开远市原生植被类型的垂直分布状况调查

通过对开远市不同海拔高度原生植被类型状况的设样调查,得出开远市原生植被的垂直分布规律为:海拔高度1 500 m以下分布着以毛叶青冈为代表的偏干性季风常绿阔叶林、细叶云南松林;海拔高度1 500~2 000 m生长有元江栲、银木荷湿性常绿阔叶林、云南松林;而海拔高度2 000 m以上为红花荷、黄丹木姜子群落及光叶石栎群落组成的中山湿性常绿阔叶林。而在海拔高度1 100~1 200 m干热河谷地带分布的铁橡栎、清香木群落不作该地的代表类型。结合垂直分布规律,对除细叶云南松林外的6种植被类型的物种分层结构特征作了论述。     

次生金钱松林自然化培育前期的恢复特征

对宁波市鄞州区天童林场盘山林区退化金钱松人工林实施择伐、留养和补植先锋树种的近自然化改造,比较不同林分早期恢复生长的差异。结果表明:①改造6年后,山坡上的木荷、青冈和沟谷上的红楠等地带性常绿阔叶树种呈快速的恢复生长,已形成了一个高3~5 m的更新层,林分结构得到改善,已形成松阔异龄混交林,比对照区林分蓄积量分别提高68.3%和18.9%。②通过抚育使山坡和沟谷类型更新层的优势种群密度分别达2 538、3 183株.hm-2,比对照区提高1.8倍、7.2倍;山坡类型更新的木荷和青冈种群的个体数量分布基本上呈正态分布,这表明更新种群都处于恢复中前期增长进程阶段;沟谷类型更新的红楠种群个体数量呈逆J型分布,已成为稳定型种群。③改造后混交林群落结构发生变化,更新优势种群抗胁迫性显著增强。     

Comparison between old-growth stands and secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling in warm-temperate forests of Yakushima, southern Japan

In order to infer successional changes in structure, species composition and diversity of warm-temperate forest, we compared secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling (41–64-years old) with old-growth stands at altitudes between 300 and 800 m on Yakushima Island, southern Japan. Stem density and maximum stem diameter differed between secondary and old-growth stands, but basal area and aboveground biomass did not. At lower altitudes, the dominant species in old-growth stands with a strong sprouting capacity (Castanopsis cuspidata) also dominated secondary stands, and species composition of secondary and old-growth stands was similar. At higher altitudes, by contrast, the dominant species in old-growth stands (Distylium racemosum) had little sprouting capacity and was poorly represented in diverse secondary stands, which were dominated by Castanopsis or other less abundant species. Secondary stands had greater species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) than old-growth stands, particularly at higher altitudes. This was due to greater species richness resulting from higher stem density per area, but not to greater evenness. We grouped the component species that share ecologically similar traits into four guilds (fagaceous, primary evergreen, secondary evergreen and deciduous species). Secondary stands were characterized by greater numbers of deciduous and secondary evergreen species. We concluded that different sprouting capacities of dominant species and different regeneration traits among guilds are responsible for the change in species composition and diversity during succession.     

金佛山国家级自然保护区植物群落优势种与多样性研究

采用常规野外调查法对金佛山国家级自然保护区南、北、西3坡向不同海拔梯度的植物群落优势种和植物多样性进行调查研究。结果表明:①海拔1 840 m处,乔木层的优势种都是常绿阔叶树种,其他海拔区域乔木层的优势种未呈现规律性;西坡不同海拔高度乔木层的优势种都属于常绿阔叶树种,而其他坡向未呈现规律性;北坡840 m和西坡840 m处的灌木层优势种都为乔木幼树,分别是四川大头茶(Gordonia acuminate)幼树和油茶(Camellia oleifera)幼树;海拔1 840 m处,各坡向草本层以阴生的植物为优势种。②西坡1 340 m和北坡1 840 m处植物群落物种多样性最高,受到严重干扰的山顶和南坡1 840 m处物种多样性最低而北坡1 340 m和南坡1 340 m处在受到干扰的情况下仍表现出较高的物种多样性。③植物群落内各层的物种丰富度的大小顺序依次为草本层乔木层灌木层,而群落多样性指数的大小顺序依次为乔木层草本层灌木层。     

Changes in the stand structure of a pine forest after rapid growth of Quercus serrata Thunb.

We studied the species composition and stand structure of secondary pine forests affected by pine wilt disease, caused by epidemic attacks of the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in western Japan. Based on the species composition, the vegetation was divided into four types: (1) Cladonia rangiferina, (2) Wikstroemia sikokiana, (3) Quercus glauca, and (4) Gleichenia japonica. The sequence of types from (1) to (3) represents a successional series in accordance with topographical position. The relative basal areas of Rhododendron reticulatum and Juniperus rigida in the C. rangiferina and W. sikokiana types were larger than in the Q. glauca type. The relative basal areas of Q. serrata, Clethra barbinervis, and Eurya japonica in the C. rangiferina and W. sikokiana types were less than in the Q. glauca type. The mortality of light-demanding trees was higher in the Q. glauca type than in the C. rangiferina and W. sikokiana types. In stands that were severely affected by pine wilt disease, light was reduced and soil became moist after rapid growth of Q. serrata and other species which are not affected by the disease. The numbers of species and components of evergreen broad-leaved natural forests were decreased, because pine forests in the study area had been cut frequently and the land had degraded. Pine wilt disease has shifted the dominance of pine forests from Pinus densiflora to deciduous oaks such as Q. serrata and physical conditions seemed to provide a safe site for shade-tolerant plant species, which are components of evergreen broad-leaved forests. Moreover, the seed dispersal of evergreen oaks appears to be an important factor in the succession to evergreen broad-leaved forest in degraded areas.     

Hydrological characteristics of litter in different forest succession stages at Liuxihe Watershed, southern China

The hydrological characteristics of litter in four different forest succession stages, i.e., a Pinus massoniana forest, a mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest with conifer being the dominant species, a mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest with deciduous trees as dominant species, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest, have been studied by means of substituting space for time. The results show that while a community is developing to a zonal climax, the amount of litter becomes larger and its decomposition intensity becomes stronger; there is a positive relation between its water-holding capacity and velocity and its community maturity for the half-decomposed litter layer. __________ Translated from Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2007, 27(6): 38–43 [译自: 中南林业科技大学学报]     

Germination and seedling growth of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus) across openings in a mixed-deciduous forest of southern New England, USA

In this study three species of the genus Quercus section Erythrobalanus (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina) were investigated. All occur together as canopy trees in forests of southern New England. Acorns of each Quercus species were planted in plots located in five zones that represent a range of forest gap/canopy conditions that can occur within a southern New England forest. These five zones were demarcated adjacent to and across large openings of two physiographic sites—valley and ridgetop. Experiments were designed to monitor germination and initial growth of seedlings for the first three growing seasons. During the start of the first growing season germination was monitored. At the end of the first growing season measurements of height and number of flushes were taken and destructive samples of seedlings made for dry mass of root, stem and leaves. At the end of the third growing season height was recorded for surviving seedlings. Comparisons were made of germination and growth of seedlings located in the different gap/canopy conditions.

Results demonstrated clear differences in patterns of germination and early growth among species and among gap/canopy conditions of the sites. All species showed an increased lag in germination with reduced amounts of light. Highest growth and flushing rate were in the center conditions of the openings for all species during the first growing season. Quercus rubra had the greatest height growth the first growing season but a lower number of flushes than Q. velutina and Q. coccinea. In comparison with the other species, Q. rubra had the greatest total dry mass in most gap/canopy conditions after the first growing season. However, Q. velutina had the greatest total dry mass in the center of the ridgetop opening. In almost all gap/canopy conditions Q. velutina had greater proportions of dry mass allocated to roots compared with the other species.

After 3 years, greatest height growth in any of the gap/canopy conditions was recorded for all three species in the center of the valley site. Under this condition Q. rubra had significantly greater growth than Q. velutina and Q. coccinea. Quercus rubra also had significantly greater height growth and survival beneath the canopy conditions of the valley site than the other species. On the ridgetop site regeneration failed to establish beneath canopy conditions that provided low amounts of light. Quercus velutina showed greatest height growth after three years in the center and edge conditions of the ridgetop opening compared with the other species. Environmental influences that determine species germination and growth performance are suggested.     

澜沧江自然保护区半湿性常绿阔叶林的群落学及植物区系特性研究

对澜沧江自然保护区分布于海拔高度2 300~2 540 m较原始的半湿性常绿阔叶林的群落学及植物区系特性进行了调查研究。其2 500 m2的样地调查统计资料表明,组成本区半湿性常绿阔叶林的种子植物有44科、93属、149种,蕨类植物有7科、9属、13种。其群落的5个层次组成显明。群落中,泛热带分布的属最多,有24属;其次为热带亚洲及其变型的属,有15属。热带性质的属(51属)多于温带性质的属(32属),无中国特有属,显示该保护区的半湿性常绿阔叶林在属的水平上具有较强的热带性质。群落中,中国特有种多达76种,包括保护区特有的2个种,与云南共有的28种,与中国其他地区共有的46种,其中与西南片共有27种,表明本保护区半湿性常绿阔叶林的构成种类主要起源于云南和我国西南地区。其群落中也有一定数量的中国—喜马拉雅成分(32种)和热带亚洲成分(30种),显示与喜马拉雅地区和热带亚洲地区的区系渊源。群落中温带性质的种(113种)比热带性质的种(35种)多,说明在本区山地条件下,在该群落中形成和迁入了大量温带的种类。以此认为,相对干燥的山地气候,是本区的半湿性常绿阔叶林能够分布到海拔高度2 540 m,明显高于高黎贡山和无量山的原因。此外,构成本区半湿性常绿阔叶林种子植物的种类明显少于无量山的相同林分(177种),这或许也与两地区降雨量的差异有关。同样的由硬斗石栎、木果石栎等优势物种组成的林分,在高黎贡山和无量山属于中山湿性常绿阔叶林,而在本保护区则属于半湿性常绿阔叶林。说明具有类似优势成分的森林群落,可以划分到不同的高等级植被类型(如植被亚型)中,这主要取决于它们的生态特征,而不完全取决于它们的区系组成。     

Gap-Disturbance Regimes in Different Forest Types of Japan

Abstract

In this study, I defined a gap as a small opening formed in a forest canopy (area < 0.1 ha) and tried to synthesize gap-disturbance regimes of primary mature stands in different forest types of Japan, such as warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (4 stands in 3 localities), cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved (10 in 5) and subalpine evergreen coniferous (3 in 1) forests. Mean percentage of the total gap area within the total forested area (percentage gap area) in each forest type was 17.0% in warm temperate (number of surveyed gaps was 161), 13.8% in cool temperate (278 gaps), and 8.0% in subalpine (100 gaps) forests. Mean gap density (ha^-1) and mean gap size (m²) were 19.5 and 77.1 in warm temperate, 16.4 and 92.0 in cool temperate, and 19.1 and 41.9 in subalpine forests, respectively. These figures indicate that gap density is not substantially different among the forest types, but the mean gap size of subalpine forests is smaller than the other two, resulting in lower percentage gap area of this forest type. The gap size distributions were similar among the forest types; smaller gaps were much more frequent than larger ones, and gaps > 400 rrr were rare in warm temperate and cool temperate forests. In subalpine forests gaps > 200 m² were rare. Gaps formed by multiple gapmakers comprised 19.9% of all gaps in warm temperate, 9.9% in cool temperate, and 44.9% in subalpine forests, which implies that gap formation by simultaneous tree fall or gap enlargement is more frequent in subalpine forests. Canopy trees died less often by uprooting in every forest type; dominant mode for the death of canopy trees was by leaving standing-dead or with broken trunks in every forest type. Since typhoons are obviously a chief agent of forest disturbance in Japan, frequency or magnitude of typhoon disturbance may influence these differences in the gap-disturbance regimes. In addition to the disturbance, tree architectures seem to affect some of these differences; narrower crown size of conifers compared with broad-leaved trees is considered one major cause for smaller gap size of the conifer forest.     

Characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning

? To elucidate the application of natural regeneration to the restocking of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the subtropics, the characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning were studied in Okinawa, Japan. Within a 0.87 ha clearcut area with four 10 m × 10 m sampling plots, two burned and two unburned ones, the tree composition, tree species diversity and vegetation changes were investigated.

? The results showed that the species diversity, basal area and density of woody stems ? 1.0 m in height differed significantly among phanerophyte types, while they were not significantly different between the burned and unburned treatments. A vegetation census also revealed no obvious differences between the treatments.

? The primary dominant species, Castanopsis sieboldii, continued to dominate the secondary forest with a broad height distribution.

? The structural complexity and high tree species diversity of the regenerating forest after clearcut-burning provides no evidence of degeneration. We can predict that the regeneration forest may gradually develop into stands similar to pre-clearcut primary forest, and that natural regeneration may restore the high tree species diversity of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Okinawa.

     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林马尾松菌根研究

对浙江天童常绿阔叶林马尾松菌根进行了研究,分析了马尾松在不同样地以及不同季节菌根的感染率.结果表明:在温度低、气候干燥、土壤贫瘠的环境下,菌根感染率较低,而在温度高、气候湿润、土壤肥沃的环境下,菌根感染率较高;在调查中发现,与马尾松共生的菌根真菌有4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科Scleroderm ataceae的彩色豆马勃P isolithus tinctor ius(P ers.)和大包硬皮马勃S clerod erm a bov ista F r.以及红菇科Russu lacese的松乳菇L acta r ius d eliciosus(L.ex.F r)G ery分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体;通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

长白山北坡森林群落交错区优势树种动态

基于28个20mx90m样地的调查数据,利用Lotka-Volterra模型,本文分析了长白山北坡阔叶红松(Pinuskoraiensis)林和云冷杉林(也叫暗针叶林)群落交错区优势树种之间的竞争及动态。结果显示:在自然条件下,群落将向两个方向分化,一是以云杉(PiceajezoensisandP.koraiensis)和冷杉(Abiesnephrolepis)为优势的群落,并在达到平衡时冷杉占绝对优势(相对优势度的77.1%):另一种是以红松或云冷杉和阔叶树占绝对优势的针阔混交林,并在达到平衡时,阔叶树在阔叶红松林中占相对优势度的50%,在云冷杉一阔叶林类型中占66%。同时,本研究说明:(1)阔叶红松林和云冷杉林都是长白山气候顶极群落:(2)交错区具有过渡性质:(3)森林群落的分化结果说明演替的方向受局部生境的影响。图1表3参24。     

The regeneration characteristics of Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis on cut stumps in the sub-boreal forests of Hokkaido Tokyo University Forest

The regeneration characteristics of Picea jezoensis Carr. and Abies sachalinensis Masters on cut stumps in natural forest under selection cutting and natural regeneration were studied in a sub-boreal forest of the Hokkaido Tokyo University Forest. The following points were investigated: (1) what decay class of cut stumps are suitable for regeneration of the two conifer species; (2) what part, either a root collar or a cut surface, of a cut stump is suitable for regeneration; and (3) what percentages of cut stumps support conifer seedlings. The percentages of cut stumps that supported conifer seedlings increased as the decay class advanced, but slightly decreased in the latest stage of decay class, V. Both P. jezoensis and A. sachalinensis seedling densities per cut stump and per square meter of cut stumps increased as the decay class advanced. Some root collars in decay class IV supported A. sachalinensis seedlings, but few supported P. jezoensis. Densities of P. jezoensis per cut surface and per square meter of cut surface in decay class IV were higher than those of A. sachalinensis. On the other hand, densities of A. sachalinensis per root collar and per square meter of root collar in decay class IV were higher than those of P. jezoensis. Cut stumps in advanced decay classes are more suitable for regeneration of P. jezoensis and A. sachalinensis than those in early decay classes. Whereas a cut surface is more suitable for regeneration of P. jezoensis, a root collar is more suitable for regeneration of A. sachalinensis. Cut stumps are not sufficient to ensure enough conifer regeneration because not all conifer cut stumps in advanced decay classes support conifer seedlings.     

Acorn dispersal and predation patterns of four tree species by wood mice in abandoned cut-over land

We compared patterns of acorn dispersal and predation by wood mice among four tree species (Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula, Castanea crenata, and Juglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana) that are abundant in cool temperate woodlands. We devised an acorn dispersal experiment using 400 magnet-inserted acorns and a magnetic locator in a 1.8-ha study plot, which spanned a cut-over area and an adjacent deciduous forest. Ten wire mesh baskets, each containing 40 acorns (10 acorns per species), were placed on the border between these two habitat types. About 13.0% (n = 52) of the total acorns remained in the baskets, while 77.3% (n = 309) were dispersed throughout the study plot and subsequently retrieved using the magnetic locator. Microhabitat, distance, and burial depth of transported acorns were significantly different among species. In the cut-over area, J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed under fallen trees or branches and near stumps, and were buried deeply in the soil. Dispersal distances of J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were significantly greater than those of Q. serrata acorns. The number and microhabitat of transported acorns significantly differed between habitat types. J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed in the cut-over area rather than in the forest. For all four species, the numbers of acorns delivered to fallen trees or branches, stumps, and crumbled soil with overhang under any vegetation type were greater in the cut-over area than in the forest.     

Spatial pattern and regeneration dynamics in a temperate Abies–Tsuga forest in southwestern Japan

This article reports the regeneration dynamics of a temperate Abies–Tsuga forest in Kirishima Yaku National Park, southwestern Japan, and examines the influence of species coexistence mediated by gap disturbances on biomass production. All trees taller than 2 m in a 1-ha plot were monitored over four growing seasons. Three growth-form groups occupied different vertical layers. Evergreen conifers and deciduous broad-leaved trees tended to be spatially segregated from evergreen broad-leaved trees, which formed thickets in the understorey. The regeneration of understorey evergreen broad-leaved trees was affected by canopy gaps. The recruitment of conifers and deciduous broad-leaved species was not observed during the four growing seasons. This suggests that regeneration is sporadic and the present environmental conditions are not favorable for these canopy species. The mortality and unsuccessful recruitment of conifers and deciduous trees appeared to cause fluctuations in the productivity of the stand. However, an abundance of canopy gaps accelerates the regrowth of shorter species, and the fluctuation of productivity resulting from the population dynamics of canopy species would be partly mitigated by the regeneration of evergreen understorey species. The horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the temperate mixed forest was a result of the patch structures of the three growth-form groups. The different regeneration patterns among the three groups, which were driven by interactions of species-specific regeneration niches and disturbance regimes, might be an important factor in maintaining the aboveground productivity in a transitional mixed forest between warm-temperate and cool-temperate zones.     

Regeneration and structure of mixed conifer forests under single-tree harvest management in the western Bhutan Himalayas

We examined the regeneration and structure of mixed conifer forests under single-tree harvest management in western Bhutan. Sixteen 900 m² (30 m × 30 m) plots were sampled at four Forest Management Units (FMUs; Chamgang, Gidakom, Paro-Zonglela, and Haa-East) representing the forest type, including half the plots in single-tree harvest stands and half in unlogged stands. In addition, we solicited information on traditional forest management practices from informants using survey questionnaires and collected tree species data from felling records from respective local forest offices. Rural timber demand is concentrated on the removal of straight and well-formed bluepine trees for beams, planks, and scaffolding. Single-tree harvest, however, has not significantly altered stand structures from unlogged stands. Similarly, tree regeneration is not different when comparing single-tree harvest and unlogged stands, except at Chamgang FMU, where seedling densities were generally higher in harvested stands than in unlogged stands. These results indicate that single-tree harvest is not detrimental to regeneration and utilization of mixed conifer forests in western Bhutan.     

中国南部九连山常绿阔叶林的区系组成和林分结构

在中国南部的九连山研究了天然的和择伐过的常绿阔叶林的树种组成和林分结构.主要构成树种是常绿阔叶的栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、罗浮栲(C.fabri)、甜槠栲(C.eyrei)、米槠栲(C.carlesii)、南岭栲(C.fordii)、鹿角栲(C.lamontii)和木荷(Schima superba).常绿针叶树种的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)也是主要成分.马尾松在坡脊和坡的上部占优势.许多落叶阔叶树种,如光皮桦(Betula luminifera)和拟赤杨(Alniphyllum fortunei)以较低的优势与常绿阔叶树种共同出现.它们补丁状分布在择伐过的林分中.种内的分布格局和种间的空间分布关系表明,主要构成种之间的空间集中分布地的分离是在一个小的尺度上.     

Composition and characteristics of natural secondary forests in Shenzhen,South China

The composition and structure of five natural secondary forests in Shenzhen were studied based on data of plots and were compared with Hong Kong zonal forest, so as to detect their succession stage and species diversity level. According to succession process of subtropical forest and ecological characteristics of dominant species, the authors speculate that five communities are at different stages. Sinosideroxylon community dominated by heliophilous evergreen broad-leaved tree (Sinosideroxylon wightianum) and conifer tree (Pinus massoniana) is at the third stage. Itea Acronychia community dominated by two evergreen broad-leaved heliophytes (Itea chinensis and Acronychia pedunculata) is at the fourth stage. The others, i.e., Schefflera,Sterculia and Cleistocalyx Sterculia community are at the fifth stage where some mesophytes are dominant but heliophytes have a weighed percentage of importance value. Due to succession stage and different forest management and conservation models, the species diversity of five communities is significantly lower than that of Endospermum community in Hong Kong. The values of Shannon-Wiener index and Pielous evenness index of five communities are 2.04-2.953 and 64.2%-74% respectively, but those of the Endospermum community are 4.74 and 79％ respectively. The current situation of these communities suggests that the necessary measures should be taken to protect and restore the communities.     

广西猫儿山不同海拔天然阔叶林物种多样性与相异性的研究

在自然状态下，广西猫儿山的天然阔叶林在海拔1300～1500m的范围物种多样性指数发生了变化；分别不同海拔梯度对处于原生状态的天然阔叶林取样进行物种多样性和性异性的研究，结果表明，物种在1300～1500m范围的间断也是非常明显的。这个结果与以往对猫儿山植被垂直分布的划分基本一致，在广西猫儿山，海拔1300m是常绿阔叶林和常绿、落叶阔叶混交林的分界线。     

江西金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林生态系统碳储量研究

【目的】探讨亚热带典型天然常绿阔叶林碳储量及其碳分布格局,以期为常绿阔叶林生态系统碳汇功能评价提供基础数据和理论依据。【方法】以江西省金盆山林区优势树种生态系统生物量研究为基础,结合主要优势树种碳含量实测数据,对金盆山典型常绿阔叶林丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林的碳储量及碳空间分布格局进行研究,并以这3种林分的碳密度均值计算整个金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林总碳储量。【结果】金盆山林区丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林生态系统碳密度分别为294.82、307.63、318.97 t/hm^2,林区生态系统总碳密度为307.14 t/hm^2,林区现存碳总量为2.25×10^6 t;生态系统碳密度分布规律为植被层>土壤层>凋落物层,植被层碳密度分布规律为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,其中乔木层主干的碳密度占56.54%;土壤层碳密度随着土壤层的加深呈下降趋势,40 cm以下土层间的碳密度变化不明显。【结论】金盆山林区常绿阔叶林不同林分间生态系统碳密度差异不显著,生态系统内碳密度有较强的空间分布规律,生态系统碳密度高于我国森林生态系统平均碳密度和多种典型森林类型碳密度,具有较强的碳汇功能。