微生物饲料添加剂应用研究(十二)微生物饲料添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

好友-808是根据反刍动物瘤胃内环境易受影响，微生物菌群易失调，奶牛产奶不稳定，肉牛羊生长速度慢以及容易由应激引起各种疾病的特点设计的一种新型的微生物饲料添加剂。其作用：提高反刍动物采食量，改善瘤胃内环境，保障瘤胃健康；提高消化能力和饲料转化率；提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率及乳蛋白含量，延长产奶高峰；促进肉牛羊生长、改善胴体质量，提高机体免疫力，增强抗病能力，预防犊牛、羔羊腹泻；减少奶牛乳房炎、子宫炎及胎衣不下等。     

如何提高奶牛对粗饲料的利用率

粗饲料质量已经成为制约我国奶牛养殖业快速发展的重要因素。本文分别从青贮收割时期，加工长度，霉菌污染和瘤胃微生物活性等方面，分析了影响粗饲料消化率的几个主要原因。研究发现，要提高粗饲料的消化率，一方面要提供给奶牛质量好，加工完全，无霉菌污染的粗料；另一方面要注意增强瘤胃微生物的活性，微生物活性将直接决定粗饲料的利用效率.     

瘤胃素在反刍动物生产中的应用

瘤胃素又称莫能霉素或莫能菌素（monensin），是由链霉菌（Streptomycescinnamonesis）产生的一种聚醚类抗生素。瘤胃素能够调节瘤胃微生物区系，减少革兰氏阳性菌（Russell等，１９８８）和原虫（易建民等，１９９８）数量，抑制乳酸产生菌、氨产生菌和产气菌活性，提高乳酸利用菌活性（Dennis等，１９８１；Callaway等，１９９６；王中华等，１９９９）。饲料中添加瘤胃素可提高饲料转化率和养分吸收率。１９４５年美国正式将瘤胃素列为肉牛饲料添加剂，现已广泛用于肉牛生产中。瘤胃素在奶牛上的研究起步比较晚，试验表明，瘤胃素可提…     

莫能霉素在反刍动物中的应用

莫能霉素是一种聚醚类抗生素，学名为莫能霉素钠(monensin sondium)，在饲料应用时又称为瘤胃素，是离子载体中最具代表性的一种。它在以下几方面对反当动物起作用：①抑制瘤胃革兰氏阳性菌的生长；⑧增加瘤胃丙酸产量和比例；⑨减少甲烷产生；④抑制乳酸的产生，提高瘤胃pH；⑥降低饲料蛋白在瘤胃的降解；⑧减少氨的产生，增加血中葡萄糖的含量。莫能霉素已在国外肉牛业和禽业中广泛应用，也作为治疗性药物用于防治奶牛酮病，是一种很有发展前景的饲料添加剂。     

浅谈影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素及其调控技术

提高反刍动物瘤胃的纤维降解率是增加粗饲料利用的有效途径。本文综合分析了国内外相关研究后认为；针对影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素，瘤胃调控手段可从瘤胃环境的物理、营养、瘤胃徽生物系统等方面进行。     

绿消炎宝治疗瘤胃臌气前胃弛缓效果好

绿消炎宝治疗瘤胃臌气前胃弛缓效果好聂庆华，许连科，姜伟绿消炎宝是吉化公司辽源兽药原料厂生产的新药，具有杀菌、消毒、防腐、消炎、止酵、除臭、兴奋平滑肌、增强胃肠蠕动功能等。用该药治疗成牛瘤胃臌气和前胃弛缓效果较好。瘤胃臌气用药１００－２００毫升；前胃弛...     

乳酸对瘤胃毒性作用的研究

实验以瘤胃内分别灌注３０、６０、１００ｍｌ乳酸，模拟绵羊过食谷物时瘤胃内乳酸增高的状况；以瘤胃平滑肌电为指标对瘤胃运动进行监测，研究了病理量的乳酸对绵羊瘤胃的毒性作用及其机理。结果表明：小剂量的乳酸主要通过神经反性地抑制瘤胃的收缩频率和收缩强度；大剂量的乳酸除通过神经作用外，还可直接抑制瘤胃的兴奋性和收缩传导速度；严重乳酸中毒时，通过兴奋神经很难恢复瘤胃运动。     

稀土对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊瘤胃发酵,消化代谢及其生产性能的影响

实验１用４只安装永久性瘤胃漏管的阿尔巴斯白绒山羊（母），进行瘤胃消化代谢试验；实验２用６只成年母绒山羊进行消化代谢试验；试验３选用同品种成年妊娠母羊进行放牧补饲实验。实验１得出，稀土的使用可促进瘤胃内ＮＨ３－Ｎ的利用；细菌数比对照组提高３５．６７％；丙酸产量提高２８．６３％。实验２得出，稀土可提高绒山羊日粮ＤＭ、ＯＭ、ＧＥ及ＡＤＦ消化率，分别为１１．５８％、１２．２７％、１６．６９％和２６．２９％；每日氮存留率比对照组提高１８０．１％。实验３得出，稀土组产绒量比对照组提高８．９０％。     

间接法评定绵羊瘤胃丙酸产生、吸收和流通规律研究

利用非同位素标记丙酸的启动－连续灌注的方法，采用非标记酸灌注条件下计算丙酸基本产生量的原理，研究了绵羊瘤胃碳水化合物产生丙酸的基本速率和通过灌注提高丙酸产生速率后，丙酸在瘤胃的消失率，离开瘤胃的流通速率；丙酸在瓣胃和真胃及小肠的吸收及其它有关液相指标的影响。研究表明：当试验绵羊饲喂粗精比为54：46的日粮并满足维持饲养水平时，测得的丙酸基本产生速率为22．4mmol/h，瘤胃丙酸库容量为51.94mmol,仅占丙酸日产量的9．6％，还确定了瘤胃灌注丙酸后获得稳态的条件是：瘤胃液相pH的变异系数CV＜0．5％，丙酸浓度的变异系数＜6％，标记物Co浓度的变异系数＜5％；丙酸在瘤胃的吸收速率与其在瘤胃的产生速率成正比（P＜0．01），当丙酸的产生速率从37．14提高至145.07mmol/h时，瘤胃吸收的丙酸占丙酸产生量的2／3以上，而随液体离开瘤胃的丙酸不足丙酸产生量的1／3。进一步的研究证实，离开瘤胃的丙酸在瓣胃和真胃有96％以上被吸收，有3％－4％进入十二指肠；同时还获得了一系列通过瘤胃丙酸产生速率（PROD丙酸，mmol/h）预测其它液相特性指标的关系方程。     

温度对糖处理大豆粕干物质消失率的影响

高产反刍动物（如高产奶牛、强度育肥肉牛和肉羊）对由过瘤胃蛋白提供的小肠氨基酸的需要量较大。动物蛋白饲料的禁用使含蛋白质较高的豆粕等植物性蛋白饲料作为反刍动物摄取过瘤胃蛋白质的主要途径。大豆粕氨基酸组成与动物需要接近，是优质的植物性蛋白，然而大豆粕蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率相对较高及过瘤胃数量相对较少，影响高产反刍动物生产陛能的发挥；因此为提高生产力，提高大豆粕蛋白质饲料的利用率，减少环境污染，通过合适的保护方法避免大豆粕在瘤胃中降解速度过快，可增加过瘤胃蛋白的数量，改善氮的利用率，增加氮的沉积，具有十分重要的意义。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.