大豆胚轴体外诱导结肠癌细胞分化的研究

用免疫细胞化学法检测增殖细胞核抗原Ki-67和PCNA蛋白表达,分光光度法测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,ELISA法测定癌胚抗原(CEA)水平,研究了富含大豆异黄酮和皂甙的大豆胚轴提取物(SHE)对结肠癌细胞增殖和分化的影响。结果表明:富含大豆异黄酮和皂甙的大豆胚轴提取物可时间和浓度依赖性地降低结肠癌细胞Ki-67和PCNA表达,增加细胞ALP活性。CEA水平和LDH活性呈增高趋势,但差异不具有统计学意义。表明富含大豆异黄酮和皂甙的大豆胚轴可抑制结肠癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞分化,从而发挥抗结肠癌作用。     

改革品种区试和审定 促进种子产业化发展

本文阐述了农作物品种区试和审定工作的重要性,剖析当前福建省品种区试和审定工作中存在一些有待改进和加强的薄弱环节,提出改革和加强品种区试和审定工作的思路与对策.     

灌溉和施氮对小麦产量形成及土壤肥力影响的研究进展

水分和氮肥是小麦生长发育和产量形成中最重要的两个因子,二者存在相互制约或相互促进等互作关系。近年来,由于灌溉大量用水和氮肥的过量施用,造成了农业水资源匮乏和环境污染加重等一系列问题,合理灌溉和施氮以提高水氮利用效率越来越受到广泛的重视。为全面概括灌溉和施氮处理的作用,本文从小麦植株和土壤两个方面入手,对近年来国内外学者在灌溉和施氮对小麦产量形成和土壤肥力影响方面的研究进展进行了综述,为评估长期灌溉和施氮处理对小麦生产和土壤肥力的影响、制定灌溉和施氮技术措施提供依据。     

早稻灌浆期淹水对剑叶理化特性及产量和品质的影响

以天优998和桂农占为试验材料,盆栽条件下在灌浆期进行2/3淹水和没顶淹水处理(淹水历时0 d、1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d,0 d为对照),对淹水后早稻剑叶理化特性以及产量和品质进行分析。 结果表明,灌浆期水稻在1 d~3 d短期2/3和没顶淹水后产量和品质显著下降,淹水5 d~7 d产量下降最为严重。有效穗数下降是淹水导致产量下降的主要因素。相同淹水条件下,两个水稻材料间产量和品质变化差异不显著。灌浆期水稻淹水后水稻剑叶的游离脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,SPAD值和SOD酶活性下降,随淹水深度和持续时间的延长变幅增大。灌浆期淹水后水稻剑叶SPAD值和MDA含量与产量和品质呈显著或极显著相关,是反映淹水后水稻产量和品质变化生理指标。     

冀东地区夏播花生产量和品质研究

为筛选冀东地区夏播花生品种，主要从产量和品质两方面研究15个早熟花生品种的适应性。结果表明：15个品种生育天数105～109 d，花育9515和四粒红生育天数为105 d。花育9515百果和百仁重最高，大白沙171和冀花11号出仁率和饱果率较高，3个品种荚果和籽仁产量也较高。大白沙171、冀花11号、花育9515和四粒红4个品种鲜果产量较高。筛选出的脂肪、蛋白、油酸、氨基酸和糖含量高的花生品种分别为青花6号、花育23号、大白沙171、豫花40号和白沙308；鲁花14号、花育9515和四粒红；冀花11号；黑1732、花育9515、潍花8号和四粒红；四粒红、阜花27和黑1732。荚果与籽仁产量和饱果率、百果与百仁重均呈显著正相关；千克果数与饱果率和百果重、氨基酸与脂肪和蛋白质含量均呈显著负相关。主成分分析将产量和品质26个性状分为5个主成分，累积贡献率为89.81%，依次反映的是蛋白质、氨基酸组分含量、脂肪酸组分含量、饱果率和出仁率信息。依据5个主成分得分进行K-means聚类分析，将15个品种分为4个类群。综上，冀东地区夏播花生具有高产潜力，籽仁脂肪、可溶性糖和必需氨基酸含量较高，但蛋白...     

新疆小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点等位变异的分布

为给新疆小麦品质育种提供理论依据,利用Glu-A3、Glu-B3位点上的17个STS标记检测了185份新疆冬、春小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点的等位变异。结果表明,新疆小麦品种以Glu-A3c、Glu-B3a和Glu-B3j亚基为主,其分布频率分别为64.86%、22.70%和17.84%。新疆冬、春小麦品种在Glu-A3位点上均以Glu-A3c亚基为主,分布频率分别为63.30%和67.11%;在Glu-B3位点上,新疆冬、春小麦品种分别以Glu-B3j和Glu-B3a为主,分布频率分别为22.02%和26.32%。新疆冬、春小麦农家品种亚基类型较少,冬小麦农家品种仅有5种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主）,春小麦农家品种有10种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3d为主）。引进品种和自育品种亚基类型丰富,冬小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主,分布频率为12.84%和6.42%;春小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j为主,分布频率为17.11%和6.58%。冬小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j亚基类型为主,分布频率为45.87%和18.35%;春小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3a亚基类型为主,分布频率为36.84%和18.42%。     

茶多酚对肾病的作用及其机理

本文对茶多酚治疗肾病的作用及其机理进行了综述。免疫及其介导的炎症反应与活性氧是引发肾病的重要因素,作为良好的免疫调节剂和活性氧清除剂,茶多酚对免疫和活性氧引起的肾病具有一定的预防和治疗作用。茶多酚既可通过抗氧化而抑制肾病的发生,同时还通过调节血液流变学特性而控制肾病的进展和恶化,这种对肾病发生和进展的双重抑制是茶多酚有效预防和治疗肾病的重要机制。     

浅谈农业水资源的利用与对策

我国农业发展将面临严重的水资源短缺问题,而且水资源短缺对农业和农村经济发展的制约作用有可能超过耕地,成为制约农业和农村经济可持续发展的重要因素。针对我国农业水资源问题,提出制定相关政策和法律实现水资源永续利用和农业可持续发展、依靠科技进步提高水资源利用率和利用效率、增加投入为水资源的保护和高效利用提供物质基础等对策。     

广东茶叶质量安全提升战略途径和支持体系

<正>提高广东茶叶质量安全,需要从技术和管理两个方面入手,技术和管理是制约茶叶质量安全的最重要因素。建立广东茶叶质量安全技术体系和管理体系,是提升广东茶叶质量安全的战略途径和支持体系。但广东茶叶质量安全技术和管理体系建设是一项系统工程,也是一项需要各部门、各主体协同推进的长期任务。在现阶段,产业技术主导和产业政策的导向,关键在于政府的政策导向和作为。在提升广东茶叶质量安全的途径和支持体系中,政府是个最重要的角色。     

以新理念发展稻米粮食产业 确保供求平衡生态美丽

对我国稻米和粮食供求态势和平衡进行了简要分析,按照中共中央十八届五中全会提出的"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"新理念,提出了做好今后我国稻米和粮食发展的一些措施,包括把握国内外市场和资源及发展趋势、做好粮食消费引导和调控、科学谋划生产发展布局和规划、创新发展模式和科技、开展节粮减损技术研究和应用等。     

喷灌对秦岭北麓旱地小麦产量及品质的效应

为给陕西旱地及关中灌区小麦高效灌溉提供技术支撑,在陕西秦岭北麓的蓝田县进行了小麦不同生育时期喷灌小区试验和生产示范试验,研究了喷灌对小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在越冬期和拔节期喷灌可显著提高小麦产量、效益和水分利用效率,产量、收入和水分利用效率相对于无灌溉处理的增加幅度分别为22.0%~95.7%、16.5%~83.6%和9.3%~82.7%。喷灌后籽粒容重、吸水率和最大拉伸阻力分别增加1.8%~2.6%、0.5%~1.4%和0.6%~1.9%,其他品质指标降低,磨粉品质和加工品质明显变差。其中籽粒蛋白质含量和硬度分别降低5.2%~8.1%和6.0%~9.4%,最大拉伸面积、沉降值、湿面筋含量和稳定时间分别降低5.2%~7.8%、13.1%~17.3%、3.7%~7.8%和31.3%~42.4%。     

152个黄淮地区小麦主要品种(系)的多抗性鉴定

为给小麦抗病抗虫育种提供依据,于2004～2006年在山东济南对152份来自黄淮地区的小麦主栽品种(系)进行了抗小麦条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病及蚜虫鉴定.结果表明,在供试品种(系)中表现高抗条锈病的品种(系)占46.71%,中抗品种占25.66%;高抗叶锈病的品种占23.68%,中抗品种占24.34%;高抗白粉病的品种占28.29%,中抗品种占55.92%;高抗蚜虫的品种(系)占5.26%,中抗品种占13.16%.综合来看,对小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病表现中抗以上的品种(系)47个,占30.92%;兼抗(中抗以上)小麦条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病和麦蚜的有5个品种(系),占3.29%.     

Susceptibility of Different Populations of Nilaparvata lugens from Major Rice Growing Areas of Karnataka, India to Different Groups of Insecticides

Susceptibility to insecticides was investigated by collecting field populations of brown planthopper from different locations of southern Karnataka,India(Gangavati,Kathalagere,Kollegala,Soraba and Mandya).All the field populations differed in their susceptibility to insecticides.In general,Soraba and Mandya populations were more susceptible to insecticides compared to Gangavati and Kathalagere populations.The resistance ratios varied greatly among the populations viz.,chlorpyriphos(1.13-to 16.82-fold),imidacloprid(0.53-to 13.50-fold),acephate(1.34-to 5.32-fold),fipronil(1.13-to4.06-fold),thiamethoxam(1.01-to 2.19-fold),clothianidin(1.92-to 4.86-fold),dinotefuran(0.82-to 2.22-fold),buprofezin(1.06-to 5.43-fold)and carbofuran(0.41-to 2.17-fold).The populations from Gangavati,Kathalagere and Kollegala exhibited higher resistance to some of the old insecticides and low resistance to new molecules.     

5个草莓品种抗病虫性试验初报

对福安草莓主栽区5个草莓品种抗病虫性观察表明,公四莓品种抗枯萎病、褐斑病、灰霉病,中感叶枯病;且较抗红蜘蛛、蚜虫,中感斜纹夜蛾。法兰地品种抗灰霉病,中抗枯萎病,中感褐斑病、叶枯病;较抗斜纹夜蛾、蚜虫,中抗红蜘蛛。鬼怒甘品种抗褐斑病、叶枯病,中感枯萎病、灰霉病,且抗斜纹夜蛾,中感红蜘蛛、蚜虫。麦特来品种较抗叶枯病,中抗褐斑病,中感灰霉病;且抗蚜虫,感斜纹夜蛾、红蜘蛛。瑞菲品种较抗枯萎病,感褐斑病、叶枯病,中感灰霉病、斜纹夜蛾,感红蜘蛛、蚜虫。综合来看,公四莓表现综合抗病虫性强、品质较好、产量较高;法兰地、鬼怒甘抗病虫性较强;麦特来、瑞菲抗病虫性较差。     

Sensitivity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei to morpholine and piperidine fungicides

Responses to a piperidine fungicide, fenpropidin, and to a morpholine, fenpropimorph, of single-colony isolates of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, collected in eastern Scotland and England in 1988, were strongly correlated. All isolates could be classified as sensitive (S) or resistant (R) to these fungicides. There was comparatively little variation in sensitivity to a second morpholine, tridemorph. Responses to tridemorph were weakly correlated with responses to fenpropidin and fenpropimorph. The levels of resistance detected were low in relation to recommended field application rates of the fungicides. Four R isolates, from north-east Scotland, had lower sensitivities to fenpropimorph and tridemorph than others in the R group, but showed similar sensitivities to fenpropidin. R isolates were frequent in Scotland, from Midlothian north to Moray, where the highly mildew-susceptible variety Golden Promise was widely grown, but were not found in England. The pattern of race-specific virulences of R and S isolates indicates that resistance to fenpropidin and fenpropimorph evolved several times, and therefore suggests that the same gene(s) causes resistance to both chemicals.     

Hydrocyanate,oxalate, phytate,calcium and zinc in selected brands of Nigerian cocoa beverage

Hydrocyanate, oxalate, phytate, calcium and zinc were determined in five brands of cocoa beverage which were coded NC, BT, PN, CT and CA. Hydrocyanate ranged from 5.40 to 9.64 mg/100 g dry matter (DM), oxalate 68 to 146 mg/100 g DM, phytate 590 to 750 mg/100 g DM, calcium 28.7 to 116.4 mg/100 g DM and zinc 0.516 to 0.675 mg/100 g DM. The computed phytate:zinc, calcium:phytate and [calcium] [phytate]/[zinc] molar ratios ranged from 89 to 132, 0.80 to 3.01 and 0.64 to 3.03 respectively. The discussion is focused on toxic levels of hydrocyanate and oxalate, and the significance of the molar ratios in predicting the bioavailability of dietary zinc.     

Ecological Context for Examining the Effects of Transgenic Crops in Production Systems

SUMMARY

Ecological processes can have strong effects on production systems, many of which prevent crops from reaching their maximal yield. Past and present management strategies have been developed to mitigate the negative interactions, thereby improving crop production. However, when applied to complex and variable agroecosystems, some of these strategies have resulted in unintended ecological effects that ultimately hindered production. Transgenic crops are a widespread and powerful management option, and there is a tremendous need to understand their intended ecological effects as well as potential unintended direct and indirect effects. The purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to discuss four of the major ecological effects that limit crop production: competition, herbivory, disease, and abiotic stresses, (2) to describe how biotechnology is addressing these problems, and (3) to examine the ways these biotechnological solutions may cause ecological effects that unintentionally hinder crop production. We find that, to date, there has been little diversity in the types of transgenic crops available and the approaches they use to improve crop production. Transgenic crops, like previous agricultural technologies, are designed to enhance a singular plant trait in order to solve a specific production problem. When viewed in a simplified system, transgenic crops seem to provide effective means to mitigate negative ecological effects. However, when approached via a larger ecological context, it is clear that transgenic crops have already had and will continue to have unintended ecological effects that can ultimately affect crop production through mechanisms such as gene flow, resistance evolution, community interactions, and production practices. No management option, including transgenics, is universally beneficial or detrimental. The ecological context of specific agroecosystems may improve predictions of the benefits, limitations, and consequences of a given management tactic within that system. As we increase our understanding of the ecological context of crop production problems, we may be able to improve our control efforts to maximize production and minimize potential problems in the future.     

Recycling of sewage sludge to grassland: a review of the legislation to control of the localization and accumulation of potential toxic metals in grazing systems

The recycling of sewage sludge or biosolids to grassland is strategically important in the European Union (EU) and its use is tightly regulated to control the risk of pathogen transfer to animals and the food chain. Sewage sludges not only contain valuable concentrations of beneficial nutrients, but also elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals (PTM) compared with average background concentrations in the soil. The EC and UK regulations refer to six PTM, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Hg, with provisional regulations for Cr, that have to be controlled to prevent detrimental effects on soil and animal health. Despite these regulations, there is still a danger that grazing animals may ingest elevated concentrations of PTM. Biosolids may adhere to herbage after the surface application of sewage sludge to grassland. The repeated surface application of sewage sludge to grassland can lead to elevated concentrations of PTM at the soil surface that may be ingested, together with soil and herbage, by grazing ruminants. This may lead to accumulation of Cd or Pb in liver or kidney. The risk to the human food chain is considered to be low, but the impact on the environment is still unknown. There is little information, for example, on the amount of soil and PTMs that may become incorporated into conserved grass. At present EU and UK legislation and voluntary codes of practice have been developed to protect animal from pathogens in sewage sludge and to minimize any potential risks from accumulation of PTM. The background and implementation of the legislation are examined in this review, and the source and mechanisms of accumulation of PTM by the grazing animal are evaluated.     

Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), due to saxitoxin and related compounds, typically results from the consumption of filter-feeding molluscan shellfish that concentrate toxins from marine dinoflagellates. In addition to these microalgal sources, saxitoxin and related compounds, referred to in this review as STXs, are also produced in freshwater cyanobacteria and have been associated with calcareous red macroalgae. STXs are transferred and bioaccumulate throughout aquatic food webs, and can be vectored to terrestrial biota, including humans. Fisheries closures and human intoxications due to STXs have been documented in several non-traditional (i.e. non-filter-feeding) vectors. These include, but are not limited to, marine gastropods, both carnivorous and grazing, crustacea, and fish that acquire STXs through toxin transfer. Often due to spatial, temporal, or a species disconnection from the primary source of STXs (bloom forming dinoflagellates), monitoring and management of such non-traditional PSP vectors has been challenging. A brief literature review is provided for filter feeding (traditional) and non-filter feeding (non-traditional) vectors of STXs with specific reference to human effects. We include several case studies pertaining to management actions to prevent PSP, as well as food poisoning incidents from STX(s) accumulation in non-traditional PSP vectors.     

Subcutaneous tissue discoloration in ware potatoes. 1. A chain analysis in the Netherlands

Summary In the chain of handling operations from harvesting to packaging inclusive, potatoes are exposed to many brief mechanical forces (impacts) and to long-term pressure. Impact and pressure can lead to subcutaneous tissue discoloration causing qualitative and quantitative losses. We investigated the characteristics of construction and utilization of representative Dutch ware potato handling chains and found that the number and height of drops appeared to be too high, the use of cushioning materials insufficient and the speed of the transporting parts too high and not in balance with each other. The contribution to the total amount of subcutaneous tissue discoloration was 16% for the harvesting to bin filling phases inclusive, 22% for the storage phase, 27% for the shovelling to truck loading phases inclusive and 35% for the truck unloading to packaging phases inclusive. These contributions varied considerably within phases and within links. The results can be used to develop equipment, upgrade present chains and design new, produce-frendly handling chains.