小菜蛾钙黏蛋白片段对Cry1Ac蛋白的增效作用

根据已报道的昆虫毒素结合区钙黏蛋白片段对Cry1Ac蛋白有增效作用,本文以3龄小菜蛾幼虫为研究对象,选取其钙黏蛋白相同功能区的两个片段,将两个片段进行克隆。通过pGEX-6p-1载体,在大肠杆菌中表达了功能区片段PxCAD1及PxCAD2。使用致死中浓度剂量的CrylAc蛋白(1μg/mL)及较高浓度的PxCAD1(556μg/mL)与PxCAD2(551.25μg/mL)对小菜蛾幼虫进行体外复配生测,结果表明,PxCAD1可使小菜蛾幼虫的致死率上升为85.56%,PxCAD2则不能增强CrylAc蛋白的杀虫活性;而PxCAD1与PxCAD2本身对于小菜蛾幼虫并无毒性。研究结果为筛选有效的协同片段提供了理论依据,对于揭示Bt杀虫蛋白的毒理机制和害虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性机制具有重要意义。     

棉铃虫对Cry1Ac抗性的稳定性及其对适合度的影响

为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera（Hübner）对苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）Cry1Ac毒蛋白抗性的稳定性及其适合度变化,利用生物测定的方法研究了Cry1Ac抗性品系棉铃虫转到正常饲料饲养后的抗性衰退及再次筛选后抗性的恢复情况,并比较了敏感、抗性和抗性衰退后各品系间的适合度差异。在失去选择压的情况下,高抗品系棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性迅速衰退,经过4代后抗性水平由最初的3626.67倍下降到1436.67倍;到第12代时抗性水平已低于10倍,随后品系保持较稳定的低抗水平;当重新进行抗性再筛选时,其抗性水平可快速恢复,抗性倍数快速回升,5代后恢复到1123.33倍。与敏感品系相比,高抗棉铃虫品系的适合度明显降低,相对适合度仅为0.33,但转到正常饲料连续饲养14代后,棉铃虫适合度明显上升,相对适合度为0.87,主要表现为卵孵化率和幼虫存活率等显著提高。     

棉铃虫V-ATPase亚基B是Cry1Ac的功能受体

目前对转苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis（Bt）的研究发现,液泡型ATP酶（Vacuolar-type proton ATPase,V-ATPase）可能是Bt的一类新型受体。我们前期通过构建棉铃虫的中肠酵母文库筛选Cry1Ac的结合蛋白发现棉铃虫V-ATPase亚基B（V-ATPase B）可以与Cry1Ac结合。为明确V-ATPase B在Cry1Ac毒力和昆虫对Cry1Ac抗性机制中的作用,本研究首先采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了该基因在抗感Cry1Ac棉铃虫幼虫中及其受到Cry1Ac诱导时的基因表达情况;通过Ligand blot进一步地证实了其与Cry1Ac的结合特性;并通过在Sf9细胞中表达V-ATPase B的试验验证了其功能。结果表明V-ATPase B在抗性品系及受到Cry1Ac诱导时均下调表达,Ligand blot证实了V-ATPase B与Cry1Ac特异性结合;并且在昆虫细胞内过表达该基因,会增强Cry1Ac的细胞毒力。研究结果表明棉铃虫V-ATPase B是Cry1Ac的功能受体,并有可能通过降低基因表达来参与棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性形成。     

V-ATPase H表达量下调增强棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是世界性重要农业害虫。目前防治棉铃虫的主要手段是种植转苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)杀虫蛋白的转基因作物。本文旨在研究棉铃虫V-ATPase H在Cry1Ac蛋白毒力和抗性中的作用。利用实时荧光定量qRT-PCR技术分析V-ATPase H在Cry1Ac抗、感品系棉铃虫幼虫中肠及敏感品系棉铃虫幼虫受Cry1Ac诱导后的表达情况;在昆虫Sf9细胞中过表达V-ATPase H对其进行细胞定位,通过细胞毒力试验验证其对Cry1Ac毒力的影响。结果发现棉铃虫V-ATPase H基因在抗性品系中低表达,并且V-ATPase H在受到Cry1Ac诱导时也低表达;在Sf9细胞内表达V-ATPase H蛋白发现其在整个细胞中都有分布,过表达该蛋白后增强了细胞对Cry1Ac蛋白的敏感性。结果表明V-ATPase H参与Cry1Ac蛋白的毒力。     

几种荧光增白剂对SfaMNPV的增效作用

利用化学增效因子提高杆状病毒的毒力,是扩大其实用性的重要途径.笔者以棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 3龄幼虫为供试虫,测试了几种荧光增白剂对芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒Syngrapha falcifera multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus,SfaMNPV 包含体(OB)、多角体来源病毒粒子(PDV)毒力的增效作用.     

我国棉铃虫对Bt蛋白Cry1Ac抗性现状及分子机制研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种全球性的重要农业害虫,主要为害棉花、玉米和大豆等作物。长期种植单价Bt棉花（表达Cry1Ac蛋白）会使棉铃虫田间种群承受单一、持续的选择压力,必然会导致棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的抗性发生演化。该文概述我国棉铃虫田间种群对Cry1Ac的抗性现状、自然庇护所对棉铃虫Cry1Ac抗性演化的延缓作用以及棉铃虫对Cry1Ac抗性的遗传多样性,并对今后我国关于棉铃虫Bt抗性的治理对策进行了展望。     

低温和几丁质酶处理对棉铃虫围食膜的影响

应用扫描电镜观察了经低温处理（5℃,24h）和几丁质酶处理的棉铃虫围食膜的形态变化。结果表明,正常围食膜致密平滑,没有孔或缝。低温处理的围食膜产生了孔和缝,孔径可达150nm,使核多角体病毒能进入中肠细胞。经几丁质酶处理的围食膜也出现孔和缝。处理时间越长,破坏越大。几丁质酶处理围食膜对蛋质含量有一定影响,对粮含量变化的影响则较大。     

荧光增白剂与增效蛋白对美国白蛾核型多角体病毒(HcNPV)的增效作用

围食膜是昆虫中肠细胞与肠腔之间的一种防御性屏障,破坏围食膜即能促进病原微生物对昆虫的侵染。分别研究了荧光增白剂FB28和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera颗粒体病毒增效蛋白(En-Ha)对美国白蛾核型多角体病毒(Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus,HcNPV)的增效作用,分析了活体条件下FB28与En-Ha对美国白蛾幼虫围食膜的破坏作用,解释了其增效作用机理。生物测定结果表明,FB28和En-Ha均能够影响围食膜蛋白的表达谱,提高HcNPV的感染率,使其毒力显著提高:单独饲喂HcNPV时的LC50值为1.11×105 PIBs/mL,添加FB28和En-Ha后,其LC50值分别降低为1.91×103和7.70×103 PIBs/mL,增效比值(SR)分别为58.12和14.42。SDS-PAGE电泳结果发现:用FB28饲喂处理幼虫后,分子质量为60 ku的蛋白条带消失,37 ku的新蛋白条带逐渐出现;幼虫摄取含有En-Ha的饲料后,分子质量为75 ku的蛋白条带消失,44.3 ku的新蛋白条带逐渐出现。经过10～24 h后,FB28和En-Ha处理的幼虫围食膜都能够恢复正常,表明其破坏作用是短暂的。     

马铃薯羧肽酶抑制剂与Cry1Ac毒素混用对棉铃虫中肠蛋白酶活性及杀虫活性的影响

为研发转多价抗虫棉,利用蛋白酶专性底物测定马铃薯羧肽酶抑制剂（potato carboxypeptidases inhibitor,PCI）和Cry1Ac毒素单用及混用后棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫中肠内总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、类胰凝乳蛋白酶和羧肽酶的活性、羧肽酶A（carboxypeptidase A,CPA）和羧肽酶B（carboxypeptidase B,CPB）基因的相对表达量及对棉铃虫的杀虫活性。结果表明,饲喂20 μg/cm² PCI+1 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、40 μg/cm² PCI+5 μg/cm² Cry1Ac含药饲料后,棉铃虫3龄幼虫中肠内CPA活性分别为0.20 U/mg和0.16 U/mg,显著低于对照;总蛋白酶活性均为0.15 OD·min^-1·mg^-1,与对照差异不显著;类胰蛋白酶活性均为0.45 μmol·min^-1·mg^-1,均显著低于其他处理,CPB基因表达量较对照显著下调。饲喂20 μg/cm² PCI、40 μg/cm² PCI、1 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、5 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、20 μg/cm² PCI+1 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、40 μg/cm² PCI+5 μg/cm² Cry1Ac含药饲料后,CPB活性分别为0.26、0.26、0.24、0.26、0.27和0.26 U/mg,与对照差异不显著;棉铃虫3龄幼虫中肠内类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性分别为0.48、0.39、0.42、0.41、0.40和0.45 μmol·min^-1·mg^-1,6者之间差异不显著,但均显著低于对照;棉铃虫3龄幼虫中肠内CPA基因表达量均较对照显著上调。饲喂20 μg/cm² PCI+0.02 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、40 μg/cm² PCI+0.02 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、20 μg/cm² PCI+0.06 μg/cm² Cry1Ac、40 μg/cm² PCI+0.06 μg/cm² Cry1Ac含药饲料后,棉铃虫初孵幼虫实际校正死亡率分别为66.54%、68.28%、77.74%和85.76%,均高于其预期校正死亡率,表明PCI和Cry1Ac两者对杀虫活性表现为独立作用和增效作用,两者可共同用于棉铃虫幼虫的防治。     

Cry1Ac的绿色荧光蛋白GFP标记及其在棉铃虫幼虫中肠的定位分布

为了明确Cry1Ac蛋白在棉铃虫体内与中肠组织的相互作用,采用重叠PCR方法将Bt-cry1Ac基因和绿色荧光蛋白GFP基因融合,构建含Cry1Ac毒蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白GFP原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌大量表达。利用荧光显微镜观察发现,表达Cry1Ac-GFP融合蛋白的大肠杆菌在蓝光激发下发出绿色荧光。将含有融合蛋白的菌液拌入人工饲料饲喂3龄棉铃虫幼虫96h,取棉铃虫幼虫中肠做冰冻切片并在荧光显微镜下观察。结果显示,取食含有Cry1Ac-GFP融合蛋白饲料的棉铃虫幼虫中肠能够发出强烈荧光。比较Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白敏感和抗性棉铃虫幼虫中肠的发光部位,敏感棉铃虫幼虫的中肠围食膜已经消失,肠壁细胞发出强烈的荧光,而抗性棉铃虫的围食膜较健全并发出荧光。     

Toxicity of chlorantraniliprole to Cry1Ac-susceptible and resistant strains of Helicoverpa armigera

Transgenic Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac is important in controlling various agricultural pests, including Helicoverpa armigera. Especially for transgenic crops that are cultivated in large expanses, avoiding resistance development is a key for ensuring sustainability of Bt technologies. Integrated pest management, in which transgenic crops are strategically combined with rational pesticide use, may help to prevent H. armigera resistance acquisition in Bt cotton. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of a novel insecticide (chlorantraniliprole) on Cry1Ac-susceptible and resistant individuals of H. armigera. More specifically, we assessed the effect of chlorantraniliprole on the activity of two enzymes and conducted laboratory bioassays to determine its toxicity on H. armigera larvae. Chlorantraniliprole increased esterase and glutathione-S-transferase activities in Cry1Ac susceptible and resistant populations of H. armigera. Cry1Ac resistant populations XJ-F (Cry1Ac resistance ratio 21.8-fold), XJ-10.0 (95.8-fold) and BTR (3536.5-fold) did not show cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole, with LC₅₀ values of 0.0733 (μg/mL) in XJ-F, 0.0545 (μg/ml) in XJ-10.0 and 0.0731 (μg/mL) in BTR, which were close to that in the susceptible strain 96S (0.0954 μg/mL). Our work shows that chlorantraniliprole could be considered to be integrated in Bt cotton management schemes to delay the H. armigera resistance development.     

The effects of diet on the detection of resistance to Cry1Ac toxin in Australian Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effects of raw or heat-denatured soybean flour in an artificial diet on the detection of Cry1Ac resistance in Helicoverpa armigera were examined. Resistant neonate larvae reared on denatured soybean flour diet showed resistance factors of 7980 and 16,901 at the LC₅₀ and LC_99.9 levels, respectively. By comparison, resistance could not be detected in neonate larvae reared on raw flour diet. Third instar larvae reared on denatured flour diet showed resistance factors of 322 and 21,190 at the LC₅₀ and LC_99.9 levels. Resistance was not detected in third instar larvae reared on raw flour diet. There was 68% survival of resistant neonate larvae on Bollgard II cotton leaf feeding assays, compared to 100% mortality in a susceptible strain. We conclude that detection of CRY1Ac resistance in H. armigera from Australia can be masked, if an artificial diet gives chronic exposure to potent, protease inhibitors present in raw soy flour.     

Binding of three Cry1A toxins in resistant and susceptible strains of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

Evolution of resistance by pests is the greatest threat to the continuous success of theBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins used in conventional sprays or in transgenic plants. The most common mechanism of insect resistance to Bt is reduced binding of toxins to target sites in the brush border membrane of the larval mid-gut. In this paper, binding experiments were performed with three ¹²⁵I-Cry1A toxins and the brush border membrane vesicles from Cry1Ac resistant or susceptible strains of Helicoverpa armigera. The homologous competition test showed that there was no significant difference in Cry1Ac-binding affinity, but the concentration of Cry1Ac-binding sites dramatically decreased in the resistant strain (R_t decreased from 5.87 ± 1.40 to 2.23 ± 0.80). The heterologous competition test showed that there were three Cry1Ac-binding sites in the susceptible strain. Among them, site 1 bound with all three Cry1A toxins, site 2 bound with both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, and site 3 only bound with Cry1Ac. In the Cry1Ac resistant strain, the binding capability of site 1 with Cry1Ab decreased and site 2 did not bind with Cry1Ac. It is suggested that the absence of one binding site is responsible for H. armigera resistance to Cry1Ac. This result also showed that the resistance fitted the “mode 1” pattern of Bt resistance described previously.     

新疆地区棉铃虫自然种群对Bt棉的抗性频率监测

为监测新疆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)田间种群对Bt棉的抗性频率,在2010年和2011年分别采集石河子和喀什地区莎车的棉铃虫单雌系,以Cry1Ac毒蛋白作为人工饲料,用单雌系F1/F2代法进行棉铃虫种群抗性个体检测。2010年筛选了123个石河子的棉铃虫单雌系,2 011年筛选了152个莎车的棉铃虫单雌系。两地的棉铃虫种群均没有筛选到相对平均发育级别≥0.8的抗Bt棉个体,估算出石河子和莎车的棉铃虫种群的抗性频率低于10-3。莎车F2单雌系与其对应的F1单雌系相对平均发育级别有明显差异。研究表明新疆石河子地区田间棉铃虫种群仍保持敏感状态,喀什地区田间棉铃虫种群对Bt棉的耐受性增高。     

Construction of the recombinant baculovirus AcMNPV with cathepsin B-like proteinase and its insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera

The Helicoverpa armigera cathepsin B-like proteinase (HCB) has been shown to have a wide spectrum of substrates. It has been involved in the degradation of yolk protein during embryonic development and also in the decomposition of the adult fat body. To study the possibility of using HCB to improve the insecticidal activity of bioinsecticides, it was inserted into the pFASTBACDUAL-green fluorescent protein (GFP) donor plasmid under the strong polyhedrin promoter, and the polyhedrin gene was retained behind the HCB gene so that the virus could orally infect the host and survive in the natural environment. After the recombinant plasmid transfected the Sf21 cells, the recombinant baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺ was produced. A 37-kDa recombinant procathepsin B was expressed in AcMNPV-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺-infected Sf21 cells and processed into 29/25-kDa mature forms. Gelatin zymography revealed that the proteolytic activities of the recombinant HCB and other proteases were activated or enhanced by HCB in AcMNPV-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺-infected larvae. Green fluorescence was observed earlier and was more intense in AcMNPV-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺-infected larvae than in HCB-free AcMNPV-GFP-Polh⁺-infected ones that were infected at the same time; this indicated that the AcMNPV-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺ virus spreaded faster in larvae than the AcMNPV-GFP-Polh⁺ virus. A bioassay revealed that infection with the AcMNPV-GFP-HCB-Polh⁺ virus shortened the median survival time of H. armigera larvae by 12 h as compared with those infected with the AcMNPV-GFP-Polh⁺ or the wild-type AcMNPV virus. These results suggest that HCB may possibly play a role in the recombinant virus in improving the rate of killing larvae.     

Interaction of Cry1Ac toxin (Bacillus thuringiensis) and proteinase inhibitors on the growth, development, and midgut proteinase activities of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea

Potential resistance development to Bt cotton in certain lepidopterans has prompted research to develop strategies that will preserve this environmental-friendly biotechnology. Proteinase inhibitors are potential candidates for enhancing Bt toxicity against lepidopteran pests and for expanding the spectrum of control for other insects. Interactions of Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis and proteinase inhibitors were investigated by monitoring growth, development, and gut proteinase activities of the bollworm, Helicoverpa zea. Several proteinase inhibitors were combined with Bt protoxin Cry1Ac in artificial diet and fed to newly molted 3rd-instar bollworm larvae to determine effects on larval body weight and length, pupation progress, and mortality rate. Major midgut proteinase activities, including caseinase, tryptic, and chymotrypsin activities, were examined after treatment. A concentration of Bt at a level causing minimal mortality (<10%), was mixed with the following proteinase inhibitors: benzamidine, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and N-α-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). When compared with controls, the synergistic effect of Bt toxin and proteinase inhibitors caused significant decreases in mean larval weight and length over time. Midgut samples tested against the substrates azocasein, α-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA), and N-succinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide (SAAPFpNA) showed significant decreases in the protease activity of larvae fed Bt plus inhibitor versus control. Interaction of Bt and proteinase inhibitors significantly retarded larval growth and resulted in developmental delay and up to 20% mortality.