猪用加味玉屏风缓释微丸的制备工艺研究

对猪用加味玉屏风缓释微丸进行制备工艺的研究。采用挤出滚圆法制备加味玉屏风微丸,以微丸的累积溶出度作为评价指标对制备工艺进行优化。按照最佳工艺制得的加味玉屏风微丸外形美观,圆整度良好,大小均匀,累积溶出度均达到94%以上;最佳制备工艺稳定可行,可用于猪用加味玉屏风缓释微丸的制备。     

挤出滚圆法制备替米考星微丸的工艺研究

选用淀粉和糊精为主要辅料以挤出滚圆法制备替米考星微丸,采用单因素方法考察挤出速度、滚圆速度、滚圆时间对微丸成型的影响,并用正交试验优化工艺条件。获得稳定工艺条件为:挤出速度30 r.min-1,滚圆速度700 r.min-1,滚圆时间2.5 min。     

替米考星骨架型缓释微丸的处方工艺研究

本文介绍了用挤出滚圆法制备替米考星骨架型缓释微丸的处方筛选和最优工艺研究。采用单因素方法考察了挤出速度、滚圆速度、滚圆时间对微丸成型的影响,并用正交试验优化工艺条件,同时采用溶出度评价方法——相似因子法(f2)筛选了羟丙基甲基纤维素、微晶纤维素和润湿剂制备替米考星骨架型缓释微丸的最佳组方。经验证试验,使用该工艺和处方制备替米考星骨架型缓释微丸成本低廉,生产工艺简单可行。     

挤出-滚圆法制备味连须微丸

目的：考察味连须微丸的制备工艺。方法：利用挤出-滚圆法制备微丸,采用单因素考察和正交设计筛选最优处方及工艺。结果：所得微丸的制备工艺简单,大小均匀,载药量大而均匀,适于工业化生产。     

挤出滚圆法制备微丸辅料用的研究进展

就目前挤出滚圆法制备微丸常用的几种辅料进行了综述,包括微晶纤维素、粉状纤维素、玉米芯粉、乳糖、壳聚糖、K-角叉菜胶、果胶脂酚和淀粉,为科学选择制备微丸用辅料提供资料。     

替米考星肠溶微丸的制备及其评价

采用挤出滚圆法制备含药微丸,药物以固体分散体的形式存在微丸中,流化床进行肠溶包衣,制得替米考星肠溶微丸。通过不同的工艺处方筛选,考察其理化性质及体外释放特性。分别采用紫外分光光度计测定替米考星的含量,电子显微镜、红外分光光度法和差示扫描量热法确证微丸的特性。结果显示,微晶纤维素在一定程度上对微丸骨架的成型有影响,而包衣的厚度影响微丸的体外释放行为。释放度实验表明替米考星肠溶微丸能达到肠溶制剂的效果。     

替米考星微丸肠溶包衣的处方筛选

采用挤出滚圆方法制备替米考星载药丸芯,以丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ和Ⅲ为材料利用离心造粒包衣设备对丸芯进行包衣。结果显示,所制备的替米考星肠溶微丸在pH=1盐酸溶液中2 h内累积释放度小于10%,用0.2 mol/L的磷酸钠溶液将溶出介质pH调至6.8,继续运转45 min后累积释放度达80%以上,符合《中国药典》对肠溶制剂的要求。     

盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸的研制

沃尼妙林是新一代截短侧耳素(pleuromutilin)类抗生素。试验以丙烯酸树脂水分散体为肠溶包衣材料,单因素与正交试验筛选处方及工艺条件,用流化床包衣技术及挤出-滚圆法制备10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸。研制的肠溶微丸外观、含量和释放度在加速试验条件下均保持稳定;以75~150 g/t饲料混饲给药,10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸对猪痢疾有良好治疗效果,明显优于痢菌净。研究表明,盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸质量符合药学要求,具有良好的体外肠靶向性,可用于猪肠道疾病的防制。     

挤出滚圆法制备水产动物微颗粒饲料工艺分析

文章综述了研究水产动物微颗粒饲料加工工艺的必要性,提出了将挤出滚圆法用于微颗粒饲料的制备,对其制备工艺影响因素进行了分析,并经初步试验证明采用该方法制备水产动物微颗粒饲料是可行的。     

盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸的制备及质量评价

采用挤出滚圆法制备盐酸沃尼妙林微丸,将含不同比例丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ和Ⅲ及不同包衣增重的几种微丸进行体外释放度试验,选择合适的丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ和Ⅲ比例及包衣增重,同时对制剂的稳定性进行考察,以对自行研制的盐酸沃尼妙林质量进行初步评价.结果显示:丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ和丙烯酸树脂Ⅲ的比例为2∶1、包衣增重为15%时,包衣样品具有典型的肠溶特征,在模拟胃部环境中前2h累积释放量均小于标示量10%,进入肠道内45min的累积释放量大于70%,具有明显的定位释放功能.稳定性试验结果表明,在模拟市售包装的条件下,本品外观、含量等指标均保持稳定,说明微丸具有良好的稳定性、制备工艺可靠.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.