Influence of Catalyst Thickness on Diameters of Carbon Nanotubes

Owing to unique structure and characteristic of carbon nanotubes, much more are attracted attentions since they were discovered .In recent years, carbon nanotubes have been successfully synthesized by various methods. Especially, highly aligned carbon nanotubes were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In the work, it is studied that different thickness of catalyst affects the diameters of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes were grown on silicon substrate coated with different thick NiFe films by bias-enhanced hot filament chemical vapor deposition and their growth was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,Onset of analyzing of deformation of different thick catalyst films during heating the filament. The results indicate that catalyst particles encapsulate the top ends of carbon nanotubes, and that the catalyst thickness greatly affects the diameters of carbon nanotubes, which increas with increment of the thickness of NiFe films.     

Catalytic Mechanism of Ni Particles in the Formation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Usually Ni_clusters are served as catalyst in the formed processo f the single_wall carbon nanotubes by CVD. Because the different surfaces of Ni_clusters have different activity,carbon atoms adsorbed in Ni_clusters (liquid states)will be diffused from low_activity surfaces of Ni_cluster to high_activity ones and be deposited. As a result,the caves of carbon atoms surrounding the Ni_clusters are formed and the single_wall carbon nanotubes are produced. In addition,Ni_atoms served as substitutional atoms always located in the furthest outside of the network of single_wall carbon nanotubes are produced. In addition, Ni_atoms served as substitutional atoms always located in the furthest outside of the network of single_wall carbon nanotubes,and play a role of stabilization in growth of nanotubes,and promot their growth. Therefore,the catalytic mechanism of Ni_clusters as catalyst is introduced,and different morphologies of single_wall carbon nanotubes are also exlained.     

Surface Charge Distribution and Tip Electric Field about Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have some special physic properties which may own important technical values. We studied the electric characteristics of metallic carbon nanotubes including potential distribution, surface charge distribution and tip electric field based on electromagnetic theory. Our results show that the relative values of tip charge densities of short CNTs are bigger and so are the absolute values for long CNTs. We also find the electric field at the tips of metallic nanotubes is much bigger than external electric field. This is helpful for exploring theoretical problems about CNTs' field emission.     

不同碳、氮源对甘蓝链格孢菌菌丝生长的影响

为探讨不同碳、氮源对甘蓝链格孢菌菌丝生长的影响,以从甘蓝品种W-14感病株上分离获得的菌种为供试材料,以该菌种在不同碳、氮源培养基上的菌落长势、直径、菌丝生长速率、生长指数、菌丝干重为测量指标,研究在基础培养基中添加13种常见氮源和6种常见碳源对甘蓝链格孢菌菌丝生长的作用,筛选出适宜该菌生长的营养物质。结果表明:在基础培养基中添加硝酸铵时,菌丝的生长速率及菌落直径较大,菌丝致密,其菌丝的生长指数最高为38.33,菌丝干重也较大;而在以淀粉为碳源的培养基上,菌丝的生长指数和菌丝干重最大,所以甘蓝链格孢菌菌丝生长的最佳氮源、碳源分别为硝酸铵和淀粉。     

Experimental Studies on Electrolyte-gated Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transitors

Owing to unique structure and characteristic of carbon nanotubes, much more are attractions, especially in molecular elements, including field effect transitorsmade of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotube field effect transitors with electrolyte-gated are investgated. Carbon nanotubes on glass substrate in this study are fabricated by hot filament vapor deposition using Fe / Ni as catalyst. Optimized multi-walled carbon nanobute transistors are made with Ag contact electrodes, and the KCl solution is used as a gate. Experimental results show that the electrolyte-gated carbon nanotube transitors exhibited a good voltage-current characteristic. The transconductance is about 0.5 mA/V at 2 V. The results obtained are discussed.     

补光时间和光质对温室甜椒叶片生长、碳代谢的影响

为探究发光二极管(LED)补光对温室甜椒叶片生长及碳代谢的影响,以甜椒品种‘奥黛丽’为试材,设置红光(R)和蓝光(B)组合2:1(2R1B)、4:1(4R1B)、8:1(8R1B)3种光质,2 h(18:00—20:00)、4 h(18:00—22:00)和8 h(18:00—次日02:00)3个补光时间,以不补光为对照(CK),研究补光时间及光质对甜椒叶片生长、元素含量、糖含量及碳代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,光质与补光时间能显著影响甜椒叶片的生长及碳代谢,且两者之间存在交互作用。与CK相比,光质2R1B处理的比叶重、钾、果糖、淀粉含量显著降低;而光质4R1B和8R1B处理的叶片数、总叶面积、叶绿素总量、生物量净积累速率(NAR)、总糖含量及酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性显著高于CK,且8R1B处理略优于4R1B处理,说明红光比例增大有利于叶片生长和碳代谢;光质对甜椒叶片氮、磷、钾、镁元素的含量影响不显著。除光质2R1B处理外,在同一光质下,随着补光时间的延长,甜椒的叶片数、比叶重、叶面积指数(LAI)、NAR、总糖、果糖、淀粉含量及AI、NI、SS...     

Response of Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is recognized as a major aspect of global climate change that would have a significant impact on the productivity of major agricultural crops. Two field experiments were done, with the objective of quantifying the response of a short‐duration rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the low elevation, subhumid zone of Sri Lanka. The experiment contained three treatments. In the elevated CO₂ treatment, rice was grown at a CO₂ concentration of 570 µmol/mol within open top chambers (OTC s). The ambient CO₂ treatment included crops grown within OTC s, but maintained at the ambient CO₂ concentration of 370 µmol/mol. The third treatment was a crop grown in the open field under ambient CO₂ concentration. Grain yields of rice crops grown under elevated CO₂ were 24 % and 39 % greater than the respective ambient treatments in the maha (January – March 2001) and yala (May – August, 2001) seasons. Significant increases in total biomass at harvest (23 % and 39 %, respectively, in maha and yala) were more responsible for the above yield increases than the slight increases in the harvest index (4 % and 2 %). Yields of the ambient and open field treatments did not differ significantly. Among the yield components, the number of panicles per hill was significantly higher in the elevated treatment and showed significant positive correlations with grain yield in both seasons. In addition, grain yield showed significant positive correlations with the percentage of filled grains in maha and the number of grains per panicle in yala. Significant increases in the number of tillers per hill under elevated CO₂ were responsible for its greater leaf area index and the greater numbers of panicles per hill. Crops under elevated CO₂ accumulated biomass faster than those grown under ambient CO₂ during the vegetative and grain‐filling stages. The results of this study demonstrate that elevated CO₂ causes significant yield increases in rice, even when it is grown in warm, subhumid tropical climates.     

不同碳源材料对设施土壤碳氮状况及作物生长影响研究

研究旨在改善设施土壤碳氮状况,提升菜田土壤质量,以期提高蔬菜产量与品质,对促进菜田可持续发展具有重要意义。通过施用天然木本泥炭、人工木本生物炭、人工草本生物炭等不同碳源材料研究设施菜田土壤碳氮变化及作物生长影响,分析不同材料的碳氮调控影响。研究结果表明：在0~30 cm土层,土壤有机碳改善效果依次为：处理3＞处理2＞处理1＞处理4。土壤全氮含量表现为：处理2＞处理1＞处理3＞处理4,添加碳源物质的处理较处理4土壤全氮含量提高13.8%~15.9%。土壤C/N比值依次为：处理3＞处理2＞处理1＞处理4,施碳处理均提高了土壤C/N比值,且施入碳量越高对提高C/N越明显,而3种不同碳源材料对深层土壤碳、氮影响不明显。处理2产量最高,较对照增长了11.87%。处理3促进根部生长明显。各处理对菠菜综合品质的影响依次为处理2＞处理3＞处理1＞处理4。施加碳源材料可以补充土壤碳素,同时可调节土壤氮素的转化与吸收,土壤碳氮失衡问题得到改善,最终对提高蔬菜产量与改善品质有较大促进作用。     

农业措施对农田土壤碳影响研究进展

温室气体排放引起的气候变化等一系列环境问题,对人类的生存环境存在着潜在的威胁,如何减少温室气体排放成为了当前的热点问题。大量的研究表明耕地具有巨大的固碳潜力,如何通过合理的农业措施使耕地成为有效的碳汇成为农业生态学研究的焦点。本文对近年来各种农业措施,如耕作方式,施肥措施,种植制度等对于土壤碳固定的影响的研究进行了全面的综述,总结了当前的农业土壤固碳研究现状,分析了不同农业措施对于土壤固碳效应的影响及其机理,及目前研究中存在的问题,总结了未来研究中需要加强和深化的方向,并对未来的研究方向提出建议。以期能够为将来的研究及农业固碳提供一些帮助。     

Superconductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The electric-arc technique used to generate single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is introduced. Especially, the superconductivity of SWCNTS is concerned. The samples of single-walled carbon nanotubes are suspended between two superconducting electrodes and their super-currents may be observed under special conditions. It is called 'proximity-induced method'. With the method, some experiments show that SWCNTs have higher critic super-currents, and the temperature and magnetic field dependence of the critic currents exhibits unusual features.     

氮沉降对植物生长的影响研究进展

为了探索全球氮沉降加剧背景下植物生长所受的影响,笔者归纳了森林植物不同生长指标对氮沉降响应的国内外文献数据。在既有研究成果的基础上,详细总结了氮沉降对植物地上部形态(株高、基径)、光合生理(光合色素含量、净光合速率)、可溶性糖含量、地上及地下生物量分配比例、根系形态结构(根长、根直径和根系生物量)以及叶片中氮:磷等指标的影响,并对上述变化做了合理的分析。笔者指出氮沉降加剧在一定程度上对植物的各生长指标都有明显的促进作用,但当氮沉降很严重时,植物的生长就会受到限制。笔者发现目前关于氮沉降对植物生长影响的试验中,很多都是短期模拟试验,而且大多数试验都是有关现象的研究而非原理的探索。笔者认为在今后的研究中应该将模拟时间进一步延长,并对造成响应变化的机理进行探索,以期更好的为进一步研究氮沉降增加对森林植物生长状况的影响提供参考依据。     

土壤硒对植物生长影响研究进展

硒是否为植物必需的营养元素,目前尚无定论,但目前日趋增多的试验表明,硒可能是高等植物生长所必需的营养元素.本文综述了土壤和植物中的硒含量状况,土壤硒的形态及有效性,硒对植物的几种生物效应,土壤、植物中硒的测定与调节,以及目前硒的利用状况.     

不同野生种源鼠尾藻生长及固碳速率

为了筛选高固碳效率的野生鼠尾藻,指导鼠尾藻人工苗种的繁育及养殖,应对全球气候变化增加渔业碳汇,笔者将来自台州椒江、福建平潭、温州洞头、舟山嵊泗的野生鼠尾藻种苗在洞头近海进行养殖,测定它们的长度及质量,对其生长速率、固碳速率等进行分析。结果表明：温州洞头野生种源鼠尾藻在收获前,单株长度及质量均最大,与其他种源鼠尾藻相比,长度呈极显著差异(P＜0.01),生物量呈显著差异(P＜0.05);不同种源鼠尾藻S值差异显著(P＜0.05),福建平潭野生种源鼠尾藻S值最大;通过标准化转换,温州洞头野生种源鼠尾藻的固碳速率最高达0.86 t C/(hm2·a),可与林业树木固碳相媲美。建议今后在温州洞头开展鼠尾藻养殖,应大力推广本地野生鼠尾藻种质,但应着力开发人工育苗技术,保护野生鼠尾藻资源。     

microRNA在植物生长发育中的研究进展

miRNAs (microRNAs)是生物体内一段由内源基因编码的长约21~25 nt的非编码、小分子RNAs,通常通过与下游靶mRNA结合,在转录后水平调控基因表达。在细胞核中,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录MicroRNA基因生成具有茎环结构的pri-miRNAs,随后在Dicer酶剪切作用下生成miRNA/miRNA~*双链,最终miRNA链在细胞质中与AGO等蛋白结合形成RNA诱导沉默复合体,进而调控靶基因。近年来,研究表明miRNA参与了植物生长发育的调控。本综述将从植物的根、叶、花和果实的生长发育过程对miRNA的功能进行总结,旨在为miRNA调控植物生长发育分子机理的深入研究以及利用基因工程等手段提高植物遗传特性提供参考。     

有机农业在土壤固碳和生物多样性中的作用研究进展

土壤固碳在制约全球气候变暖上具有重要作用,也越来越受到人们的关注。此文综述了国内外有机农业在土壤固碳和生物多样性作用方面的研究进展。与常规农田比,有机农业管理措施（施用有机肥、免耕等保护性耕作方式、秸秆还田以及轮作等）具有促进土壤团聚、提高微生物活性和增加土壤有机质等功效,能够增加土壤中的碳贮量,增加农田生物多样性,对极端气候具有更强的适应性。中国有机农业在土壤固碳上具有更大的潜力,应该加强开展有机农业固碳效果的监测和定量评价,为碳减排补贴和全球碳汇贸易提供理论基础。     

天然丝栗栲生长规律研究

为了研究天然丝栗栲的生长规律,以及对丝栗栲树种的生长趋势进行预估,以福建南平延平区天 然丝栗栲解析木资料为基础,通过树干解析的方法和方程的拟合,对丝栗栲的胸径、树高、材积随年龄变 化的规律进行分析研究。结果表明：福建省延平区天然丝栗栲的胸径、树高、材积总生长量都随年龄的 增加而增加,天然丝栗栲的胸径、树高的最优生长模型为二次曲线模型,材积的最优生长模型为 Richards 和Korf 2 个模型。树木生长前10 年,生长速度较快,在树高上反映较明显。幼龄树苗的成长最 为迅速。在培养时,应特别注重幼龄树苗的水、肥管理,以提高丝栗栲的生长量。     

ERECTA调控植物细胞生长功能的研究进展

细胞生长对于植物组织器官建成和生长发育具有重要作用。ERECTA家族参与调控植物细胞分裂和组织发育,影响植物光合作用和蒸腾效率,增加生物量,提高植物抗逆性。本研究主要对ERECTA家族功能结构域和系统进化性展开分析,系统阐述ERECTA调控植物细胞生长和光合作用的功能机制,以及参与气孔发育的调控网络,介绍ERECTA参与植物抗逆性和植物激素诱导反应的作用特点,并分析ERECTA在作物中的应用及其研究进展,展望未来ERECTA研究的主要方向及其应用策略,为作物生产潜力提升和抗逆性改良提供科学数据。