光皮桦与青冈栎苗期生理生化特性研究

对光皮桦和青冈栎幼苗进行硝酸还原酶活力、氨基态氮含量及全氮含量测定,结果显示光皮桦的三项生理生化指标均明显高于青冈栎。硝酸还原酶活力在光皮桦各营养器官中的分布大小是叶＞根＞茎;在青冈栎各器官的分布是叶最高,茎其次,根最低。氨基态氮含量在两树种的分布情况与硝酸还原酶活力类似。生长盛期的硝酸还原酶活力及氨基态氮含量达到高峰。研究表明光皮桦的氮素同化能力和贮藏能力高于青冈栎,因此营养生长旺盛。     

离子注人对光皮桦幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

采用能量为30Kev／10mA的不同N^＋注入剂量（1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8,9、10×10^16ions·cm^-2）处理光皮桦种子,研究了N^＋离子束注入光皮桦种子后对光皮桦幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明：离子注入剂量在7×10^16ions·cm^-2时,光皮桦幼苗体内保护酶POD、CAT活性达到峰值,MDA含量最低。说明适宜剂量的氮离子注入能激活合成自由基清除酶的能力,在一定程度上削弱种子脂质过氧化作用。     

光皮桦生长与环境因子的关系研究

以雅长林场九龙分场13 a光皮桦纯林作为研究对象,探索土壤酶活性、土壤化学元素以及林分温度对光皮桦生长的影响,采用相关性分析探究影响光皮桦生长的主要环境因子。结果表明,土壤酶活性与光皮桦树高、胸径、冠幅呈正相关,且相关性均较高,光皮桦生长受土壤酶活性的影响作用较大;除速效磷外,土壤中其他化学元素含量与光皮桦生长量相关性较高,其中总氮含量相关性最高,对光皮桦的生长起主导作用;光皮桦林分内地表温度、空气温度与其生长量的相关系数均较低,其与光皮桦的生长没有直接影响;土壤中的蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤总氮与光皮桦的相关性相对较高,因此,土壤蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、总氮含量可能是影响光皮桦生长的主导环境因子。     

不同树种幼林生长差异及对土壤营养的影响

通过调查不同树种新造林树高生长量及其林地土壤有机质和速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究其生长及对土壤营养的影响.结果为：光皮桦、四川桤木、楸树、栾树、湿地松6年生树高分别为8.2、7.7、7.4、7.0、5.3 m;不同树种造林后对土壤营养物质含量的提高有明显差异,5个树种造林后效果排序的先后次序为光皮桦、四川桤木、栾木、楸树、湿地松;新造林均表现为造林当年土壤营养含量明显下降,第2年起逐年增加,第3～5年超过造林前水平.     

土壤颗粒组分中氮含量及其与海拔和植被的关系

研究祁连山北坡土壤颗粒组分中氮含量及其与海拔和植被的关系.结果表明:土壤颗粒组分比例、土壤颗粒氮比例、土壤颗粒氮含量和土壤颗粒组分氮含量都随海拔升高而差异不显著;就土壤颗粒组分比例而言,0～15 cm土层在阳坡3 800 m处、阴坡3 000、3 200和3 500 m处较高,15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 200和3 500 m、半阴坡2 800 m处较高(P<0.05);就土壤颗粒氮比例而言,0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 000和3 200 m、阳坡3 300和3 800 m处最高,15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 000 m和阳坡3 300 m处最高;就土壤颗粒氮含量而言,0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 600 m处最低,阳坡3 800 m和半阴坡2 800 m处较高,15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 400 m、阳坡3 300 m处较高;就土壤颗粒组分氮含量而言,0～15 cm土层在阴坡3 400 m、阳坡3 300和3 800 m处较高,15～35 cm土层在阴坡3 400 m、阳坡3 300 m处较高(P<0.05);植被对土壤颗粒组分比例、土壤颗粒氮比例、土壤颗粒组分氮含量和土壤颗粒氮含量的影响显著;就土壤颗粒组分比例而言,0～15 cm土层在森林和灌丛草甸中较高,高寒草甸中较低,森林与灌丛草甸及干草原与荒漠草原中差异不显著,15～35 cm土层在森林、灌丛草甸和干草原中较高,高寒草甸中最低,森林、灌丛草甸与干草原中差异不显著;就土壤颗粒氮比例而言,0～15 cm土层在森林和高寒草甸中较高,灌丛草甸、荒漠草原与干草原中差异也不显著,15～35 cm土层在森林和高寒草甸中较高,荒漠草原和干草原中最低;就土壤颗粒组分氮含量而言,各土层均在灌丛草甸中较高,干草原和荒漠草原中较低;就土壤颗粒氮含量而言,各土层均在森林和灌丛草甸中最高,干草原和荒漠草原中最低,森林、高寒草甸与灌丛草甸中差异不显著;土壤颗粒组分比例、土壤颗粒组分氮含量、土壤颗粒氮比例和土壤颗粒氮含量随土壤全氮含量增加而增加(P<0.02),土壤颗粒氮含量随颗粒组分氮含量极显著增加(P<0.001),土壤颗粒氮比例随土壤颗粒氮含量增加显著增加(P<0.05);祁连山北坡土壤中非保护性氮含量总体上随海拔升高而增加,森林和高寒草甸土壤中非保护性氮比例最高.     

马尾松人工林土壤氮含量变化分析

以不同林龄（8、20、32和50年生）马尾松人工林为研究对象，比较不同林龄、土层及月份林地土壤全氮和有效氮含量变化。结果表明：（1）土壤全氮和有效氮含量随林龄的增加而增加；（2）土壤全氮和有效氮含量随着土层深度增加而降低；（3）在一个生长周期内，土壤全氮和有效氮含量不同月份不同龄组间各不相同，总体呈现出升-降-升的变化趋势，随着土壤温度和含水量的升高而增加。     

闽南山地秃杉混交造林效果初步研究

通过秃杉与光皮桦2∶1和4∶1比例及秃杉与杉木1∶1比例行状混交,与营造秃杉纯林进行造林效果对比,结果表明：不同类型林分中秃杉生长量顺序为秃杉+光皮桦2∶1混交林>秃杉+光皮桦4∶1混交林>秃杉+杉木1∶1混交林>秃杉纯林;混交林土壤>0.25 mm的团聚体含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量和速效钾含量等高于纯林,而混交林土壤结构体破坏率低于纯林。秃杉与光皮桦2∶1的比例行状混交的效果最佳。     

邓恩桉幼龄林土壤有机质和全氮含量对模拟氮沉降的响应

采用完全随机试验设计,分析邓恩桉人工林幼龄林土壤有机质和全氮含量与氮沉降之间的关系。试验结果表明,氮沉降可以显著减少森林土壤的有机质含量;同时又可以显著地增加森林土壤全氮的含量。     

氮添加对辽东山区落叶松人工林土壤碳氮的影响

在工业发达、农业集约化程度较高的区域氮沉降增高仍然很突出。为明晰氮沉降类型及其强度对土壤碳氮的影响,研究了多形态、多水平氮添加下落叶松人工林的土壤碳排放及土壤碳氮的变化。结果表明,NH_4~+-N添加低、中、高3种水平每年土壤碳排放量分别比对照增加了253.81、17.15和5.69 g C·m~(-2); NO_3~--N添加低、中氮两种水平分别比对照增加了203.37和111.06 g C·m~(-2),而高氮水平减少了47.14 g C·m~(-2)。两种形态氮素添加下土壤铵态氮含量变化微小,而硝态氮含量则在逐年升高,土壤微生物生物量碳呈现出降低的趋势,而土壤微生物生物量氮表现出升高的规律。双因素方差分析显示氮素形态对土壤铵态氮及微生物量碳、氮含量均有显著的影响,而氮添加水平仅对土壤硝态氮含量有显著的影响。     

林火对土壤氮含量的扰动作用

通过对大兴安岭地区新林林业局 2 0a内不同年份间隔的 11块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现火烧后不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地 ,土壤全氮与有效氮含量变化情况如下 :低强度火烧后 9d ,土壤全氮和有效氮含量均比未烧前低 ,这与中、高强度火烧后的情况正好相反。火烧后 4a内 ,土壤氮的含量基本都比未烧林地有所下降 (中强度火烧迹地土壤有效氮含量除外 )。以后有逐年增加的趋势。火烧迹地降第一场雨后 ,低强度火烧迹地土壤全氮比降雨前减少 ,有效氮增加 ;中强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前增加 ;高强度火烧迹地土壤全氮和有效氮均比降雨前有所下降。连年火烧迹地土壤全氮减少 ,有效氮增加     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the log bark decomposition continuum in a mesic old-growth boreal forest

Narrowing the uncertainties in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD) can significantly improve our understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. We examined C, N and pH dynamics in the least studied CWD component—tree bark in a 66-year-long decomposition chronosequence. The relative C concentration decreased by ca. 32% in pine bark, increased by ca. 18% in birch bark and remained stable in spruce and aspen bark. Nitrogen increased in bark of all tree species. In conifer bark, it increased along with epixylic succession. Over 45 years, the relative C/N ratio in bark decreased by 63 and 45% for coniferous and deciduous species, respectively. Bark pH did not change. Due to bark fragmentation, the total C and N amounts in bark of individual logs of aspen, birch, pine and spruce decreased at average rates of 0.03, 0.02, 0.26 and 0.05 year^?1, and 0.02, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.03 year^?1, respectively. At the forest stand level, the total amounts of C and N in log bark were 853 and 21 kg ha^?1 or 11.2 and 45.5% of the C and N amounts stored in downed logs and ca. 2.3–3.8 and 2.2–2.4%, respectively, of total C and N amounts stored in forest litter. In boreal forests, decomposing log bark may act as a long-term source of N for wood-inhabiting communities.     

Anti-browsing effects of birch bark extract on fallow deer

A major problem within forest industry is unwanted browsing on seedlings from mammalian herbivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of birch bark extracts as repellents towards fallow deer. Birch bark was extracted in a conventional way with ethanol as solvent at ambient temperature and with a new method, liquid CO₂ extraction. An analysis of the ethanol-extracted birch bark showed that it contained large amounts of terpenoids, of which the most abundant was betulin. In seven different treatment trials, we used 15 individually handled fallow deer. To investigate the binary taste preferences, birch bark extract was added to food and presented in two bowls in typical two-choice tests. We found that the amount of a food type consumed during a trial and the number of shifts between food bowls were dependent on the amount of the birch extract the food contained. Concentrations of above 1 % by dry weight of birch extract acted as a repellent. In addition, such concentrations produced shorter feeding bouts by a greater willingness to change bowls. Therefore, our conclusion is that birch bark extract acts as a repellent towards fallow deer and is therefore likely to act as a repellent against other deer species. In addition, we show that birch bark extract produced by the new and more environmentally sustainable method employing liquid CO₂ mixed with ethanol has the same repellent effect as the traditional ethanol extraction.     

白桦不同部位及种源间白桦酯醇含量的差异分析

以白桦为研究材料,在白桦酯醇提取方法的选择下,采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分析了白桦不同部位和种源间白桦酯醇含量的变化。结果表明:索氏提取和超声波醇提的白桦酯醇含量较高,分别为240.25和239.57 mg/g,而回流法和氯仿浸提的白桦酯醇含量稍低,为207.88和194.09 mg/g。白桦酯醇在白桦不同部位的含量分布差异显著,依次分别为:外皮>枝皮>内皮>芽>叶>根>花粉;13种8年生白桦种源树皮内白桦酯醇的含量为132.45~257.11 mg/g,且种源间差异呈极显著水平。进一步分析可得,同龄树种的生长状况对白桦酯醇的含量影响不显著;而白桦酯醇的含量不仅受自身种源及遗传背景的影响,同时也受到其所处地理位置和气候因素的影响,即属于基因与环境互作的表现性状。     

白桦树皮中桦木醇超临界二氧化碳萃取的研究(英文)

桦木醇,一种药用五环三萜成分,大量存在于白桦(Betulaplatyphlly)树皮中。白桦树皮于2000年9月采集自黑龙江省塔源林场。超临界流体萃取技术(SFE)是一种新型分离技术,广泛用于药物和天然产物生产。本文研究了利用超临界CO2萃取技术从白桦皮中提取桦木醇的工艺条件,系统分析了携带剂用量、萃取压力和萃取温度等参数对桦木醇提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳的萃取条件为:每克桦树皮粉所用携带剂用量为1.5mL,萃取压力为20Mpa,萃取温度为55C,CO2流量为10kg/h,分离压力和分离温度分别为5.5Mpa和50C。图4参6。     

Decomposition of stumps in a chronosequence after clear-felling vs. clear-felling with prescribed burning in a southern boreal forest in Finland

The wood bulk density, bark mass and decomposition rate constants of cut stumps of the main European boreal tree species were assessed along a 40-year chronosequence of clear-felled sites with and without prescribed burning. Using the single exponential model, the annual decomposition rate constants k of above-ground stumps were calculated as 0.048, 0.052 and 0.068 year⁻¹ for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula sp.), respectively. Bark decomposed faster than wood and bark fragmentation increased the rate of decomposition. There was a significant negative effect of burning on decomposition rate for pine wood, and for pine and spruce bark but not for spruce and birch wood or for birch bark. The decomposition of bark of all species was slower with larger diameter stumps but only slightly slower in the case of birch wood. Our results suggest (i) using different decomposition rate constants for wood and bark, (ii) taking into account fragmentation as it greatly increases the volume loss, and (iii) adjusting of k in carbon dynamics studies on burned sites. Such refinements to estimates of coarse woody debris decomposition constants could aid in identification of ecosystems and management scenarios necessary to maximize carbon storage and conserve biodiversity. Prescribed burning for restoration purposes decreases decomposition rates and consequently ensures longer persistence of stumps for maintaining biodiversity in intensively managed forests.     

The effect of girdling on the moisture content of small-sized trees

In this study, the effect of girdling on the moisture content of small-sized trees for heat energy production was clarified. The moisture content was measured for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and Downy birch (Betula pubescens) during two growing seasons after girdling. The trees were girdled at breast height for around 30 cm by removing the bark, phloem, and cambium from around the stem. At the beginning of the growing season the mean moisture content of the living Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and Norway spruce (P. abies) was 60%, and for Downy birch (B. pubescens) it was 50%. During the first growing season the effect of girdling on the moisture content was low, but during the second growing season the moisture content decreased significantly. The moisture content of the Norway spruce (P. abies) (23%) and Downy birch (B. pubescens) (33%) was at its lowest point at 14 months after girdling. There were no significant changes in the moisture content of the Scots pine (P. sylvestris) in this study. The results of this study can be used in basic research and in the development of energy wood production.     

Extraction of betulin from bark of Betula platyphylla by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Betulin, which is a medicinal pentacyclic triterpene, is abundant in the bark of white birch (Betula platyphlly). The bark of birch was collected at Tayuan Forest Farm of Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province in September 2000. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) that is a new separation technology has been used for the processing pharmaceutical and natural products. In this paper, the extraction of betulin from the bark of birch by supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The authors investigated and analyzed a few parameters such as modifier dosage, extraction pressure and extraction temperature. The optimal extraction conditions showed that the modifier dosage used for per gram bark powder was 1.5 mL, the extraction pressure was at 20 Mpa, and the extraction temperature was at 55 ℃. The velocity of flow of liquid CO2 was at 10 kg/h. The pressure and temperature in separation vessel were at 5.5 Mpa and 50 ℃, respectively.     

Properties of white birch (Betula papyrifera) outer bark particleboards with reinforcement of coarse wood particles in the core layer

? This study proposes substituting traditional raw materials in the surface layers of wood particle-boards with the water resistant white birch (Betula papyrifera) outer bark particles, which can help improve the dimensional stability of manufactured mixed particleboards, thereby alleviating shortages of raw material in a cost-efficient manner.

? Mixed particleboards were fabricated in the laboratory using untreated or alkali treated white birch outer bark particles as substitute material. These particles were resinated successively with three percentages of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Overall, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that the panels could be manufactured using up to 45% of the proposed substitute material and still maintain the required mechanical and physical properties.

? Alkali treatment was used to remove natural wax from bark particles surface which hinders resin adhesion. This treatment negatively affected mechanical and physical properties of finished panels and the variation of phenol-formaldehyde resin percentage in the bark particles significantly affected only their hardness.

? Panel with untreated bark particles in the surface layers, resinated with 5% phenol-formaldehyde resin was selected as the best with the help of a statistical analysis carried out in a factorial complete block design, especially from the dimensional stability criterion.

     

山西太岳山典型森林群落土壤有机质及氮素研究

分析了太岳山7种典型森林群落土壤有机质和氮素的基本状况,结果表明:不同林型,土壤腐殖质层和淀积层有机质含量均是油松辽东栎混交林最高,分别为4.908g/kg和3.528g/kg;土壤腐殖质层有机质含量油松林最低,为3.959g/kg,淀积层有机质含量山杨林最低,为1.779g/kg;土壤腐殖质层全氮含量,白桦林最高,为0.368%,辽东栎林最低,为0.176%。;土壤腐殖质层速效氮含量华北落叶松林最高,为292.191mg/kg,油松林最低,为167.725mg/kg;土壤淀积层全氮含量油松林最高,为0.277%,油松辽东栎混交林最低,为0.094%;土壤淀积层速效氮含量山杨林最高为200.183mg/kg,油松辽东栎混交林最低,为49.151mg/kg;土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮含量均是上层土壤高于下层。腐殖质层和淀积层土壤有机质含量在各林型间差异均不显著(P>0.05),而全氮和速效氮含量在各林型间的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

Amino nitrogen and phenolic constituents of bark of American beech,Fagus grandifolia,and infestation by beech scale,Cryptococcus fagisuga

Concentrations of amino acids, total amino nitrogen, and phenols, ratio of phenol to amino nitrogen, and pH in the bark of American beech, Fagus grandifolia, were determined to see if these chemical constituents were correlated with susceptibility of trees to infestation by the beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga. The relationship of these bark constituents with scale infestation levels (none, light, and moderate), tree size (large vs. small trees), and bark shading was determined. Levels of some individual amino acids and total amino acid content in moderately infested trees were significantly higher than in uninfested trees. Large uninfested beech trees, which tend to be more readily infested by scale, had significantly higher concentrations of aspartic acid. Concentrations of phenol in the outer bark of both infested and uninfested trees were significantly higher than in the inner bark. However in bark infected by Nectria, phenol levels in the inner bark were significantly higher than in the outer bark.