种植水生植物对养殖池塘水质的影响

为了解决鱼塘常常出现的水体富营养化问题,在重庆北碚区静观镇选取2口池塘种植水生蔬菜,另外选取2口对照池塘进行试验。每月对这4口池塘进行水生生物与水化学指标测定,分析研究养鱼池塘种植水生植物对水质的影响。结果表明:试验各点的碱度、硬度、COD和pH值、透明度均较稳定,有一定的缓冲性,处于主养鱼类的适宜范围内,溶氧、pH值、透明度等略高于对照组;池塘的氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、三态氮合计以及总磷均要低于对照组的;而浮游生物的种类和生物量也较对照组的多。所以,从本试验可以看出种植水生植物可以改善池塘的水质。     

European Non‐native Species in Aquaculture Risk Analysis Scheme – a summary of assessment protocols and decision support tools for use of alien species in aquaculture

The European Non‐native Species in Aquaculture Risk Analysis Scheme (ENSARS) was developed in response to European ‘Council Regulation No. 708/2007 of 11 June 2007 concerning use of alien and locally absent species in aquaculture’ to provide protocols for identifying and evaluating the potential risks of using non‐native species in aquaculture. ENSARS is modular in structure and adapted from non‐native species risk assessment schemes developed by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation and for the UK. Seven of the eight ENSARS modules contain protocols for evaluating the risks of escape, introduction to and establishment in open waters, of any non‐native aquatic organism being used (or associated with those used) in aquaculture, that is, transport pathways, rearing facilities, infectious agents, and the potential organism, ecosystem and socio‐economic impacts. A concluding module is designed to summarise the risks and consider management options. During the assessments, each question requires the assessor to provide a response and confidence ranking for that response based on expert opinion. Each module can also be used individually, and each requires a specific form of expertise. Therefore, a multidisciplinary assessment team is recommended for its completion.     

Federal and state support for aquaculture development in the United States

Abstract

Despite a generally uniform federal support infrastructure, aquaculture development in individual states differs widely in the United States. Even among eastern coastal states with shared natural attributes, introduction of reared species and rates of development may differ noticeably. Aquaculture development reflects existing natural, human and physical capital resources and may be influenced by statutes, regulations and public support. One dimension of the existing and emerging industry support involves financial and development programs. This paper presents data on the structure and utilization of public financing programs and nonprofit economic development support by commercial marine and inland aquaculture enterprises in the United States and selected subdivisions. The research illustrates the scope and magnitude of public sector financial support in eight states; however, the costs and benefits of the public investment need to be carefully examined.     

生物絮团对水产动物生长、消化及养殖水体水质的影响

生物絮团技术(Biofloc technology,BFT)具有改善养殖池塘水质、降低饲料转化率、增强水产动物免疫力等优点,被认为是解决当前集约化养殖问题的有效技术之一,目前已在国内外经济、生态、社会上取得了良好效益。在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,概述了生物絮团对水产动物的生长性能、消化酶活力、非特异性免疫功能、抗氧化能力及养殖水体水质的影响。大量研究结果表明,生物絮团技术能够促进水产动物生长、提高消化酶活力、增强非特异性免疫功能、提升抗氧化能力、节约水资源、降低饲料成本、增加经济效益。将生物絮团技术与其他养殖技术相结合,能够更有效地降低养殖水体中氮、磷等污染物,提高经济、生态、社会效益,前景广阔。     

浅议水产养殖中的药品监督管理

国务院新修订的《兽药管理条例》中明确规定,水产养殖用药在水产使用环节监督管理的职责由县级以上人民政府渔业主管部门及其所属的渔政监督管理机构负责。为全面开展水产养殖中兽药使用的监督工作,进而控制水产品中药物残留,保证人民食用水产品安全,现就监督管理工作提出如下意见。     

中国水产苗种进口特征及其对养殖产业发展的影响分析——基于2013—2018年的数据

水产种业是水产养殖业的战略性、基础性核心产业,水产苗种引进是促进水产养殖业绿色发展的一个重要途径。中国水产苗种引进品种繁多,水产观赏动物成为新宠,通过分析2013—2018年水产苗种进口贸易数据,其主要特征为:进口额呈下降趋势,进口种类涉及24种,部分种类的进口频率达到100%,用于水产养殖的苗种和受精鱼卵进口额分别为14061.19×104美元和632.02×104美元。从进口额数据来看,小虾及对虾、鳗鱼、受精鱼卵及其他鱼种等主要进口苗种种类对水产养殖业发展的影响较大,其中鳗鱼增养殖业对进口鳗苗的依赖程度较高,平均依赖度为50.86%。提出构建养殖鱼类苗种进口预警机制,谋划养殖鱼类品种的替代策略,提高对虾苗种控制能力,做好水产苗种进口质量安全防范等建议,以保障水产养殖产业健康稳定发展。     

抗生素在水产养殖中应用的负面效应及对策

<正> 抗生素是指由细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物经培养而获得的或是用化学合成法合成的结构相同或类似的具有杀灭或抑制病原微生物的物质。自1928年,亚历山大弗来明发现青霉素以来,各种抗生素的广泛应用在控制人类、畜禽和水生动物细菌性疾病方面作出了卓越的贡献。抗生素在水产养殖中大量应用,在起到防治疾病和促进生长的同时,也产生了严重的负面效应,特别是耐药性     

中国鱼类远缘杂交研究及其在水产养殖上的应用

体型和体斑是鳜鱼育种的重要性状。该研究利用多重比较、杂种指数、主成分分析、判别分析对鳜回交子代[斑鳜 (Siniperca scherzeri)♀×杂交鳜 (斑鳜♀×鳜S. chuatsi♂)♂]与其亲本 (斑鳜、杂交鳜) 进行了可量形态性状差异分析,并对回交子代体斑进行了观察。结果显示,回交子代平均杂种指数为38.73,多重比较和杂种指数表明,回交子代体型偏向斑鳜。主成分分析和判别分析表明,回交子代与斑鳜、杂交鳜间的差异性状主要表现在头部隆角、体高/体长、头高/头长、C (隅骨后端至腹鳍起点长)/体长。回交子代、斑鳜与杂交鳜在前3个主成分的三维空间分布上不重叠,相互区分;判别分析可在二维空间上对3个群体进行区分。回交子代体斑主要包括背部鞍状斑与体侧斑纹,可分为4种组合类型,其中45.5%个体具有与斑鳜类似的背部鞍状斑,72.8%个体具有空心斑。研究结果可为鳜鱼回交育种研究与子代鉴定提供基础资料。

     

Effect of feed and feeding in the culture of salmonids on the marine aquatic environment: a synthesis for European aquaculture

While marine aquaculture has grown rapidly, so have concerns regarding the environmental impacts caused by the industry. In particular, increasing discharges of solid and dissolved fish excretions, nutrients and therapeutic chemicals have coincided with greater public awareness of the possibility of environmental damage. This has stimulated a number of criticisms, drawn from a wide spectrum of interests, ranging from the use of natural fish stocks to produce fish meal for aqua feeds to the effects of enhanced nutrient input on the coastal marine environment. The present study reviews available information on the environmental effects of feeding practices in salmonid aquaculture in Europe. Accumulation of waste food and fish faecal material results in changes in the sediment under fish cages, characterized by a low redox potential, high content of organic material and accumulation of nitrogenous and phosphorous compounds. Although significant environmental impacts have been reported in the literature at distances of up to 100 m from the cages, in general such impacts are reported to be localized to within 20–50 m around the cages. For farmed salmon and trout, mass balance models have been developed for nitrogen and phosphorus, indicating that 50% of the nitrogen and 28% of the phosphorus supplied with the food is wasted in dissolved form. The maximum nutrient release can be estimated from the hydrographic conditions in the immediate vicinity of the farm, such as water volume, tidal water exchange and currents. At present production levels, improvements in the feeding efficiency and feed quality of aquafeeds could reduce waste and consequent environmental impacts.     

基于学习通平台的《动物解剖学》移动互动教学应用

学习通是在移动互联网环境下利用手机等移动智能设备开展课堂内外互动教学的智慧学习平台。学习通可以有效打通课内课外,形成移动互联网信息时代的学为中心、适度监督、指导和引导的移动互动教学。阐述了学习通平台在动物解剖学教学的应用情况,指出在应用中应注意的问题,以期提高动物解剖学教学效果。     

Biological considerations on the use of thermal effluents for finfish aquaculture

Future increases in electric power requirements will provide greater opportunities to use waste heat from electric generating stations for beneficial purposes. Thermal effluents can be used as a source of warm water which may be utilized to control and maintain a fish-farm system within optimum thermal limits. High temperatures of thermal effluents will exert their primary effect on cultured organisms through increased activity and metabolism. Site studies in thermal effluents indicate that the principal fishes attracted to thermal effluent areas are warmwater species and that these fish could provide suitable culture animals. At present, few fish species are cultured in thermal effluents under controlled conditions.     

淡水水体渔业碳移出之估算

鱼类和甲壳类等水产品是淡水生态系统碳移出的主要方式。2009年,全国淡水鲢产量348万t,鳙产量243万t,草鱼408万t,鲫206万t,鲤246万t。鲢、鳙的食物主要是天然饵料,鳜鱼摄食鱼类,其饵料鱼则摄食天然饵料,假设草鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、团头鲂等产量的20%来自天然饵料(如不计算施肥等碳输入),通过计算,淡水水产每年总的碳移出约155万t,另外通过粪便等形式沉积的碳约186万t。如按淡水捕捞产量214万t计算,则移出碳27.8万t/yr。比较了不同湖泊的碳移出和沉积力,鄱阳湖为大型浅水湖泊,从20世纪50年代～90年代,其通过渔业移出的碳为11.8～27.6kg/hm2.yr,总移出碳为3890～9061t/yr,总固定的碳为8558～19935t/yr。梁子湖为中型浅水湖泊,渔业碳移出为24～38t/hm2.yr,总移出碳约700～1100t/yr。武汉东湖为典型的富营养化湖泊,其渔业的碳移出约为78kg/hm2.yr,通过渔业输出的碳约260t/yr,总固定碳约600t/yr。长江中下游湖泊面积1971年为1.67万km2,2000年为1.3万km2,如果平均碳移出按10～30kg/hm2.yr计算,总碳移出分别为1.67～1.3万t/yr和5.01～3.9万t/yr。淡水渔业不仅可以移出水体的碳,而且还可以为人类提供大量的优质食物。各种计算方法之间存在一定差异。     

Modeling and implementing the use of aeration to increase water temperature and dissolved oxygen in greenhouse aquaculture cages

In this study, an unique bamboo floating cage was built in order to heat the water used for rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus) and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) in Northern Thailand during the colder rainy and winter seasons. This special greenhouse fish cage (SGFC) was covered with polyethylene to heat the surface air with solar energy, and insulated to prevent heat loss. The water temperature at depths of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.8 m was modeled and measured. In various trials, the cages were aerated with and without heated air from the surface. It was found that the thermal efficiency of the SGFC integrated with hot air aeration at a water depth of 0.80 m was 32.65 %. Throughout the day, the average water temperature was 31.82 ± 0.68 °C, which was 0.76 °C higher than the water temperature outside the experiment, and the amount of oxygen in the water of 11.35 ± 0.13 mg/l. The SGFC can produce one extra fish harvest per year when compared with regular fish cages. Development equations to describe the thermal model were used for predicting the water temperature in the SGFC and thus validating the model. Moreover, the economic analysis of the SGFC found that the payback period was one year, seven months and fourteen days.     

Evaluation of membrane filtration and UV irradiation to control bacterial loads in recirculation aquaculture systems

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is commonly used to control pathogen loads in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), although these micro-organisms can be shielded by particles in the water, and some species tolerate very high UV doses. The objective of this study was to evaluate membrane filtration (MF) as an alternative, or complimentary, treatment to UV irradiation for pathogen control in RAS, as well as examine the operation and cost of each treatment. In a pilot-scale RAS, both MF and UV were used to treat wastewater for 30 days and water samples were collected biweekly and analysed for culturable bacteria, suspended solids, UV transmittance and other parameters. Bacterial control efficiencies were similar between both MF and UV treatments, which removed 99% of total bacteria and 98% of heterotrophic bacteria, respectively. Surface fouling was negligible for the UV while MF required biweekly cleaning to maintain operation. However, MF had the additional benefit of removing 96% of suspended solids, which resulted in increased UV transmittance. Capital and operating costs of MF were similar to UV, but only when MF treated a fraction of the wastewater compared with UV. We conclude that MF represents a potential complimentary technology to enhance UV irradiation, especially to minimise pathogens in RAS that are shielded by particles or tolerate UV.     

鱼源嗜水气单胞菌多重耐药菌株整合子的分子特征

该研究利用无菌操作技术对2株乳酸菌[乳酸菌S60 (干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus casei) 和S72 (植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum)]开展了常规生化检测、药敏实验、体外抑菌实验和动物实验,验证了其作为渔用益生菌的可行性和安全性。结果显示,2株乳酸菌均能在pH为4.5和0.1%的胆盐环境中存活,对水产动物常见病原菌嗜水气单胞菌 (Aeromonas hydrophila) 等均有一定的抑制作用,且抑菌物质分析结果显示,其有效抑菌物质与其代谢过程中产生的有机酸类相关。安全性评价实验结果显示2株乳酸菌无分解明胶和溶血的能力。死亡统计和血液生化指标结果显示,高达1.0×10⁹ CFU·mL⁻¹的活菌腹腔注射攻毒并未引起实验鱼类[异育银鲫 (Carassius auratus)]的严重死亡和机体损伤。可见2株乳酸菌作为口服益生菌具有较高的安全性。此外,耐药特性研究表明,2株乳酸菌对所用药物中的氨基糖苷类和磺胺甲唑耐受能力强,对氨苄青霉素、恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考和多西环素敏感。因此,2株乳酸菌的应用需要注意管理过程中药物的选择。

     

The use of biomarkers to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in Brazil: a review

Organisms in polluted environments are typically exposed to a complex mixture of chemical contaminants. The great concern about the health of aquatic ecosystems has led to the increased use of biomarkers over the past years. The aim of this work was to review the papers published from 2000 to 2015, which used biomarkers to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems in Brazil. A research resulted in 99 eligible papers. More than 80% of studies were conducted in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Approximately 63% of studies used fish as bioindicator, whereas the micronucleus test and biochemical analyses were the most used biomarkers. A multibiomarker approach was used by 60.6% of studies, while 39.4% used one single biomarker. Furthermore, 68% were field studies and more than 75% of these used control animals sampled at reference sites. A relationship between the biomarker responses and pollution was reported by 87% of studies; however, 43.4% of studies analyzed only one sampling period, limiting comparisons and comprehension about possible seasonal variations. This review evidenced some weak points in studies using biomarkers in Brazil, especially related to the lack of studies in two important biomes (the Pantanal and the Amazon Rainforest) and experimental designs (small sample size, sampling in one single period, use of one single biomarker). Thus, future studies should consider mainly the use of multiple biomarkers, greater sample size, seasonal sampling and water physicochemical parameters to better diagnose the health of aquatic ecosystems.     

水产品中食品添加剂限量标准分析及建议

介绍CAC、美国、日本、欧盟等我国几个主要水产品出口对象的食品添加剂限量标准,并与我国相关标准要求进行了对比分析,探讨了我国现行水产品中食品添加剂限量标准存在的问题,提出了对策和建议。