《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》补遗与修订(Ⅰ)

本文是《广西壮族自治区畜禽寄生虫名录》的补遗与修订 ,收载了广西畜禽体内外寄生虫共计 51 8种 ,隶属于 7门 ,1 0纲 ,2 5目。它们包括 :鞭毛虫 2科 ,2属 ,2种 ;类锥体虫 2科 ,4属 ,4 6种 ;无类锥体虫 2科 ,2属 ,4种 ;纤毛虫 1科 ,1属 ,1种 ;吸虫 1 6科 ,38属 ,95种 ;绦虫 6科 ,2 4属 ,4 2种 ;线虫30科 ,64属 ,1 36种 ,棘头虫 3科 ,3属 ,5种 ;蜱螨 7科 ,1 3属 ,2 5种 ;昆虫 1 9科 ,38属 ,1 62种     

弱光条件下光质和光周期对水培生菜生长与品质的影响

在弱光条件的人工光植物生长室中,设置两种不同红蓝光比例光质和两种不同光周期,水培盆栽红叶生菜（R）、绿叶生菜（G）和紫叶生菜（P）,采收后测定3种生菜的生物量指标以及抗氧化物、可溶性糖等营养品质指标,以研究弱光条件下光质和光周期对3种叶色水培生菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）生菜产量主要受光周期影响,营养品质指标受光质和光周期的综合影响。光照时间延长显著增加了3种生菜叶面积。绿叶生菜和红叶生菜单位叶面积鲜重在不同光质及光周期下无显著差异。紫叶生菜单位叶面积鲜重对光周期变化的反应则因光质环境而异。延长光周期使3种叶色生菜地上部鲜重提高一倍多,但3种生菜地上部鲜重受光质影响不显著。（2）延长光照时长对3种生菜营养品质的影响因光质而异。在红蓝1:2光质下,延长光照时长降低了绿叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量以及抗坏血酸和可溶性蛋白含量,提高了红叶生菜花青素和可溶性糖含量,但降低了抗坏血酸和可溶性蛋白含量,紫叶生菜总酚相对含量得到提高,但抗坏血酸含量显著降低。在红蓝2:1光质下,延长光照时长显著提高了绿叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量,抗坏血酸含量有所降低,红叶生菜总酚和类黄酮相对含量、抗坏血酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,紫叶生菜总酚含量显著提高。说明在弱光条件下延长光照时长可以显著提高3种不同叶色生菜产量。在红蓝1:2光质下,延长光照时长使红叶生菜的花青素含量和可溶性糖含量得到显著提高。在红蓝2:1光质下,延长光照时长可以提高绿叶生菜和紫叶生菜营养品质。     

Impact of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal endophytes in an Oxisol

Summary The influence of simulated erosion on the abundance and activity of indigenous vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) populations was evaluated in an Oxisol. Surface-soil losses in excess of 7.5 cm were generally associated with significant decreases in the numbers of total and active VAM propagules and in the symbiotic effectiveness of the active propagules. Surface-soil removal not exceeding 7.5 cm was associated with decreased propagule abundance without adverse effects on VAM colonization of roots and symbiotic effectiveness of the fungi. The extent of VAM colonization of roots and the degree of symbiotic effectiveness observed at this level of simulated erosion were significantly higher than those observed in the soil not subjected to simulated erosion. This stimulation is attributed to the removal of antagonistic biotic factors as the top 7.5 cm of soil was removed. It is concluded that propagules lost during erosional soil losses must be replaced before legumes grown on relatively highly weathered and severely eroded tropical soils could appreciably benefit from the VAM symbiosis.Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3234     

Genetic diversity and relatedness of boreal caribou populations in western Canada

We studied genetic diversity within and gene flow among six ‘threatened’ populations of boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) inhabiting Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Mean expected heterozygosity (H_E) across 11 loci spanned a narrow range between 0.74 and 0.79. Estimates of H_E were in the mid to high range of those typically observed in natural populations of large mammals, including caribou, and were not suggestive of any immediate threat to survival. We concluded that recent anthropogenic fragmentation of caribou range in western Canada has yet to affect genetic diversity of populations. Analysis of population structure identified a region of relatively low gene flow corresponding with the valley of the Peace River. The highest value of F_ST observed between populations on the same side of the river was 0.025, whereas the lowest value that spanned the river was 0.044. Confirming this result, an assignment test demonstrated that 96.5% of animals could be assigned to the correct side of the Peace River, though only 66.0% of animals could, on average, be assigned to populations of actual origin. Taken as a whole, our results support the existence of two discrete metapopulations bisected by the Peace River, within each of which there exist multiple populations, or at least multiple regions, which experience considerably higher levels of interchange. For caribou inhabiting the boreal plains, large rivers such as the Peace and Mackenzie may serve as biologically meaningful boundaries for managing metapopulations.     

Effect of biosolid amendment on enzyme activities in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts

We studied the effect of amendment of sewage sludge biosolids on enzyme activity in soil and earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts. Enzyme activities and contents of nutrients and organic matter of surrounding soil were compared with the corresponding properties of earthworm casts. This short time experiment was conducted at 20 ± 0.5 °C in the laboratory, simulating field conditions of biosolid treatments. In general, all of doses of biosolid treatments influenced the enzyme activity and contents of nutrients and organic matter of earthworm casts and surrounding soil. Enzyme activity such as urease (UA), alkaline phosphatase (APA), and arylsulfatase (ASA) and the contents of organic matter and nutrients N and P in earthworm casts and surrounding soil increased with increasing biosolid application. Without biosolid additions, enzyme activities in cast of L. terrestris exceeded those in the soil. In contrast, when biosolid was added, DHA in casts was lower than the soil. Activities of UA and APA were consistently higher in L. terrestris casts than in soil of all biosolid treatments. Biosolid amendments generally increased ASA at low doses, but at higher doses, ASA decreased. In general, organic matter and contents of N and P were higher in surface casts of L. terrestris and soils than in the control soil. Activities of UA, APA, the contents of organic carbon and nutrients N and P in soil and casts showed positive correlations. On the contrary, ASA and DHA were negatively correlated with the contents of organic matter and nutrients.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Application of a low-cost database to soil erosion and soil conservation studies in the Awash Basin,Ethiopia

In large-scale land resource planning exercises, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) form a valuable means of storing, retrieving, displaying, and analysing spatially-referenced data, as well as enabling the simulation of the consequences of various alternative development options. However, at this scale only generalized policies for the allocation of finance can be made, and the implementation of those policies will invariably require detailed evaluation at the local level. This suggests that expenditure on the central planning process itself should be limited, with funds reserved for later site studies. The form of GIS adopted centrally should also lend itself to easy use and interpretation by policymakers and planners. These requirements suggest that GIS development using proprietary off-the-shelf database management software may be preferable to high-technology GIS software. This paper outlines the development of such a GIS, based on dBase-III-plus and its internal programming language, in the analysis of problems of soil erosion and soil conservation in the large (110,000 km²) drainage basin of the Awash River in Ethiopia. The methodology employed involves the FAO modification of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, which clearly lacks a secure process basis, but is appropriate for the scale of planning involved and the quality of calibration data available. The GIS is used to map patterns of soil erosion, to identify target areas for conservation on the basis of criteria of sensitivity to land use change, and to assess the costs and benefits of conservation work in those areas. It is suggested that the simple form of GIS involved in this study has much to offer environmental managers in developing countries in the rapid development of plans for soil conservation.     

The nature and management of saprolite aquifers in the wheatbelt of western Australia

Regional weathered-zone goundwaters in the southern part of Western Australia are primarily stored in a granular saprolite aquifer derived from the isovolumetric weathering of granitic and gneissic rocks. Recent drilling has confirmed the existence of permeable materials capable of yielding groundwater of a suitable quality for livestock. Development of supplies of 10 to 250 kl d⁻¹ is realisic and would complement local livestock, domestic and Government water supply systems. Wheatbelt aquifers currently supply 18 to 25 per cent of all water used for livestock in the agricultural areas of the southern part of Western Australia, although less than 1 per cent of the available resource is being utilized. Unused groundwater, artificially recharged by water-use inefficiencies of agricultural development, provides both a potential resource and a cause of soil and water quality deterioration. Groundwater pumping may provide one method of aquifer control to mitigate the influence of secondary salinization. Pumping the low transmissivity Wheatbelt aquifers provides a means to lower water-tables and limit the volume of groundwater reaching saline discharge areas at low points in the landscape. Unlike aquifer pumping systems developed in saline discharge areas, extraction systems in groundwater recharge areas, or in saline areas where groundwaters are of a suitable quality for agricultural use, can be used to mitigate salinity. The volume of groundwater available in southwestern Western Australia usually exceeds livestock requirements, to maintain low water-tables, the water has either to be pumped to suitable drainage systems or alternative uses must be sought.     

Effect of single and combined applications of zinc with iron and boron on the contents of “Deveci” pear trees

This research was conducted to correct the ion of zinc (Zn) deficiencies and to examine the efficiency of foliar Zn application on pear groves along with iron and boron. The treatments consisted of control, soil and foliar applications. Every foliar applied Zn elevated considerably Zn contents of the leaves. But, increases in fruit Zn contents were rather limited as compared to Zn contents of the leaves. It is thought that accumulation of Zn in the fruits was due to movement of Zn from the leaves well-supplied with Zn to the fruits. Therefore, foliar application of Zn should be conducted at least four times at the rate of 0.1% to increase Zn contents in the fruits in terms of human's daily Zn intake. Foliar applications of Zn alone and combined Zn + Fe, Zn + B and Zn + Fe + B applications significantly increased Zn, Fe and B concentrations, respectively, in the pear trees, as well.     

红花采摘机器人集条预定位机构设计与试验

针对红花选择性采收中枝条摆动干扰识别和采摘的问题,该研究结合红花独特的生长特性,提出一种在识别前调整红花植株形态的集条预定位原理,设计了一种红花采摘机器人集条预定位机构,确定了红花植株集条机构和主干位置识别机构的主要结构参数,并通过分析获得集条作业与主干位置识别作业中凸轮各工作段的对应关系。田间试验表明：在集条夹持板间距和上沿圆弧半径分别为50和292 mm的情况下,防摆动枝条露出长度合格率为80.53%,夹果率为2.04%,植株损伤率为0.47%,果球损伤率为1.04%,幅宽比为16.64%,果球分散度为83.76%,果球遮挡率为6.51%,集条预定位作业可有效降低枝条的摆动,使整株红花果球呈条状有序分布,最终降低整株红花的识别和采摘难度。该研究可为红花自动化采摘提供参考。     

Studying the effect of two biological fertilizers on salt tolerance of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae schreb.)

Abstract

Biological bacteria alleviate the adverse effects of osmotic stress under salinity conditions by different processes. In the present research, factorial test was performed based on complete randomized block design and the effect of two types of bacteria azotobacter and azospirillum and five salinity levels of 0, 4, 6, 8, 12 dS/m in nutrients, fresh and dry weights of the plants, amount of auxin, proline, tillering, and quality of tall fescue were studied. Results showed that the highest dry weight of shoots, dry, and fresh weights of the roots, tillering and nitrogen have been observed in 8 dS/m salinity?+?azotobacter treatment. The highest fresh weight of shoot was seen in 4 dS/m salinity treatment without bacteria. The highest quality of tall fescue was seen in 4 and 6 dS/m salinity treatments without bacteria, the highest amount of sodium was seen in 12 dS/m salinity?+?azospirillum treatment, and the highest amount of auxin contents of roots, stems and the highest amount of phosphorus were obtained in the control?+?azospirillum treatment. Also, the highest amount of potassium (K) and the lowest amount of nitrogen (N) and sodium (Na) were seen in the control treatment without bacteria. The lowest amount of potassium and the lowest fresh and dry weights of the roots were seen in 12 dS/m salinity?+?azotobacter treatment. The lowest fresh and dry weights of the shoots were seen in 4 dS/m salinity?+?azospirillum treatment and 6 dS/m salinity treatment without bacteria. The lowest amount of proline was obtained in control?+?azotobacter treatment. The lowest amount of phosphorus and stem’s auxin and also the highest amount of proline were obtained in 12 dS/m salinity treatment without bacteria. Generally, growth-inducing bacteria reduces the adverse effects of salinity stress and improves quality of tall fescue.     

Binding of an insecticidal transgene product to soil: Biological activity of soil-bound avidin and the effects of time and microbial activity

The insecticidal effects of avidin fed in artificial diet either unbound or bound to one of two New Zealand soils (a sandy loam and a clay soil), on a lepidopteran pest insect, Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Immediately after binding of avidin to soil, 70-75% of the avidin retained the ability to bind biotin. Both soil-type and duration of incubation after binding of avidin to the soil markedly affected its insecticidal activity. After 6 months incubation, residual activity of avidin in the sandy loam sample had been almost completely lost, whereas some insecticidal activity was still present in the clay sample. Loss of activity of avidin did not correlate with the numbers of culturable bacteria in the two soil types nor did the presence of avidin affect the number or type of culturable bacteria present in soil. The concentration of avidin at which insecticidal effects were observed was conservatively estimated at approximately 100-fold higher than that expected in the field, based on known expression levels in insecticidal plants.     

温室滴灌黄瓜产量和水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应

为确定滴灌条件下温室黄瓜的适宜灌水方案,该文基于20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计水面蒸发量设计不同灌水处理,研究了滴灌条件下不同灌水处理(充分灌水T1,轻度水分亏缺T2,中度水分亏缺T3)对不同种植季节温室黄瓜生理特性、耗水量(Evapotranspiration,ET_c)、产量及水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)的影响,且于2017年8—12月(秋冬季)和2018年3—7月(春夏季)分别对不同灌水处理下土壤水分状况、作物生理指标、耗水量、产量和WUE等指标进行了系统的田间试验观测及分析。研究结果表明,随着灌水量的减小,温室黄瓜产量和WUE均呈降低趋势,不同程度的水分亏缺对黄瓜不同生育期ET_c有一定的抑制作用,在黄瓜生长任一阶段发生水分亏缺均会降低黄瓜植株的茎流速率、光合速率及气孔导度,进而可能影响黄瓜干物质的运转与积累,其中在作物生长中期,温室黄瓜茎流速率及产量对水分亏缺响应最为显著。黄瓜平均单果质量、果茎、果长和单株坐果数均随灌水量的降低而减小,黄瓜果实畸形比例随不同生长阶段水分亏缺的增大而增大。不同种植季节温室黄...     

不同微量元素叶面肥对草莓育苗生长的影响

将硼、钼和铁等微量元素复配成单一或复合叶面微肥,应用于草莓育苗,通过分析草莓生长情况,以确定硼、钼和铁肥的最佳施用量。结果表明:单施硼、钼、铁肥及配施叶面肥均能不同程度促进草莓繁苗数、母株的株高、净光合速率以及母株和子苗的叶面积、SPAD值和地上部和地下部的生物量。其中硼、钼对繁苗数、叶面积的促进效果较为明显,铁对叶绿素和光合作用的促进效果最为明显;总体来看,随着铁浓度的增加,其对母株叶面积、SPAD值、母株地上部和地下部生物量以及子苗的叶面积的促进作用更加明显,但高浓度的硼、钼促进作用则减弱,甚至对繁苗数产生抑制作用;不同微量元素的配施处理中,以硼和钼配施微肥效果最好,显著提高了草莓母株和子苗的地上部和地下部生物量。由此,本试验中0.2%硼肥、0.2%钼肥及各浓度的铁肥以及硼、钼配施为草莓育苗微肥的最佳施用方式。     

Exudation of organic anions by roots of cabbage,carrot, and potato as influenced by environmental factors and plant age

A previous study demonstrated that cabbage was P efficient compared to carrot and potato. However, calculating plant P uptake by a mechanistic simulation model based on P transport by diffusion and mass flow, P uptake of roots according to the Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, and morphological root characteristics including root hairs, revealed that these parameters could explain only 2/5 of the total P uptake of cabbage, but 4/5 of that of carrot and potato (Dechassa et al., 2003). Therefore, it was hypothesized that a higher root exudation of organic anions may enhance P mobilization and hence P uptake of cabbage. The objective of this research was to determine root exudation of organic anions by the three species, and to investigate the influence of plant age and dark/light period on organic‐anion exudation by cabbage. Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber in nutrient solution with or without P. Organic anions were determined in root exudates and in root tissue. With cabbage and potato, P deficiency induced exudation of citrate and succinate, respectively. Citrate‐exudation rate of P‐deficient cabbage plants was correlated with accumulation of citrate in root tissue. In contrast, high succinate‐exudation rates in potato were not correlated with an increased concentration in root tissue. For carrot, no change was observed in the exudation of any of the organic anions in response to P deficiency. The results also showed that succinate‐ and citrate‐exudation rates of cabbage roots increased with increased plant age. There was also a significant increase in exudation rates of organic anions of cabbage roots during the light period of the day. It was concluded that cabbage had the ability to exude large amounts of citrate in response to P deficiency by which it can additionally enhance its P‐uptake efficiency, whereas carrot and potato showed little evidence of possessing such a mechanism.     

木质素对木质纤维素降解性能的影响

木质素影响木质纤维素降解性能,明确木质素影响木质纤维素降解的程度和机理,对于植物基因改造、纤维素酶基因改造/筛选、预处理工艺优化均具有重大意义。但是由于木质素和木质纤维素结构的复杂性,木质素对木质纤维素影响的程度和机理尚无定论。该文综述了关于目前研究主要集中在木质素的含量和结构对木质纤维素降解性能的影响上,初始木质素含量和残留木质素含量对同物种和不同物种木质纤维素降解性能的影响;木质素单体比例(syringyl units/guaiacyl units)、键连方式、官能团对木质纤维素降解性能的影响;纯化木质素对木质纤维素降解性能的影响。该文为木质素对纤维素降解性能的影响的相关研究工作提供指导。     

Small farm production in dominica,West Indies: A strategy for survival

Calls for sustainable development have emerged largely because of the failure of technology-focused, production-orientated development policies to address the acute rural poverty and deteriorating environments of much of the Third World. Increased agricultural production through greater commercialization has a mirror image of decreasing incomes for the rural poor as market penetration undermines the viability of traditional production systems. These production systems are geared to minimizing risk through the harnessing of the full range of local resources, both private and communal, to produce goods for both the market and home consumption. The need for policies which strengthen traditional production systems is argued through a detailed case study of Dominica, in the Caribbean. The complexity and diversity of what is often considered a single-crop (bananas) agricultural system is demonstrated by looking at a number of localities in different parts of the Island. The example of Dominica is used to argue for policies which, in the words of Robert Chambers, (1983), … ‘put the last first’. Such policies should strengthen existing diversity in the agricultural system through initiatives which give local farmers greater control over the planning and implementation of interventions. The sophistication of local technical knowledge is stressed, as is the need to integrate this knowledge with the technical expertise of outside professionals.     

Giemsa C-banding in Avena insularis Ladizinsky

The Sicilian wild tetraploid oat Avena insularis is a close relative of A. magna and A. murphyi and is more plausible than either of these two species as the immediate tetraploid ancestor of A. sterilis and the other hexaploid oats. This report presents the C-banding karyotype of A. insularis. As in A. magna and A. murphyi, the chromosomal complement can be divided into two groups, one predominantly heterochromatic and the other predominantly euchromatic. The heterochromatic chromosome group of A. insularis consists of three pairs of metacentric and four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The euchromatic chromosome group consists of one pair of metacentric, five pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes.     

不同价态外源硒对小白菜生长及养分吸收的影响

采用土壤外源加入两种不同价态的硒 [Se(Ⅳ)和 Se(Ⅵ)]的盆栽试验,研究了其对小白菜生长、营养元素和硒吸收的影响。结果表明,施硒对小白菜的生长均表现出低浓度(5 mg/kg)促进,高浓度(5 mg/kg)抑制趋势。Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部硒含量大于地下部;而Se(Ⅳ)处理则与Se(Ⅵ)相反。硒从根部转运到地上部的转移因子Se(Ⅵ)处理大于Se(Ⅳ)。两种价态硒处理,小白菜对氮、磷、钾、硫、镁和锌的吸收也表现出低浓度时为促进作用,高浓度为抑制作用。Se(Ⅵ)显著增加了钙的吸收,Se(Ⅳ)却无显著影响;Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)均能促进小白菜对铁的吸收。相同浓度下, Se(Ⅵ)对各个营养元素吸收的影响显著大于Se(Ⅳ)。综合硒对生长和养分吸收的影响看出,小白菜施硒量以Se(Ⅵ)不超过2.5 mg/kg或Se(Ⅳ)不超过5 mg/kg为宜。     

组培蔗在无性世代中农艺性状表现

观察了三代组培蔗及其第一年宿根大田主要农艺性状,结果表明:组培甘蔗第一、二代和宿根糖分含量不及供体;第三代较供体略好。茎径比供体小,差异明显。有效茎则明显多于供体。蔗产量、糖产量第二代及宿根组培蔗优于供体。组培蔗植株第一代有6%的形态变异,变异没有遗传性。讨论了甘蔗组培苗的应用价值。