Influence of Backfill on Performance of Ground Heat Exchanger

The physical and mathematical model of three dimensional unsteady coupled heat transfer in the ground heat exchanger is proposed, and corresponding numerical simulations for actual ground heat exchanger and operation condition are carried out. The computed results are compared with those of the thermal resistance test of the ground heat exchanger, which proves the correctness of the model and corresponding numerical methods. Then, the effects of thermal conductivity and specific heat of the ground backfill material on the ground heat exchanger are investigated, which provides theoretical guidance for the thermal response test and the engineering design of the ground heat exchanger.     

Evaluation of Heat Recovery Unit in Air Conditioning System withSeasonal Temperature Effectiveness

Referring Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio（SEER）——a method for seasonal performance evaluation of room air conditioners in GB 7725, the Seasonal Temperature Effectiveness was proposed to evaluate thermal seasonal performance of a heat pipe heat recovery unit based on the annual operation data in a shopping mall. And its calculation formula was deduced thereafter. With the case study, it was indicated that seasonal temperature effectiveness of the unit was 66.08% in the winter and 55.43% in the summer, which meant that the system was efficient.     

福州春季塑料大棚内土壤温度日变化特征及其对棚内气温的响应

利用2014年春季在塑料大棚内不同深度的土壤温度数据,分析了各层土壤温度的日变化特征及其对气温的响应。结果表明:(1)晴天塑料大棚内气温和土壤温度均呈正弦曲线日变化。10 cm土壤温度日变化幅度最大,越往深层,土壤温度日变化幅度越小,位相越后,周期越长。(2)阴雨天塑料大棚内气温和10 cm土壤温度日变化呈单峰曲线,除10 cm土壤温度日变化幅度较大外,其余各层土壤温度日变化不明显。(3)不管晴天还是阴雨天,气温日变化幅度均大于土壤各层日变化幅度。晴天塑料大棚内气温及土壤温度的日振幅分别大于阴雨天对应的各层日振幅。     

Effect of High-frequency Thermal Disturbance on Soil Temperature around the Metro Tunnels

Soil temperature prediction model around the subway metro tunnels is constructed with the consideration of coupled heat transfer between range temperature and surrounding soil. Finite difference method is adopted for numerical solution of the model, and the solving results in certain conditions are compared to validate the analytical solution. The high-frequency thermal disturbance brought by train operation is simplified into three different forms, and the predictive model of soil temperature is used to calculate the corresponding soil temperature response. It is indicated that temperature fluctuations of range air and the wall are accompanied with high-frequency thermal disturbance, but the impact on soil temperature distribution inside is limited.     

农产品空气能热泵烘房温度场的数值模拟与验证

农产品热泵烘房温度场均匀性是影响农产品干燥品质的重要因素。本文选用5HGR-35型农产品热泵烘房,通过交互式CAD/CAM系统(UG)软件建立热泵烘房3D模型,运用理论分析与计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟相结合的方法,研究其内部温度场分布情况,对现有结构烘房的温度场建模模拟,分析模拟结果并对现有结构进行优化。通过模拟得出结论:送风速度越大,烘房内热空气更新越快,换热效果越好。综合温度场分布以及农产品烘干要求,烘房内合理的送风速度为11 m/s左右;在11 m/s风速下,烘房空载时在15 min左右达到设定温度(65℃);小推车设计高度加大300~310 mm烘房内部温度场更均匀;烘房顶部均匀加入3块长×宽×高=2900 mm×20 mm×300 mm的挡板,可以使烘房内部温度场更均匀;小推车与烘房之间及相互之间保持30 mm左右间隙摆放更有利于烘房内部温度场的分布;验证试验中,模拟温度与实测温度吻合性良好。上述结论对烘房的进一步优化设计具有一定的指导意义。     

冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量影响的试验研究

为了揭示冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量的影响,通过室内冻结试验装置设定地下水位埋深为87.5 cm,进行了3种冻结气温降幅,2种土壤质地的单向土壤冻结试验,监测潜水入流量的变化。结果表明：大幅降温冻结下,潜水入流速率较大,冻结第41天砂壤土和粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别较小幅降温冻结下的潜水入流量高51.8 mm和50.7 mm;冻结气温降幅越大,潜水入流量受土壤质地的影响越明显,小幅降温、中幅降温和大幅降温冻结下,第41天砂壤土潜水入流量较粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别高8.6 mm、11.5 mm和14.2 mm;土壤颗粒直径越小,潜水入流量对冻结气温降幅的响应越早。研究成果对于地下水浅埋区地下水资源量的科学评价和土壤盐碱化防治等具有重要的指导意义。     

Design and Construction of an Air Conditioning System Employing a Ground Source Heat Pump Combined with a Radiant Floor

The air conditioning system using a ground source heat pump(GSHP) combined with a radiant floor integrates the advantages of both types,giving such a system large potential for popularization.After experimenting with one house's hybrid system,the design processes and construction methods for such a system can be summarized.In the experiment,different terminal devices were used to adopt varying winter and summer climatic conditions.It is suggested that the constructors should make good use of resources and waste water during the construction phase.The experimental results show that this hybrid system runs steadily and it supports a better temperature field to meet the requirement for the human comfort.Finally,a hybrid system managment strategy is suggested.     

新疆石河子冻土特征及冻土融化期地温、冻土深度预报研究

为了确保春季播种安全,有必要开展播种期地温的监测和冻土融化深度预报业务。利用新疆农八师冻土气象观测资料,运用相关系数和线性回归方法,分析冻土特征及融化过程中地温变化、深度变化规律,建立春季冻土融化预报模型。结果表明,新疆农八师垦区稳定冻土期在11月中旬至翌年3月下旬,冻土最大深度呈逐年变浅趋势,倾向率为-5.4 cm/10 a;冻土结冻日期推后,倾向率为2.0 d/10 a;冻土化通日期提前,倾向率为-1.5 d/10 a。冻土融化期在3月中旬至4月上旬,冻土融化速率在3.1~4.0 cm/d之间。春季地温与平均气温、冻土融化深度与正积温具有显著的正相关,以此建立了相应的预报模型。10 cm地温预报模型历史回代准确率在96%以上,冻土融化深度预报模型历史回代准确率在94%以上。通过模型可以开展春季地温和土壤融化预报业务。     

Experimental Analysis on Characteristics of Energy Storage for Defrosting of Air Source Heat Pump with Phase Change Energy Storage

The performances of energy storage modes are experimentally analyzed in the artificial environment in order to study the effect of energy storage modes for defrosting of air source heat pump with phase change energy storage. Results indicate that suction and discharge pressures are stable at 038 MPa and 165 MPa under the series energy storage mode, and suction and discharge temperatures are 6.9℃ and 75.0℃ respectively. However, the suction and discharge pressures are as low as 012 MPa and 116 MPa in parallel and single energy storage modes individually, and the discharge temperature is up to 1225℃. In addition, in series energy storage mode, the phase change material can completely change from solid to liquid in energy storage process. The temperature difference is about 18.0℃ for indoor coil, and the input power to compressor is 825W. Therefore, the system pressures and temperatures are most stable in the series energy storage mode and the time for energy storage is short, which can meet the need of defrosting energy.     

城市热岛效应对甘肃省庆阳市气温的影响

为了鉴别人类活动,特别是气象观测环境城市化对气温变化趋势和定量变化的影响特点,以达到客观分析气候变暖的目的,笔者利用1952-2009年西峰、平凉与1968-2009年环县气温资料,以位于甘肃省庆阳市的西峰基准站1997年观测环境明显城市化为界限,通过计算分析气候趋势系数和线性回归方程倾向率等,判别城市热岛效应对西峰站气温序列的影响作用。结果表明：西峰基准站的年平均气温和年平均最低气温的变暖趋势比平凉和环县更为明显;西峰年平均最高气温在南北方向上与平凉和环县比较,并无一致性显著影响。西峰站年平均气温线性倾向率分别比平凉站、环县增加0.051℃/10 a、0.111℃/10 a;西峰站年平均最低气温线性倾向率分别比平凉站、环县站增加0.279℃/10 a、0.478/10 a;就年平均最高气温的线性倾向率而言,与环县相比,城市化环境对西峰具有一定的影响,西峰与平凉站相比无明显差别。关键词：观测环境;城市化;气温;均一性;影响.     

The Key Parameters Method of Calculating Geothermal Heat Exchanger Length

The geothermal heat exchanger is the key component of ground coupled heat pump systems. We discuss the key parameters method of calculating geothermal heat exchanger length based on line source theory. Typical meteorological year data is used to determine the hottest month, the coldest month and annual average surface temperature. The building hourly load can be obtained by introducing the concept of equilibrium temperature. The cooling fraction and the heating fraction then can be calculated using building hourly load and performance parameters curve fit of a water source heat pump unit. The method for selecting the hottest and lowest entering fluid temperature and calculating the borehole and ground thermal resistance is given. A vertical U tube heat exchanger length calculation procedure is proposed.     

Analysis of the Ground Adjustment Ability of the Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Winter

Based on an actual ground source heat pump system in hot summer and cold winter area, the system operation parameters were tested for 6 years under the state of using cooling tower for cooling in summer but the ground heat exchanger and fire pool for heating in winter. A three dimensional (3D) tube group model was established, and the thermal balance analysis and calculation of the ground temperature distribution around the ground heat exchanger were conducted by the numerical calculation. According to the comparison between the test data and the theoretical results, the influencing factors of the ground adjustment ability were obtained.     

河北唐山深层地温变化特征分析

为探明唐山深层地温变化特征,供研究农业生态环境变化参考,利用1981—2010 年唐山国家基本气象站的0.8 m、1.6 m、3.2 m逐月平均地温资料,采用气候统计诊断分析方法,分析了近30 年唐山深层平均地温的年、季变化趋势及气候异常、突变等气候特征。结果表明：唐山0.8 m、1.6 m、3.2 m四季和年平均地温均呈升温趋势,0.8 m深度秋季增温最弱,1.6 m深度春季增温最强;0.8 m和1.6 m平均地温夏季最高、冬季最低,3.2 m平均地温秋季最高、春季最低;0.8 m和1.6 m月平均地温最低和最高分别出现在2 月和8 月,3.2 m月平均地温最低和最高分别出现在3 月和9 月;春季、夏季、冬季和年平均地温经历了2个偏暖和2个偏冷阶段,而秋季则经历了2个偏暖和1个偏冷阶段;四季和年均存在突变现象;0.8 m春季和冬季平均地温及3.2 m年平均地温未出现异常年份,其余均出现了异常偏暖或偏冷。     

辽宁省春季表层地温变化特征及其与气温的关系

为揭示春季地温对各气象因子的关系与响应程度,总结地温变化规律,以辽宁地区为研究区域,通过利用1981—2010年3—5月辽宁省49个气象站的地温、气温、日照时数、太阳辐射、平均风速、水汽压、相对湿度、降水逐日资料,采用气候倾向率、相关分析、回归分析、因子分析等统计方法研究了近30年辽宁地区地温变化趋势及其气象影响因素。结果表明：随土壤深度的增加,地温与气温的差值逐渐降低,辽宁中部地温与气温差值相对较小;辽宁西部地温>辽宁东部地温>辽宁地区气温;地温与8种气象因素特别是气温的关系更为紧密且有显著的正相关性。在春播期地温预报中,应结合地形地貌特点充分考虑这些气象要素带来的影响。     

玉米不同基因型气孔特征和叶温差的研究

为了探讨玉米不同基因型和杂种优势在气孔及蒸腾上的特征，对3个高产杂交种(农大108、农大103和中原单32)及其所有亲本进行了气孔形态、气孔频率和叶温差的观察与测量。结果表明，3个玉米杂交种在气孔特征及叶温上都表现出显著的杂种优势，其中农大108和农大103的杂交种气孔长度都表现正向超亲，杂种优势率分别为10．55％和9．30％，但气孔频率为负向超亲(杂种优势率分别为39．25％和20．43％)；中原单32的杂交种在气孔长度和气孔频率都表现正向超亲，杂种优势率分别为9．47％和16．48％；但从3个杂交种组合均值看，气孔长度为正向超亲，气孔频率为负向超亲。3个玉米杂交种的叶温差都表现正向超亲。相关分析表明，气孔长度与气孔频率呈显著负相关(r=-0．6460^*)；气孔长度与叶温差呈正相关，而气孔频率与叶温差呈负相关，但都不显著。     

The Technological Gap for Maize Cultivation and Soil Properties in a Watershed of Guatemala

The technological gap is wide between potential and actual maize yields in the tropics. An estimation and explanation of the existing yield gap in a model region of Guatemala were attempted. Experiments were carried out on the hypothesis that soil constraints like lack of nutrients exist on 74 farms in four seasons from 1996 to 1998. The hybrid HB‐83 was compared with local varieties. Treatments included no fertilizer or the application of recommended and supra optimum amounts of fertilizers. The P and K availability was low. At the site with the lowest yield potential, HB‐83 yielded 65 % more than the local varieties, while at the site with the highest yield potential, this relative yield advantage was only 28 %. However, the absolute yield difference between HB‐83 and the local varieties was 70 % higher at the site with the highest yield potential compared with the site with the lowest yield potential, with grain yields ranging from 5.21 to 0.29 t ha⁻¹ for local varieties. There were few significant correlations between soil parameters and plant traits. Plant nutrient constraints besides NPK and liming did not seem to limit the yield potential in the Polochic watershed. A combination of soil management practices, liming in association with corrected levels of P, and use of crop cultivars developed for these low pH conditions could lead to sustainable and productive maize production.     

Influence of Soil Temperature on Seedling Emergence and Early Growth of Peanut Cultivars in Field Conditions

Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sown in early spring often has poor seed germination and seedling development. The influence of soil temperature on seedling emergence and early growth of six peanut cultivars (Florida MDR98, Southern Runner, Georgia Green, SunOleic 97R, Florunner and C‐99R) was studied in natural field soil profiles in temperature‐gradient greenhouses. We evaluated the influence of a range of soil temperatures by sowing at eight dates between January 2001 and May 2002 in Gainesville, Florida. On each sowing date, two additional temperature treatments (ambient and ambient +4.5 °C air temperature) were evaluated by sowing on either end of each greenhouse and applying differential heating. In total, 16 different soil temperature treatments were evaluated. Each treatment was replicated four times in four different greenhouses. Mean soil temperature from sowing to final emergence in different treatments ranged from 15 to 32 °C. Sowing date, temperature treatment and cultivar had significant effect on seedling emergence and development (V₂ stage). For all cultivars, the lowest germination was observed at the earliest sowing date (coolest soil temperature). Among cultivars, Florida MDR98 was the most sensitive to reduced (cool) temperature with the lowest germination and smallest seedling size at 21 days after sowing, followed by Southern Runner. Georgia Green was the most cold‐tolerant with the highest germination, followed by SunOleic 97R. There were no significant differences among cultivars for base temperature, which averaged 11.7 and 9.8 °C for rate of emergence and rate of development to V₂ stage respectively. These results imply that cultivar choice and/or genetic improvement of peanut for cold tolerance during emergence and seedling development in regions where cooler soil temperatures persist and/or regions where early sowing is desirable.     

玉米不同种植模式下土壤表层温湿度变化研究

采用田间试验,研究了玉米不同覆膜方式(平作不盖膜、平作膜侧、平作全膜、垄作膜侧、垄作全膜、垄作全膜沟栽)对土壤水分、温度的影响。结果表明:从移苗到第1次测定,土壤水分含量为:垄作膜侧垄作全膜沟栽平作全膜垄作全膜平作膜侧平作不盖膜,到第2次测定时土壤水分含量变化为:垄作全膜垄作膜侧垄作全膜沟栽平作膜侧平作不盖膜平作膜侧,从第3次测定土壤水分含量开始,结果差异都不大,到最后一次测定时,土壤水分含量基本一致;在温度方面,在8:00时温度最高的为平作全膜,在14:00和18:00时平作膜侧温度最高,平作不盖膜在8:00、14:00和18:00时温度均最低。     

土壤胁迫与温度对转Bt基因棉抗虫性的影响

土壤水分过多和过少均不利于转 Bt基因棉杀虫蛋白的表达 ,土壤涝渍可造成转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的显著下降 ,而土壤干旱的影响则相对较小。低温 ( 1 8℃ )不仅可明显降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,亦可明显降低已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白的抗虫活性。高温 ( 3 8℃ )亦可降低转 Bt基因棉抗虫基因的表达活性 ,但较低温的影响则相对较小 ;高温下已表达于棉株中的杀虫蛋白对低龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗虫活性明显增强。因此 ,应加强转 Bt基因棉田的水肥管理 ,保证转 Bt基因棉抗虫性的高效表达 ,重视各种异常天气后转 Bt基因棉田间的虫量监测 ,适时进行防治     

榆社县近50年气温变化特征分析

为了掌握榆社县近50 年气温变化规律,为生态农业扶贫开发项目开展提供理论依据,利用1961—2010 年榆社县气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、相关系数分析、滑动平均,Mann-Kendall 检验等方法,对气温变化的特征及变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：近50 年来榆社县年平均气温呈升温趋势,气温倾向率0.08℃/10a。年平均最高气温、冬季平均气温、年极端最高气温、春季平均气温年际变化均呈升温趋势,气温倾向率分别为0.30℃/10a、0.28℃/10a、0.21℃/10a 和0.12℃/10a;而年极端最低气温、夏季平均气温、年平均最低气温、秋季平均气温却呈降温趋势,气温倾向率分别为-0.30℃/10a、-0.04℃/10a、-0.03℃/10a 和-0.02℃/10a。升温趋势显著时段主要出现在20 世纪90 年代,而降温最明显时段出现在20 世纪80 年代;年平均日较差变化呈增高趋势,90 年代达到最大值。榆社县气候变暖主要是白天增温明显,尤其体现在冬、春季,气温在20世纪80年代中后期至90年代后期有较明显的暖突变。