Simulation of damage in winter wheat caused by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. 1. Quantification of the effects of honeydew on gas exchange of leaves and aphid populations of different size on crop growth

Damage in winter wheat caused by the grain aphidSitobion avenae F., was studied in the laboratory and at field level.Honeydew substitute solution was applied to flag leaves of winter wheat plants. One and fifteen days after application, the rates of net carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration were measured. The rate of dark respiration was significantly higher one day after application of honeydew substitute as compared to the control. Other parameters describing the carbon dioxide — light response were not significantly affected. Fifteen days after honeydew substitute application, the two experimental years yielded different results. Under hot and dry conditions, the rate of dark respiration was higher while the late of carbon dioxide assimilation at high irradiance, the mesophyll conductance and the leaf nitrogen content were lower than for the untreated control. In addition, chlorotic symptoms were visible. At moderate temperature and relative humidity, the initial light use efficiency was significantly lower fifteen days after treatment with honeydew substitute whereas other parameters were not significantly affected.In field experiments at two locations natural aphid populations consisting of mainlyS. avenae were treated weekly with an aphicide from crop development stages DC 71, 73, 75 and 77, respectively, to create infestations of different size and duration. In the unsprayed controls densities reached 15.8 and 44.4 aphids per tiller, amounting to 182 and 544 aphid-days, respectively. Crop samples were analysed weekly, starting at flowering. At the smaller natural infestation, no significant effect on any yield component nor on yield was found at any treatment. The larger infestation caused a significant reduction of leaf area index, leaf weight, amount of water-soluble carbohydrates and grain weight on various sample dates when the infestation was not sprayed before DC 75. No effects were found on tiller and grain density nor on nitrogen content of plant parts at harvest.Samenvatting Schade in wintertarwe veroorzaakt door de grote graanluisSitobion avenae F., werd bestudeerd in laboratarium-en veldproeven.De vlagbladeren van wintertarweplanten werden behandeld met honingdauw-substituut-oplossing. Eén en vijftien dagen na behandeling werden de netto fotosynthesesnelheid en de transpiratie van de behandelde bladeren gemeten. Na één dag werd een verhoging van de donkerademhaling gemeten in vergelijking met de controle. Vijtien dagen na behandeling werden verschillende resultaten gevonden in de twee experimentele jaren. Onder warme en droge omstandigheden in 1986 was de donkerademhaling oger terwijl de fotosynthese bij verzadigende lichtintensiteiten, de geleidbaarheid van het mesofyl en het stikstofgehalte van de bladeren lager waren dan in de controle. Ook werden chlorotische vlekken waargenomen. Bij gematigde temperaturen en relatieve vochtigheid in 1987 werd een verlaging van de initiële efficiëntie van lichtbenutting gemeten.In twee veldexperimenten werd een natuurlijke aantasting van voornamelijkS. avenae op verschillende tijdstippen chemisch bestreden. Op deze wijze werden aantastingen van verschillende omvang en duur verkregen. Vanaf bloei van het gewas werden wekelijks gewasmonsters geanalyseerd. Een natuurlijke aantasting vanaf DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 182 en een piekdichtheid van 15,8 bladluizen per halm, leidde niet tot significante reduktie van de gewasproduktie. Een aantasting beginnend in DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 544 en een piekdichtheid van 44,4 leidde tot significante verlaging van de bladoppervlakteïndex, de blad biomassa, de hoeveelheid water-oplosbare koolhydraten en het korrelgewicht. Geen effekten werden waargenomen op halm-en korreldichtheid of op het stikstofgehalte van plantedelen bij de oogst.     

Simulation of damage in winter wheat caused by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. 3. Calculation of damage at various attainable yield levels

A dynamic, process-based simulation model is used to evaluate the effect of injury bySitobion avenae F. on yield of winter wheat at a range of attainable yield levels. The attainable yield is defined as the yield in the absence of pests and diseases, at the prevailing temperature and radiation and the available amount of soil nitrogen. Water limitation is not taken into account. Only the period from flowering to ripeness is considered. Aphid infestation intensity is expressed in aphid-days, the integral of aphid density (tiller^–1) over time (day). The calculations show that damage per aphid-day decreases from flowering to ripeness because damage caused by honey-dew decreases with advancing crop development stage while damage caused by aphid feeding is about constant. Damage per aphid-day during a particular period of crop development increases in a nearly linear fashion with the attainable yield level. At attainable yield levels over approximately 9000 kg ha^–1 and until crop development stage early milky ripe (DC 73), however, damage per aphid-day increases at a higher rate with the attainable yield level as compared to lower yield levels. The crop-physiological causes are discussed.Regression models are constructed that relate simulated aphid damage both during various periods of crop development and averaged over the entire post-anthesis phase, to the simulated attainable yield level. The accuracy of these simulation-based regression models and five published models of damage in winter wheat caused byS. avenae is evaluated using 21 data sets, obtained in experiments carried out between 1973 and 1984 in the Netherlands. Attention is focussed on two aspects of model accuracy: the agreement between predicted and measured damage and the size of the error in model predictions. In both aspects the simulation-based regression models are as good as the best published empirical models.     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

保水剂用量对冬小麦生长及水肥利用的影响

为探明保水剂施用条件下冬小麦生长与水肥利用的特征,采用田间试验,以不施保水剂和氮肥为对照,研究了单施氮肥(T2:225 kg·km^-2)和其与不同用量保水剂配施(T3:N+保水剂30 kg·hm^-2、T4:N+保水剂60 kg·hm^-2、T5:N+保水剂90 kg· hm^-2)处理对冬小麦生长、土壤矿质氮含量以及水肥利用等影响。结果表明:保水剂与氮肥的施用显著提高了小麦各生育期的小麦总群体、株高、叶面积、土壤矿质氮含量及水肥利用率等。各处理中,以T4处理对于总群体数、株高、穗长和穗粒数的提高效果最为显著,而T5处理对于小麦叶面积和千粒重的提高作用明显。随小麦生育期的推进,保水剂处理的根冠比均较对照低,尤其是T3处理。而各生育期土壤矿质氮平均含量表现为T4＞T3＞T5＞T2＞CK。最终小麦产量、氮肥农学效率、氮素生产力和水分利用效率,随保水用量的增加而先增后将,且均匀以T4处理最高,其分别比单施氮肥处理(T2)14.5％、55.9％、34.6％和25.0％。说明各处理中,以T4处理对小麦的生长、增产及水肥利用的效果最佳。     

扫描电镜下的小麦叶毛性状与麦长管蚜生物学参数相关性分析

为明确小麦叶毛物理性状（密度和长度）与小麦抗蚜性的关系,在人工气候室内对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（F.）在11个小麦品种（材料）上的发育历期、成虫与幼虫的体重差、相对日均体重增长率、若蚜死亡率等生物学参数进行了测定,采用聚类分析法评价了其对麦长管蚜的抗性,利用扫描电镜技术研究了叶毛的超显微结构,并对叶毛密度和长度与蚜虫生物学参数间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：亲本98-10-35、Amigo及杂交后代O31、L87最不适于麦长管蚜的生长,抗性最好;O63、A253、A33抗性次之;L71、1376、H23抗性较弱,H19对麦长管蚜的适应性最好,抗性最差。扫描电镜结果表明叶毛长度和发育历期呈极显著正相关,叶毛密度和相对日均体重增长率呈极显著负相关,说明叶毛长度和密度与小麦品种（材料）的抗蚜性显著相关。表明小麦物理性状是小麦抗蚜性的重要组成部分,可以作为抗虫育种的目标之一;抗感杂交小麦后代可遗传亲本的抗感特性。     

Consumption of aphid honeydew,a wheat yield reduction factor,by phyllosphere yeasts under field conditions

Aphid honeydew on wheat leaves can affect host physiology directly and can stimulate infection by necrotrophic pathogens. The role of naturally occurring saprophytes on wheat flag leaves in removing aphid honeydew was examined in five field experiments at different locations in the Netherlands in 1987 and 1988. Aphid populations, saprophyte populations and aphid honeydew were measured weekly. Diseases were monitored at 1–4 week intervals.In the control treatment, sprayed with water, the naturally occurring saprophytes consumed the honeydew almost completely, except in one experiment in which the aphid population increased very rapidly. In the treatments in which the saprophytes were reduced by the broad-spectrum fungicide maneb in 1987 and with maneb alternated with anilazin in 1988, honeydew accumulated. The observed honeydew consumption by the naturally occurring saprophytic population is ascribed mainly to pink and white yeasts (Sporobolomyces spp. andCryptococcus spp., respectively).Additional treatments showed, that in the presence of the naturally occurring saprophytes the yield loss per aphid-infestation-day was lower than when the saprophytes were inhibited by fungicides, showing that yeasts can reduce the detrimental effect of aphid honeydew in wheat.     

Wheat Growth,Yield, and Quality Under Water Deficit and Reduced Nitrogen Supply. A Review

This review summarizes wheat crop growth, yield, and quality response to moisture stress and nitrogen availability in the rhizosphere. The high nitrogen demand of wheat crop enhances grain protein accumulation, which is a key factor for baking quality. Nitrogen is an important nutrient for increasing wheat production, but there is still a need to economize the optimum nitrogen rate under water-deficit conditions. Water stress is the most important abiotic stress adversely affecting crop productivity. Soil moisture significantly affects nitrogen nutrition through its effect on nitrogen uptake, mineralization, and losses through leaching, denitrification, and volatilization. This colimitation of nitrogen and water underpins an approach for improving water and nitrogen-use efficiency concurrently, thereby enhancing wheat productivity and quality.

     

麦蚜远距离迁飞和传毒规律的研究

本文围绕麦蚜及黄矮病毒在我国北部春麦区越冬及初侵染源问题,提出麦蚜凭借气流携带远距离迁飞传毒,从而使冬春麦区黄矮病发生流行具有联系的结论。文章着重从外来虫源迁飞入境所具有的特征、迁入翅蚜数量消长与天气形势的密切关联等加以分析论证。在此基础上划分了翅蚜的迁出与迁入区域,并通过预测预报的实践,检验了这一发生流行规律的真实性。     

小麦禾谷缢管蚜发生为害与生态环境研究

八十年代以来,我区麦蚜频繁成灾,减产2—3成的麦田较为普遍,研究证明:成灾的主要原因是优势种群已由麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabr.)转变为禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi(L.)。田间调查弄清了禾谷缢管蚜在不同海拔高度的早、中、晚播麦田的不同生育阶段,以及在植株各部位的分布。穗期禾谷缢管蚜发生轻重与3月中旬平均温度呈正相关,与3月下旬雨量呈负相关。由此建立了预测禾谷缢管蚜发生程度的多元回归方程式: Y=0.792 0.205X_1-0.015X_2用这个预测式回测8年田间实测值与预测值极近。     

Effect of crop density on competition by wheat and barley with Agrostemma githago and other weeds

The effect of Agrostemma githago L. and other naturally occurring weeds on biomass production and grain yield was studied in winter wheat and winter barley. Naturally occurring weeds had only a negligible effect on barley, but reduced wheat grain yield by 10% at a quarter of normal crop density. The interaction between the cereals and A. githago was studied in additive series employing different crop densities. Growth of this weed species was strongly dependent on crop density, which was more important for controlling weed growth than it was for obtaining a normal grain yield. Wheat and especially barley had a better competitive ability than A. githago. Wheat and A. githago utilized resources for growth better when grown in mixture than when grown in pure stands as the relative yield totals were significantly larger than unity.     

The use of incidence counts for estimation of cereal aphid populations. 3. Population development and the incidencedensity relation

The relation between the population density of the cereal aphid,Sitobion avenae, and the proportion of wheat tillers infested is examined. Three of the six models considered require the assumption that the aphids' spatial configuration can be described by a single statistical distribution; as this is not true forS. avenae these models are unsuitable. When the other three models were applied to field sample data, only that of Nachman (1981) yielded a regression equation that remained constant throughout the development of the aphid population.Samenvatting Om in de praktijk gebruik te kunnen maken van incidentie (de fractie bezette halmen) voor het schatten van graanluispopulaties moet dezelfde relatie tussen dichtheid en incidentie tijdens het hele groeiseizoen gelden. Uit analyses van veldgegevens voor de graanluisSitobion avenae blijkt dat wel het geval te zijn, zodat bepalingen van incidentie kunnen worden gebruikt om de populatiedichtheid betrouwbaar te schatten.     

Host plant preference of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) (Hom., Aphididae)

Host plant preference of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) was studied on 11 cultivars of 9 plant species: winter barley, spring barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, oat, Triticale, canary grass, red millet yellow millet and maize. Seeds of the host plants were sown in a circle near the edge of pots. The host plant choice was evaluated 24 hours after releasing 55 Diuraphis noxia female adults in the middle of each pot. The suitability of different hosts for aphid development was evaluated 2, 7 and 14 days after infestation based on the mean number of Russian wheat aphid individuals per plant. Red millet, yellow millet and maize were chosen by significantly fewer aphids than grain crops. Winter and spring barley were chosen as hosts most frequently, and the progeny production was also the highest on these plants. The growth rate of D. noxia was significantly affected by the host plants and the date of assessment and their interaction.     

Modelling assimilation rates of 14 temperate arable weed species as a function of the environment and leaf traits

Information on the response of assimilation rate to environmental factors is lacking for many less competitive weed species that need to be considered in the context of increasing farm biodiversity. A pot experiment was sown to parameterize gross assimilation rate at light saturation and initial light use efficiency for 14 common UK annual weeds and winter wheat at four leaf temperatures. Field experiments were also sown to measure inter-specific differences in specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen content and assimilation rates in the field at near-optimum temperatures. A generic relationship describing the response of assimilation rate to temperature and light using SLA and leaf nitrogen content as conversion factors successfully predicted inter-specific differences in assimilation rates in the field. This relationship could be incorporated into weed–crop competition models to predict the productivity and competitive impact of weed mixtures, including species outside the current data set. Assimilation rates at light saturation in the field were determined largely by SLA. This trait was variable between species and within a species across the growing season and needs to be well described in mechanistic competition models to accurately calculate instantaneous assimilation rates.     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

一种由麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜传播的小麦黄矮病毒株系的鉴定

 通过对采自我国内蒙古丰镇县13个春小麦病株标样进行4种蚜虫连续传毒比较,不同温度饲毒和接种试验,薄膜饲毒,2种蚜虫成若蚜传毒比较和血清学酶标试验等,明确我国内蒙古丰镇县小麦黄矮病毒株系为由麦二叉蚜和麦长管蚜有效传播的麦二叉蚜麦长管蚜株系(GAV)。对于这个株系,禾缢管蚜与玉米蚜是不能传播的。这种株系在我国冬麦区春麦区都有分布。     

Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natural weed populations

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and density of natural weed populations in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in the absence of herbicide. An increased level of applied nitrogen did not enhance: weed germination, tended to decrease the total weed biomass and had a differential effect upon the biomass of individual weed species in both wheat and barky. In competition with barley, Chenopodium album L. and Lamium spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop, while Urtica urens L. had a higher nitrogen optimum. In competition with wheat, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Lamium spp. and Veronica spp. had lower nitrogen optima than the crop. The systematic changes in nitrogen effect with time were analysed by fitting orthogonal polynomials to the growth and density curves. The methodology could be recommended for other studies in which time or other systematic factors are included, as it supplies information which a traditional analysis of variance cannot provide. Since seed production is positively correlated with biomass, so nitrogen level affects seed production and, hence, the seed pool and future weed population, suggesting that fertilizer usage can be exploited in an integrated programme of crop: weed management. A trend towards lower N fertilizer application owing to concerns about the environment willfavour most of the weed species investigated in these experiments and change the composition of weed populations.     

不同小麦品种资源苗期和成株期麦长管蚜抗性鉴定和分析

为明确小麦苗期和成株期与麦长管蚜抗性的关系,2010—2012年采用蚜量比值法对94个小麦品种进行了温室苗期人工接种和田间成株期自然感蚜麦长管蚜抗性鉴定。结果表明,43个品种连续3年在成株期对麦长管蚜表现不同程度的抗性,其中高抗品种2个,中抗品种8个,低抗品种33个;45个品种在苗期对麦长管蚜表现不同程度的抗性,其中高抗品种5个,中抗品种16个,低抗品种24个;30个品种在苗期和成株期同时表现抗蚜,占供试品种的31.91%,其中C273和兰麦（陕西柞水）在苗期和成株期均表现为高抗;小麦品种在温室苗期人工接种和田间成株期自然感蚜的蚜量比值呈极显著正相关,苗期和成株期麦长管蚜抗性表现一致的共有66个品种,占供试材料的70.21%。研究表明温室苗期人工接种是快速鉴定小麦品种麦长管蚜抗性的有效方法。     

Aphidius colemani Vier. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) detected in cereal fields in Germany

Studies conducted in the 2000 cropping season at two different localities, Flaeming and Magdeburger Boerde in Germany, have provided new information on cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)) parasitoids in winter wheat; their species composition, relative abundance, hosts, and location effects. The average aphid population density was higher at Magdeburger Boerde and lower at Flaeming. Among the aphid species, Sitobion avenae was more abundant at Flaeming and Metopolophium dirhodum at Magdeburger Boerde. In total, eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Aphidius colemani Viereck, Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani Perez, Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, Aphidius ervi Haliday, Aphidius picipes (Nees), Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicumStarý, and Praon volucre (Haliday). The predominant parasitoid species were Aphidius colemani and Aphidius rhopalosiphi on Metopolophium dirhodum and Aphidius uzbekistanicus on Sitobion avenae. A low number of hyperparasitoids were also recorded. Aphidius colemani was recorded for the first time in the open winter wheat fields in Germany, although it has been used as a biocontrol agent in glasshouses in many European countries and overseas. An analysis of the aforementioned information shows that Aphidius colemani detected as a parasitoid of cereal aphids in Germany is likely a result of an accidental escape of parasitoids from a glasshouse, as well as their successful overwintering and establishment in the area. This study provides baseline information essential for assessing future changes in aphid parasitoid species guild and dynamics in cereal fields in Germany.     

基于同化叶面积指数和条件植被温度指数的冬小麦单产估测

应用数据同化方法将遥感信息与作物生长模型融合,是估测区域作物产量的重要方法之一。以2008—2014年越冬后的冬小麦为研究对象,选择与作物长势、产量及水分胁迫信息密切相关的叶面积指数(LAI)和条件植被温度指数(VTCI),采用粒子滤波算法对CERES-Wheat模型模拟和遥感数据观测的LAI和VTCI实施同化,分别基于观测LAI和VTCI、同化LAI和VTCI构建冬小麦单产估测模型。结果表明,同化LAI变化趋势更加符合关中平原冬小麦的实际生长状况,同化VTCI能更好地反映冬小麦的水分胁迫程度。应用观测LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型决定系数为0.402,而单独应用LAI或VTCI单变量构建的估产模型决定系数分别为0.279和0.339,说明应用LAI和VTCI双变量构建的估产模型的精度优于单独应用LAI或VTCI单变量的精度。相比于观测LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型,基于同化LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型的决定系数从0.402提高到0.547。表明基于同化LAI和VTCI构建的估产模型的精度明显提高。     

Modelling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition

The effects of sub‐lethal dose of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition were investigated. Biomass increases of winter wheat and a model weed, Brassica napus, at no‐herbicide treatment with increasing nitrogen were successfully described by the inverse quadratic model and the linear model respectively. Increases in weed competitivity (β₀) of the rectangular hyperbola and parameter B in the dose–response curve for weed biomass, with increasing nitrogen were also successfully described by the exponential model. New models were developed by incorporating inverse quadratic and exponential models into the combined rectangular hyperbola with the standard dose–response curve for winter wheat biomass yield and the combined standard dose—response model with the rectangular hyperbola for weed biomass, to describe the complex effects of herbicide and nitrogen on crop–weed competition. The models developed were used to predict crop yield and weed biomass and to estimate the herbicide doses required to restrict crop yield loss caused by weeds and weed biomass production to an acceptable level at a range of nitrogen levels. The model for crop yield was further modified to estimate the herbicide dose and nitrogen level to achieve a target crop biomass yield. For the target crop biomass yield of 1200 g m^?2 with an infestation of 100 B. napus plants m^?2, the model recommended various options for nitrogen and herbicide combinations: 140 and 2.9, 180 and 0.9 and 360 kg ha^?1 and 1.7 g a.i. ha^?1 of nitrogen and metsulfuron‐methyl respectively.