Effect of oil droplet sizes of oil-in-water emulsion on the taste impressions of added tastants

ABSTRACT:   By conducing organoleptic analysis, the authors investigated the effect of oil droplet size on human preference to the taste of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions to which several tastants were added. Two singly dispersed o/w emulsions, different in oil droplet sizes, consisting of 10% triacilglycerol purified from tuna, sardine or soybean oil, 0.5% emulsifier and water were prepared by ceramic membrane filtration. Organoleptic analysis showed that the impressions of sweetness, bitterness and umami, which were developed by addition of certain taste substances, were different between o/w emulsions with different oil droplet sizes. The results of two-bottle choice tests, which were carried out using olfactory-blocked mice, showed that o/w emulsions with 1.00-µm droplets, with added sweet or bitter substances, were preferred to emulsion with 5.50-µm droplets. These results suggest that the droplet size of o/w emulsion remarkably influences certain taste impressions created by added taste substances.     

Effect of soybean oil and soybean lecithin on intestinal lipid composition and lipid droplet accumulation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) were fed purified diets containing fish oil for six weeks and then soybean lecithin or soybean oil for 25 days. The gastrointestinal tract segments, stomach, midgut and hindgut were then sampled for lipid and fatty acid composition and electron microscopy. Membrane lipid class composition was fairly similar in all three segments of trout fed fish oil. Hindgut contained slightly more phosphatidylserine than stomach and midgut, while midgut contained more phosphatidylcholine and less lysophospatidylcholine/sphingomyelin. Feeding soybean products appeared to marginally decrease free cholesterol. The fatty acid compositions of the main lipid classes showed significant regional differences. In control fish, stomach had higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids than midgut and hindgut, and lower content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Midgut phosphatidylethanolamine also had higher levels of saturated fatty acids and less n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than the other tissues. Feeding soybean products decreased the n-3/n-6 ratio mainly due to increases in linoleic (18:2n-6) and 20:4n-6 and decreases in 22:6n-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). Phosphatidylcholine and to a lesser extent phosphatidylethanolamine adapted more readily to dietary changes by major increases in 18:2n-6 and C₂₀₋₂₂ n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The composition of phosphatidyl-serine and -inositol appeared to be under more strict metabolic control. Linoleic acid hardly increased at all while the increase in other n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was less pronounced than for the other lipid classes. Regardless of lipid class, stomach resisted dietary changes more strongly than midgut and hindgut. Increases in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were minor as were the loss of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The dead-end product 20:2n-6 accumulated to a higher degree in hindgut phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and -coline compared to midgut and stomach, suggesting that the activity of Δ₆ desaturation is higher in the anterior part of the intestine where most of the lipid is absorbed. Feeding soybean oil caused massive accumulation of free lipid droplets in midgut enterocytes while little lipid droplets were observed in trout fed fish oil or soybean lecithin. Since both soybean products influenced intestinal composition to the same degree, altered fatty acid profiles in membranes is not responsible for the observed lipid accumulation. This supports previous observations in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), suggesting that fish may require exogenous phospholipids in order to sustain a sufficient rate of lipoprotein synthesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物雌激素促进暗纹东方鱼屯性腺发育的初步研究

对完全在淡水中人工饲养达到初次性成熟的暗纹东方Tun（Fugu obscurus Abe）亲鱼越冬后采用日粮中添加一种植物雌激素的方法强化培育，在温室中饲养亲鱼10天，经一次注射催情激素（雌鱼每千克PG2mg LRH-A260μg，雄鱼减半），22℃水温条件下效应时间48小时，湿法授精。结果，产卵率70％，出苗率36％。结论：家养的暗纹东方Tun性成熟最小年龄提前一年；日粮添加植物雌激素强化培育亲鱼可以显著促进亲鱼性腺发育并顺利产卵，并提高出苗率。     

石油污染对海洋生物的影响

海洋环境中的石油污染源包括自然和人为2种类型,人为污染是造成海洋污染的主要原因。石油由于物质组成、化学结构和分子量的差异对海洋生物造成的毒害也不尽相同。海洋中的各种生物对石油污染的耐受力也显示出明显差异,研究表明,底栖生物的耐受力最强,一些植物也能在较短的时间内恢复到污染前的水平,鱼类和浮游动物对这种毒害较为敏感,但部分污染区渔场出现反常现象令人迷惑。     

两种不同粒径海沙中培育裸体方格星虫中苗效果比较

本文报道了2010年至2011年,采用两种粒径不同的海沙培育裸体方格星虫中苗的效果比较。结果表明,星虫苗在粒径250～500μm的海沙中养殖,比在粒径63～250μm的海沙中养殖更具有明显的生长优势和较高的存活率。铺设适宜粒径的海沙是提高裸体方格星虫苗种中间培育生长率和存活率的重要因素。     

Effect of the lipid droplet adherence on growth and survival of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) larvae

The effect of the adherence of the lipid droplet in the yolk‐sac on the growth and survival of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) larvae was studied under starved and feeding conditions. Recently hatched hake larvae with adhered and non‐adhered lipid droplet (ALD and non‐ALD) were maintained during 8 days under starvation conditions. The adherence of the lipid droplet positively affected larval survival during starvation. At the end of the yolk consumption period (7–8 days after hatching), 90% of the surviving larvae had an ALD, while 10% of the survivors had a non‐ALD and showed a higher mortality rate. In a month feeding experiment, results show that the presence of non‐ALD in newly hatched hake larvae negatively affected their growth and survival. Dry weight and length (TL) of 20‐days‐old larvae with ALD were significantly higher than those with non‐ALD. Furthermore, lifespan of those larvae with non‐adhered lipid droplet was shorter, with most of them dying during the first 15–20 days of culture. As conclusion, the percentage of the lipid droplet adherence at hatching could be used as an indicator of ‘quality’ for European hake larvae: the greater the number of larvae with adhered lipid droplet, the better larval growth and survival.     

南极磷虾油的浓缩工艺对虾青素含量的影响

以磷虾油中的虾青素含量为评价指标,对浓缩工艺中加热温度、加热时间、真空度等浓缩条件进行考察,找到影响虾油中虾青素含量的关键因素,明确各因素对虾青素含量的影响大小,并结合生产实际,最终确定最佳浓缩工艺为真空度-0.1 MPa,加热温度为50℃,加热时间为3 h。     

Comparison of volatile compounds formed by autoxidation and photosensitized oxidation of cod liver oil in emulsion systems

ABSTRACT:   Volatile compounds formed by photosensitized oxidation and autoxidation of cod liver oil were compared. A 5-mL portion of oil-in-water emulsion (10% oil, 1% Tween 20 and 0.1 mM of rose bengal or 0.1 mM of ferrous chloride) was sealed into a 50-mL crimp top vial. The vial with added rose bengal was exposed to a 100-watt tungsten bulb (6000 lux) in an oven at 40°C, while the vial with added ferrous chloride was wrapped in aluminum foil to shield light and kept in the same oven. Volatiles in the headspace of the vials were collected by solid phase microextraction technique and analyzed with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and a gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Approximately 51 kinds of volatiles were identified from oxidation of cod liver oil. All the volatiles identified in the sample with added rose bengal were identified in the sample with added ferrous chloride, however, tremendous differences of their relative ratios were found, which probably is useful to explain the flavor differences between sun-dried seafood and mechanical-dried seafood. The formation mechanisms of certain volatiles were proposed.     

Effect of raw materials on the extractive components and taste aspects of fermented fish paste: sakana miso

The suitability of various under-utilized fish species as starting material for the production of a miso-like fermented product was studied. To the end, four under-utilized fishes and shellfishes—spotted mackerel, lizard fish, horse mackerel, and common squid—were fermented, under either washed or unwashed conditions, with malt-rice (kome-koji) as a starter, and their quality parameters assessed. The protein content of the fermented fish pastes (18.1–22.4%) was superior to that of fermented soy paste (12.9%). Our analyses of other physico-chemical parameters of the finished products, including free amino acid, oligopeptide, organic acid, and mineral content, also revealed the potential utility of both washed and unwashed fish meat for the production of miso-like fermented fish pastes. Sensory evaluation revealed the potential of the washing step to produce a consistent product for large-scale production.     

虾粉生产方式对南极磷虾油品质的影响

为了保护南极磷虾油中的生物活性物质,提取虾油的虾粉生产环节非常重要。为探究更佳的虾粉生产方式,研究了虾粉生产过程中的温度和含水量对虾油品质的影响,并通过能耗计算确定了最优工艺。结果表明,南极磷虾含水量高于10％,高温对脂质的影响略高于低温;含水量低于10％,高温会使脂质严重酸败。但高温操作干燥速度快、能量利用效率高,相比于50℃,80℃下烘干能使生产效率提高1倍,能耗降低25％。因此,为兼顾生产效率和活性物质保护,选择先80℃烘干到含水量15％再50℃烘干的阶段式干燥方式,取代单一温度操作的干燥方式。新的虾粉生产方式比目前采用的生产方式效率提高将近1倍,能耗降低24％。     

温度对不同规格双齿围沙蚕运动行为特征的影响

底内动物不仅具有较强的适应沉积环境的生理耐受能力, 还具有适应沉积环境的行为策略, 而且其行为策略与周围微环境关系密切, 研究两者的关系可以从行为学角度阐释生物扰动的生态学意义。本研究利用底内动物行为学观察装置研究温度(15 ℃、20 ℃和 25 ℃)对不同规格[大规格(2.2±0.2) g、中规格(1.5±0.2) g、小规格 (0.7±0.2) g]双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)行为特征的影响, 探究了不同行为过程对洞穴水交换、营养盐和溶解氧变化规律的影响。结果表明, 双齿围沙蚕的径向起伏频率随温度的升高而升高(P＜0.05)。不同规格双齿围沙蚕的轴向爬行速度差异显著(P＜0.05), 大规格沙蚕的轴向爬行速度随着温度的升高而减慢, 而中规格和小规格沙蚕的轴向爬行速度随着温度的升高而加快。温度和规格对双齿围沙蚕的径向起伏和轴向爬行时间影响不显著 (P＞0.05)。规格对双齿围沙蚕的泵水量、泵水速率、轴向爬行速度及营养盐溶出效率影响显著(P＜0.05)。泵水量和营养盐溶出效率均随着规格的增加而增大, 大规格沙蚕的泵水量最高可达 10.01 L/d; 径向起伏是双齿围沙蚕在洞穴中的主要运动方式和泵水方式 , 其洞穴中磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮和硫化物的溶出效率分别可达 109.80 μg/(cm²?d)、6.02 μg/(cm²?d)、60.56 μg/(cm²?d)和 15.40 μg/(cm²?d)。双齿围沙蚕泵水溶解氧阈值随着温度的升高和规格的增大呈上升趋势。结果表明, 小规格双齿围沙蚕对高温和低氧环境的适应能力强于大规格沙蚕; 双齿围沙蚕的泵水运动(生物灌溉)随温度的升高和规格的增大而增强, 其主要驱动因子是洞穴微环境的溶解氧含量; 双齿围沙蚕的泵水溶解氧阈值可使其消耗最少的能量获得最高的溶氧收益, 符合“最佳性理论”, 可称之为“最佳溶氧收益策略”。通过生物灌溉作用加速沉积物营养盐释放的现象是双齿围沙蚕为获得充足溶氧而产生的连带效应。     

Antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii enriched with DHA‐rich oil emulsion and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol

Artemia nauplii catabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in particular, they retroconvert docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), so enrichment is a continuous quest towards increasing PUFA through the use of PUFA‐rich enrichment products. However, optimal conditions during enrichment (aeration, illumination and temperatures around 28°C) tend to accelerate autoxidation of PUFA and the formation of potentially toxic oxidation products. Water‐soluble antioxidants like the polyphenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethanol), a polar molecule found in the water fraction resulting after the milling process of olives, arise as promising compounds to prevent oxidation during Artemia enrichments. We investigated the antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Artemia nauplii during enrichment and the effect of adding an external antioxidant based on hydroxytyrosol during the enrichment with a PUFA‐rich emulsion (M70). For this purpose, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase), as well as lipid peroxidation, was determined in enriched and unenriched Artemia nauplii. To validate antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation, in a first experiment, nauplii were enriched with microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and M70 emulsion. In a second experiment, enrichment with a commercial emulsion (DC Super Selco), M70, and a combination of M70 and hydroxytyrosol (Hytolive, HYT) added as an external antioxidant were performed. The combination of M70 with HYT produced the best results, in terms of activity of antioxidant enzymes. The analysis of the fatty acids from total lipids showed that the addition of hydroxytyrosol preserved the DHA percentage of enriched nauplii.     

Effect of ingredient particle sizes and dietary viscosity on digestion and faecal waste of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

The ingredients’ particle size and dietary viscosity may alter digestion, performance and faecal waste management of fish. This study aimed to assess the effect of grinding screen sizes of feed ingredients and dietary viscosity on digestibility, faecal waste and performance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878). The experiment had a 2 × 3 factorial‐design: two feed mesh particle sizes, by grinding ingredient mixtures at two screen sizes (0.8 versus 1.0 mm); and three dietary viscosity levels, created by exchanging carboxymethylcellulose by guar gum (GG) (0, 3 and 6 g of GG/kg of diet). Six diets were assigned to 18 tanks, each connected to three faecal settling tanks. All aquaria were stocked with 20 fish (82 g per fish). After 52 experimental days, dietary viscosity negatively affected both feed digestibility and performance of striped catfish; as a result, the amount of organic matter in the culture system through faeces had increased significantly. The coarse diets significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and carbohydrate but worsened feed conversion ratio. Increasing dietary viscosity tended to increase the viscosity and moisture content of the faeces, but significantly accelerated the faecal disintegration through the reduction of both faecal recovery and the amount of recovered faeces.     

三种不同规格大菱鲆血常规分析

通过人工方法结合Pentra 120血细胞分析仪检测三种不同规格大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)重要血液生理指标,以期探讨大菱鲆不同生长阶段血液指标特点。结果显示:350 g组大菱鲆粒细胞绝对值、中间细胞百分比、粒细胞百分比显著高于70 g组(P<0.05);70 g组大菱鲆淋巴细胞百分比显著高于350 g组(P<0.05);血红蛋白含量、红细胞压积与鱼体规格正相关且350 g组与20 g组间红细胞压积差异显著(P<0.05)、血红蛋白含量差异极显著(P<0.01);三种不同规格大菱鲆间血栓细胞系各项指标无显著性差异。由此可知,因大菱鲆红细胞系及白细胞系部分血液指标在不同规格间存在着不同程度的差异,难以得出正常参考范围;血栓细胞系受鱼体规格影响较小,可作为大菱鲆血液常规指标基础参考数据。     

Effect of supplemental l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate in enriched live food on the antioxidant defense system of Penaeus vannamei of different sizes exposed to ammonia-N

The effects of supplemental l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (APP) in enriched live food (Artemia) on reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) and free radical scavenging enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase) activities in the muscle of Penaeus vannamei of two sizes exposed to ambient ammonia‐N, were investigated. Significantly, decreased ROI value was found in prawns fed on enriched Artemia compared with those fed on starved Artemia (P < 0.05); the decrease was 24% and 36%, respectively. In both size classes, the antioxidant enzyme activities in prawns fed on enriched Artemia were higher than in those fed on starved Artemia (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the supplementation of ascorbic acid in enriched live food (Artemia) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of prawn, increasing its defense system that may fight against environmental stress, leading to impaired ammonia toxicity.     

Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及风味的影响

采取L49(78)安排7水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度正交试验,开展60d凡纳滨对虾养殖试验,通过比较凡纳滨对虾成活率、日均增长值、日均增重量及鲜味氨基酸含量,分析养殖水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度三因子对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及虾体风味的影响;采取L8(27)安排2水平Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度正交试验,分析养殖水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度三因子间交互作用对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及虾体风味的影响。结果表明:水体中Ca2+、Mg2+、盐度对成活率和虾体鲜味氨基酸都有显著影响(P<0.05),Ca2+、Mg2+对凡纳滨对虾生长具有显著影响(P<0.05),其中Mg2+对成活率影响最大,Ca2+对生长影响最大,而鲜味氨基酸受盐度影响最大。Ca2+浓度为100mg/L和400mg/L,Mg2+为1200mg/L,盐度为10时,成活率最高;Ca2+≥200mg/L与Mg2+≥300mg/L时,生长速度无明显变化,Ca2+浓度为100mg/L,Mg2+浓度为150mg/L,盐度为10~20时,体长和体质量增加最快;Ca2+、Mg2+含量与盐度越高,鲜味氨基酸含量越高,Ca2+浓度为400mg/L,Mg2+浓度为750mg/L,盐度为35和20时,风味氨基酸含量最高;低盐、低钙、低镁水体显著降低了凡纳滨对虾的生长存活;Ca2+与Mg2+对成活率及体质量日均增长具有显著的交互作用影响,Ca2+与盐度对成活率具有显著的交互作用影响,Mg2+与盐度对各试验指标均没有显著影响。     

鱼饲料中添加鱼油的作用

鱼饲料中添加鱼油的作用夏传武（湖北省职工医学院,荆州市４３４０００）顾贫（湖北农学院,４３４１０３）油脂是饲料中的能量和维生素及必须脂肪酸的重要来源。发达国家普遍在饲料中添加油脂特别是鱼油来提高饲料效率。鱼油的价格与棕榈油、豆油、牛油近似,但使用效果...     

Primary taste center in the goatfish of genus Parupeneus

ABSTRACT:   This study was carried out to obtain fundamental information on the morphology of the primary taste center in the goatfish of genus Parupeneus. The primary taste center includes a dorsal facial lobe (dFL), ventral facial lobe (vFL) and vagal lobe (VL). The dFL is extraordinarily developed rostrocaudally to occupy the dorsal surface of the medulla. The vFL extends as a longitudinal column between the dFL and VL, and its rostral end connects to the proximal portion of the dFL at the level of most anterior medulla. The VL appears slightly caudal to the rostral end of vFL as a longitudinal column and reaches more caudally than the facial lobe (FL). The dFL includes tubercular and laminated structures. Each tubercle consists of four layers: a marginal layer, a superficial molecular layer, a cell-cluster layer and a deep layer. Sublaminar organization was also found in the cell-cluster layer. No laminar organization was found in either the vFL or VL but distinct clusters of small cells were frequently seen throughout both the lobes. Tracing experiments with the carbocyanine dye diI show that the facial fibers end in the entire dFL and vFL and the anterior portion of the intermediate nucleus of the facial lobe (NIF), while glossopharyngeal fibers terminate in the dorsolateral portion of the anterior VL and the intermediate portion of NIF. Trigeminal fibers project only to the most lateral aspects of the anterior vFL in addition to normal targets such as spinal trigeminal and medial funicular nuclei.