根系直接吸收,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较腐殖酸强;在P素供应不足的情况下,有机酸(草酸和腐殖酸)能够提高石灰性潮土中P的有效性,促进植物的正常生长.     

Radiocarbon Dating of Organic Matter Fractions of a Chinese Mollisol

Humic acids, humins, and the total organic matter of a Mollisol from Inner Mongolia in China were investigated regarding ¹⁴C age and δ¹³C. The ¹⁴C age of the total organic matter increases with 69.3 years per cm depth which corresponds to an extremely slow soil development. The humic acids are generally older than the humins. Humins and humic acids are older than the total organic matter, except in the deepest horizon. δ¹³C does not deviate from that of fresh plant material throughout the profile indicating early protection against further degradation.     

Calculating the Reduction in Material Mass And Volume during Composting

Loss of mass and volume during composting of various feedstocks is an important consideration for compost operation management and facility design. Direct measurements of mass and volume in piles and windrows require specialized equipment and skills that render such measurements impractical for most commercial operations. A study was undertaken to develop a technique for calculating reductions in mass and volume during composting based on the change in concentration of an internal standard and bulk density measurements. Of the various physicochemical parameters investigated, nonvolatile solids (NVS) content proved the most reliable internal standard because of its strong inverse correlation with organic C (r² = ?0.95) and low coefficient of variation (CV = 0.15). Reductions in mass and volume during composting of six windrows comprised of various feedstocks were then calculated using initial and final measurements of NVS and bulk density. Reductions in mass averaged 19.4% of initial mass and ranged from 11.5% to 31.4%. Volume reductions were substantially greater than mass losses, and averaged 40.7% of initial volume. Change in mass was used in combination with organic C contents to calculate the loss of organic C. These losses averaged 28.9% and represented an average 46.4% of total mass loss. Equations for calculating reductions in mass, volume and organic C are presented. These equations may be easily modified to calculate the loss of any measured constituent of compost where the initial and final concentrations are known.     

Changes in the Apolar Organic Fraction Through The Composting Process

The organic fraction soluble in different organic solvents with increasing polarity was studied during the composting process, following its transformation from raw material until the stable final product with the aim to establish new quality indices of compost maturity. All apolar fractions during the composting process had a reduction higher than 50%. Part of the compounds have been utilized by the microflora as energetic material and to perform the biotransformations, and part has been transformed in molecule like the humic molecules. However, in our conditions a relevant part (36%) of apolar material is recovered at the end of the biotransformation. The spectroscopic analysis indicates in the final product an increase of lipidic compounds, as esters or acids as well as hydrocarbons with longer linear aliphatic chain.     

Chemical Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Composting as a Mature Indicator for Composting Process

Several chemical parameters were studied during a 100 daysperiod in order to identify parameters that can be used asindicators of compost maturity. One treatment was a mixture ofsewage sludge and sawdust (TS); another was a mixture of sewagesludge, pig manure and sawdust (TS-PM). The pH of water extractsincreased during the thermophilic phase and then decreased in twotreatments. While the electrical conductivity (EC) decreasedthroughout the composting time. The 4.99% in the change ofvolatile matter of TS-PM was higher than 1.73% in that of TS,at the same time, the change of organic carbon were 5.04% inTS-PM more than 3.82% of TS. Total nitrogen content in TS andTS-PM had a markedly increase tendence during composting, andthe change in TS-PM was very more obvious than in TS, soreduction of C/N ratio in TS-PM was higher than in TS, C/Nratio of TS-PM and TS was 14.39 and 18.57 in mature production,respectively. Carbon content in HA plus FA and HA in twocomposts decreased from 0 to 100 day, but carbon content of FAdecreased, so HA-C/FA-C ratio, HR, HI has a markedly increase inTS and TS-PM, and the parameters in TS-PM were higher than inTS. The points expressing maturity degree in TS-PM was more inTS. The nitrogen content of HA plus and HA showed a increasedtendence in TS and TS-PM, the change of nitrogen of thesefractions in TS-PM was higher than in TS, so C/N ratio of allfractions including HA plus FA, HA and FA, indicated a reductiontendence, and the refuction in FA was larger than in HA. E4/E6ratio of HA plus FA and HA decreased during composting, and one FA was increase. E4/E6 ratio of HA plus FA and HA in TS-PM wasvery smaller than in TS, HA in TS-PM was a larger molecular sizethan HA in TS. The changes of organic matter compositions incomposting: the crude fat and carbohydrates had a markedlyreduction and cellulose plus hemicellulose had a slight decrease;crude protein and lignin content in TS and TS-PM had an increasetendence.     

流动沙丘造林对土壤物理组分有机碳分配的影响

(1)根据中国知网(CNKI)的《中国学术期刊影响因子年报(自然科学与工程技术.2010版)计量指标统计表》,《水土保持通报》综合统计源统计的总被引频次为3 446次(2009年版中为1 358次);复合影响因子为0.955;期刊综合影响因子为0.568(2008年为0.493),在所统计     

有机物料对土壤有机磷组分及其矿化进程的影响

通过300天室内恒温(30℃)好气培养实验,研究了不同C/N有机物料(水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、牛粪、猪粪)掺入土壤后,土壤有机P及各组分含量和有机P的矿化特征。结果表明:有机物料的添加,不同程度地增加了土壤有机P含量;添加有机物料处理,有机P矿化率高于对照处理,且在培养的前30天迅速矿化。掺入有机物料处理土壤有机P各组分含量均有所增加;对照处理有机P各组分的矿化进程都比较平稳,而添加物料处理的活性和中等活性有机P则呈增加或波动状态,中稳和高稳性有机P在腐解初期出现迅速矿化。有机物料的添加,可以促进有机P各组分间的转化,提高土壤P素的有效性。     

Changes in Concentrations of Malodorous Compounds During Controlled Aeration Composting

Effects of composting on odorous chemicals in dairy manure were investigated in replicated pilot-scale studies. Three 16-day composting trials were conducted, using 205 L vessels containing 83 kg mass. Fresh or 12-day-aged manure, from lactating cows, was mixed with sawdust (3man:1saw w/w). Vessels were either aerated continuously with high (2.3 kg/hr)/low (0.8 kg/hr) air flow controlled by thermostats or intermittently on a 5 min high air flow/55 min off clock controlled cycle. Six vessel replicates were conducted on each manure/air flow treatment combination. Temperatures, air flow, O₂ consumption, and CO₂ production were recorded every 10 minutes. Trapped NH₃ emissions were determined daily. Exhaust air was passed through water-cooled condensers to analyze emitted volatiles, and condensate volume, pH, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were quantified at 12 or 24 hour intervals. Solids were collected from each vessel initially, at remix at the end of day 7, and at the end of each trial (day 16) for analysis of moisture, pH, ash, C/N, and odorants. Phenolics and indolics were extracted with ethyl ether. VFAs were recovered with pH 2.0 water. Analysis was by flame or mass selective detection gas chromatography. Temperature increased most rapidly in continuously aerated vessels yet maintained a lower mean temperature (49 vs 58°C) than intermittent aeration. Both returned to near ambient temperature by day 16. Continuous aeration nearly doubled (11 vs 18 L) the amount of condensate released over 16 days. Fresh manure/sawdust mixes contained 6553, 795, 77, 51, 19, and 17μg/g of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, phenol, and p-cresol. Aged manure mixes contained 9350, 3397, 2810, 445, 285, 441, 34, 176, and 18 μg/g acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, phenol, p-cresol, and skatole, as well as a number of C₁₁ to C₁₇ fatty acids. Both aeration methods maintained conditions that resulted in the destruction of most of the odorous chemicals studied in the composting mass in 7 days with only small quantities of acetate, isobutyrate, and skatole present by the end of day 16. Continuous aeration, as opposed to intermittent, more than doubled (115 vs 55 g) the emissions of NH3-N and increased the emissions of VFAs in condensate four-fold. Whereas, limited aeration did not destroy the odorants as rapidly, they remained in the compost until destruction.     

长期施用有机肥显著提升潮土有机碳组分

借助潮土36a长期定位施肥试验平台,利用物理化学相结合的方法,研究了不同施肥处理对耕层土壤有机碳组分的影响。试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥不同组合(N、NP、NPK)、施有机肥(M)、施氮肥和有机肥(MN)、施氮磷肥和有机肥(MNP)及施氮磷钾肥和有机肥(MNPK)。结果表明:施肥能显著提高土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量,与CK相比,MNPK处理提高效果最为显著,增幅为72.17%;NPK处理对颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量的提升效果高于N处理,但低于施有机肥处理;施有机肥处理的POC含量较不施有机肥处理平均增加92.69%,与CK相比,MNPK处理的POC分配比例增加了13.33%;施有机肥条件下,所增加的总有机碳对MOC的贡献率明显提高,MNPK处理所增加的总有机碳可1︰1进入POC和MOC组分。有机肥施用尤其是氮磷钾平衡施用并增施有机肥,能有效改善土壤化学性质、提升土壤碳组分含量、促进新碳在各碳组分均衡分配。     

不同有机肥输入量对黑土密度分组中碳、氮分配的影响

为阐明不同有机肥施用量对黑土密度组分中碳、氮分配特征的影响,探讨合理调控土壤质量的施肥模式。以黑龙江省海伦国家野外科学观测研究站上进行了10年的田间定位试验土壤为研究对象,采用密度分组和腐殖质化学分组相结合的方法,探讨和分析不同有机肥施用量下土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的消长变化以及重组中腐殖物质的组成特征。结果表明:与试验初期相比,经过10年单施化肥处理,土壤总有机碳和全氮、各密度组分中有机碳氮以及腐殖物质各组分的含量均显著下降,而有机无机配施能够提升土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量水平,改善密度组分中有机碳氮的分配特征,土壤总有机碳、全氮和各密度组分中有机碳氮对不同有机肥施用量的响应有所差异。随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,二者与有机肥施用量之间达到极显著的线性相关(P<0.01);低量有机肥(7.5,15t/(hm2.a))配施化肥仅增加了土壤游离态轻组有机碳、氮的含量,并未造成闭蓄态轻组和重组中有机碳、氮的积累,而高量有机肥(22.5t/(hm2.a))配施化肥后,促进了土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的形成和积累;此外,低量有机肥有利于土壤富里酸的积累,高量有机肥有助于胡敏酸和胡敏素的积累,从而提高了土壤有机质的腐殖化程度,增强了土壤有机质的稳定性。在东北黑土区,加大有机肥的施用量是提高土壤肥力和土壤固碳能力的有效途径。     

Effect of Woody Peat as an Additive on Maturity and Gaseous Emissions During Pig Manure Composting

Woody peat was used as an additive to compost with pig manure in 1.2 m³ composting reactors under aerobic conditions for a 77?days period to estimate the effect on the compost maturity and gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O, and CH₄). Pig manure was also composted with cornstalks (the traditional method) as a control treatment. The results showed that both cornstalks and woody peat composts reached the required maturity standard. Composting with woody peat as a bulking agent was found to reduced NH₃ emissions by 36% than the cornstalks amended treatment. Although CH₄ emission increased by adding woody peat, N₂O emission was considerably reduced, resulting in a slight decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, woody peat could reduce the losses of total carbon and total nitrogen, improve the compost quality as fertilizer.     

施肥对黑土密度分组中碳、氮的影响

以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期施肥对黑土密度分组中碳和氮的影响。结果表明:氮肥能够增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但不如NPKOM效果明显。土壤中各组分有机碳含量的变化趋势为重组>游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组,三者之间差异达极显著水平(p<0.01),重组有机碳的含量最大值为23.72 g/kg,而闭蓄态轻组有机碳的平均值仅为0.69 g/kg;全氮的含量的变化呈重组最大,且极显著大于闭蓄态轻组和游离态轻组,后两者之间无明显差异。不同组分中有机碳浓度和全氮浓度的变化规律一致,为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>重组,且游离态轻组明显大于其它两个组分。NPKOM处理的闭蓄态轻组和重组组分中的有机碳浓度和全氮浓度大于其它施肥处理。碳氮比的变化趋势为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>土壤>重组,重组和土壤中,NPKOM处理的碳氮比最低,CK处理的碳氮比最大,可见有机肥的施用加快了土壤碳的周转速度。     

民勤绿洲区苜蓿地土壤有机碳组分分布特征

为了解西北民勤绿洲区紫花苜蓿种植后土壤有机碳组分的变化趋势及影响因素,以民勤绿洲区3a(A3)、14a(A14)和22a(A22)苜蓿种植地为研究对象,以棉花种植地(CK)为对照,通过野外调查取样以及室内测试分析,对土壤中的全部有机碳(TOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的含量进行测定,分析变化趋势并对其规律进行研究。结果表明:相对于棉花种植地,22a苜蓿地土壤容重和电导率分别降低了13.9%和95.4%。3~22a苜蓿地较棉花种植地(CK)的TOC、LFOC、HFOC和MBC分别表现出175.0%,1 416.0%,47.8%和216.0%的增长幅度,变化差异较为显著。在垂直剖面上,棉花种植地(CK)显著低于苜蓿地LFOC、POC、MBC含量,并随土层加深而不断降低。逐步回归分析表明LFOC与TOC显著正相关(p0.05)。苜蓿种植年限、土层以及这两个变量的交互作用对POC/TOC产生显著影响(p0.01),对TOC、LFOC、HFOC、POC、MBC、LFOC/TOC、HFOC/TOC和MBC/TOC均产生极显著影响(p0.001)。苜蓿种植提高了土壤质量,降低了土壤容重和盐碱性,连续种植14a是苜蓿最为合理的种植年限,同时苜蓿种植有利于0—60cm垂直土层有机碳组分的累积,尤其对TOC、LFOC和MBC的增长效果极其显著。     

长期施肥对棕壤有机碳及各组分的影响

本文通过棕壤长期定位施肥试验,研究了玉米-玉米-大豆轮作条件下不同施肥处理土壤有机碳及其不同密度组分的变化及其影响因素。结果表明:经过27年的长期不同施肥,土壤有机碳含量有了明显变化,总的变化趋势是:高量有机肥区(12.30gkg-1)>低量有机肥区(11.41gkg-1)>化肥区(9.95gkg-1)>1979年(试验前9.03gkg-1)>对照处理(8.23gkg-1),尤其以高量有机肥配施化肥处理的有机碳水平最高,氮磷钾配合施用有机碳水平要高于其它单施化肥处理;长期施肥可以显著提高土壤中轻组部分含量和轻组有机碳含量,不同施肥处理间差异显著。单施化肥处理,特别是氮磷钾配合施用,轻组部分数量和轻组有机碳含量高于无肥处理和试验前土壤。有机无机肥配合施用轻组有机碳含量明显高于单施化肥处理。施用不同肥料均可以提高土壤重组有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施效果明显。