黄河三角洲不同土地利用方式对土壤的改良效应

通过对黄河三角洲地区棉田、果园、林地和荒地4种不同土地利用方式下土壤样品的采集与理化指标的分析,研究了该区域不同土地利用方式对轻度盐渍化土壤的改良功能。结果显示:果园土壤的容重、pH值和全盐含量等物理性状要优于其它3种用地方式;棉田土壤有机质与全N、全P和全K含量超过果园与林地土壤,而速效N和速效P含量以果园土壤最高,速效K含量以棉田最高,果园土壤最低;果园土壤C/N比值明显高于其它3种用地方式,以荒地土壤的C/N比值最低。综合分析认为:种植果树对土壤的物理性状改良效果较好,种植棉花对土壤的化学性状具有较好的改良效果。     

黄土丘陵区天然和人工植被类型对土壤理化性质的影响

不同植被类型对黄土高原土壤质量的改善作用存在较大差异。研究天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响差异对于深入认识黄土高原植被恢复与土壤环境演化的关系,准确评价不同植被恢复模式生态环境效益具有重要意义。该研究以黄土丘陵区燕沟流域为例,选择研究区广泛分布的11种天然和人工植被类型为研究对象,系统分析了该区天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响。结果表明:天然和人工植被类型对土壤性状的影响差异明显。200cm土层土壤含水率大小为农田>天然草地>人工乔木林地>果园>人工灌木林地>天然灌木林地。与农田相比,天然灌木林地和天然草地土壤体积质量降低最为明显,人工乔木林地、人工灌木林地和果园土壤体积质量下降差别不明显。天然灌木林地、天然草地和人工灌木林地土壤有机质、全氮都有明显提高,人工乔木林地和果园土壤有机质和全氮提高不明显。不同植被类型土壤有机质、全氮总体随土层加深呈下降趋势,农田、果园和人工乔木林地土壤有机质和全氮垂直变化较小,而天然灌木林地、天然草地和人工灌木林地变化较大。不同植被类型土壤全磷含量差异较小,且垂直变化不明显。总体看来,天然植被类型对该区土壤性状改善作用优于人工植被类型,而人工灌木林的改善作用优于人工乔木林。     

晋西黄土区苹果园生长季土壤水分动态

为了揭示黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园剖面土壤含水量的变化,对晋西黄土区苹果园的可持续发展提供科学依据,试验以17龄苹果树果园土壤为研究对象,通过ECH_2O土壤水分探头对50,100,150,200,250,300 cm处深度土壤体积含水量进行一个生长季的定位观测,分析了土壤水分的空间分异及动态变化。结果表明:(1) 6个层次土壤含水量差异显著,平均值分别为:22.27%,21.38%,18.92%,17.94%,10.60%,9.55%,表现出自上而下降低的趋势。(2)观测期内,150 cm,200 cm,250 cm,300 cm深度土壤含水量对降雨无响应,且100 cm层次土壤含水量对降雨的响应远远滞后于50 cm层次。随着土层深度的增加,土壤体积含水量表现出自上而下依次降低的趋势;降雨仅能影响100 cm以内深度的土壤含水量;晋西黄土高原残塬沟壑区苹果果园土壤在200 cm的土层深度以下已有土壤干化现象产生。     

使用草甘膦对果园杂草及土壤理化性状影响

为探讨草甘膦对果园内杂草及土壤理化性状影响,在将乐县农科所的果园进行了草甘膦对各类草的敏感度及对果园理化性状影响的试验研究。结果表明:果园合理应用草甘膦能有效防除草害,使用得当,既能控制1 a生杂草,又能控制多年生深根性杂草,同时能改善土壤理化性状(土壤密度、含水量、土壤总孔隙度等),防旱保湿,是建设生态果园的一条有效途径。     

黄土丘陵区梯田果园土壤水分特征

在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分是影响作物生长和植被恢复的重要生态因子。采用土钻法对黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域坡耕地、 梯田和梯田果园20032010年雨季前后的土壤水分状况进行了连续测定,旨在明确梯田种植果树后对土壤水分的长期动态效应,为黄土丘陵区梯田果园的可持续发展提供指导意义。结果表明, 坡改梯措施可明显减小0300 cm土层土壤储水量增量的年际变异,提高土壤含水量,减小土壤储水亏缺度,增大降雨对100300 cm土层土壤储水亏缺补偿度;梯田果园化后0300 cm土层土壤储水量增量的年际变异呈现较大幅度的波动, 200 cm以下土壤含水量明显减小,土壤储水亏缺度增大,土壤储水亏缺补偿度由20% 降为－10%。由此可见,梯田的蓄水保水量不足以供给果树的蒸腾耗水量,梯田果园化后将导致土壤水分的持续减少,可能导致土壤干层的形成。     

百喜草对坡地果园水土保持及土壤改良效果的研究

当前,许多地区果园采用全园套种水土保持先锋植物进行果园的水土保持。本文研究了闽南花岗岩地区坡地果园改造为山边沟,同时全园套种百喜草的模式,对果园水土保持及土壤改良效果的作用。结果表明采用全园套种百喜草的山边沟果园的治理模式不仅能够有效地改善土壤通透性,提高土壤微生物数量,增强土壤酶生物活性,而且使土壤理化性状得到改善。同时,还能够有效减少土壤流失量、径流量,增加土壤保水、蓄水能力,起到良好的保持水土作用。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区林草植被恢复的减沙效益研究

对黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县不同土地利用类型的土壤抗冲性和崩解速率特征进行了测试.结果表明,抗冲性指标和崩解速率在数值上均随着土层深度的增加而增大,表明其抵抗侵蚀能力减弱.不同利用类型0-10 cm表层土壤抗冲性和崩解速率强弱关系均为:灌木林＞草地＞乔木林＞果园＞农地,而在20-30 cm土层及40-50 cm土层有所变化.不同土地利用类型下,土壤崩解速率和土壤抗冲性之间存在着明显的直线递增关系,灌木林地土壤崩解性能随抗冲性变化速率较快,直线斜率达到0.352,而农地的崩解性能随抗冲性变化起伏最小,直线斜率为0.014 5,草地、乔木林地和果园位于两者之间.其中,乔木林地与草地二者直线斜率差异不大,在相同取样深度上具有相同的变化特征.     

强度侵蚀红壤区不同治理措施对土壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨生态治理措施对强度侵蚀红壤区土壤质量的影响,2005年对治理区4种不同治理措施下土壤理化性状进行比较研究。结果表明:强度侵蚀红壤区经过5年治理后,土壤的理化性质有了明显的改善。封禁措施改善土壤的物理性状最明显,生态果园措施次之,种植胡枝子最差。全面播种百喜草和封育措施能显著改善土壤的化学性状,生态果园措施略差,种植胡枝子改善作用并不明显。同时,这些措施的效果离原始林区的土壤质量还有很大差距。     

不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物转化特征

为了从土壤生物学角度评价太湖地区不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤肥力与质量,该研究调查了江苏省宜兴市不同蔬菜品种、不同栽培年限、不同栽培方式及不同土壤深度的蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物学特性.结果显示,土壤脲酶活性受不同蔬菜品种影响,栽种黄瓜的土壤脲酶活性显著小于栽种茄子的土壤.随着栽培年限的增加,土壤脲酶活性与氨氧化细菌数量明显增加.在种植同一种蔬菜(黄瓜)条件下,基质槽培下理化性状与部分生物学指标优于土壤栽培.蔬菜塑料大棚土壤脲酶活性与氨氧化细菌数量随着土壤深度的增加总体呈缓慢降低的趋势,中性磷酸酶活性随土壤深度增加先升高而后降低;与相同土层的露地土壤相比,蔬菜塑料大棚土壤理化性状逐渐恶化,土壤脲酶活性和氨氧化细菌数量相对较高.这些结果可以为该地区蔬菜塑料大棚土壤的可持续利用提供初步的土壤生物学依据.     

降雨对黄土边坡稳定性的影响

定性地分析了降雨强度、降雨历时以及土壤渗水性对土壤含水率变化的影响,定量地分析了含水率变化与黄土抗剪强度的关系,并通过计算分析了不同入渗深度对黄土边坡稳定性的影响,得出对某一特定边坡均有一个临界入渗深度值。对于已形成的边坡可以根据临界入渗深度值,按预报的降雨强度和降雨历时,计算出可能的入渗深度,进而判断该边坡是否稳定;对于将要开挖的黄土边坡,根据不同的降雨频率,得出可能的入渗深度,按此入渗深度确定出合理的边坡型式。     

Comparison of Various Chemical Extraction Methods used for Determination of the Available Iron Amounts of Calcareous Soils

This study was conducted to compare the most appropriate method for the evaluation of available iron (Fe) status of calcareous soils by using nine different chemical extraction methods. Leaf and soil samples were collected from nine peach (Prunus persica L.) orchards, each of which included green, slightly chlorotic, and severely chlorotic peach trees. According to the chlorosis degrees of the leaves, total and active Fe contents and some soil properties were determined. Relationships between these parameters and Fe amounts obtained from the methods were correlated. Among the methods tested, method 3 (M3) [0.05 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) + 0.025 N sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)] and method 8 (M8) 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (pH 7.0) were the most suitable methods to indicate the available Fe status of the soils.     

冻融对老龄苹果园土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

以山东蒙阴、莱州和栖霞3地老龄苹果园土壤为材料,分别在冬前和冬后采集0~30 cm(上层)与30~60 cm(下层)土层土样,探讨了冻融作用对老龄苹果园土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果显示:3地苹果园0~30 cm土层各理化性状均显著高于30~60 cm土层,其中速效钾含量差异最显著;冻融处理后,3地上下层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均显著性降低,且上层土壤降低最显著,其中蒙阴苹果园上层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌分别降低了40.6%、43.6%和55.7%,3地上下层土壤细菌/真菌比值显著提高、尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数大幅下降;冻融处理后,3地上下层土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均有所降低,且表现出显著性差异,但三地上下层土壤CEC变化趋势不同,其中蒙阴苹果园上层CEC降低了41.7%,下层CEC提高了19.2%,栖霞苹果园则相反。综上,3地老龄苹果园土壤经过冻融处理后,显著降低了上下层土壤微生物数量,显著提高了上下层土壤细菌/真菌比值,优化了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于缓解苹果园连作障碍。     

Relationship between soil test values and analysis of pecan leaves taken at three dates

Abstract

Leaf samples were collected from 24 pecan trees on three dates 1 month apart in June, July, and August. Soil samples were collected in June from each site at three depths: 0–6, 6–12, and 12–18 inches. Correlations between leaf analyses and soil test values were significant for Zn, Ca, Mg, and P. Values were not correlated for K. There was a high negative correlation for leaf Mn and soil pH. Means of leaf analysis values for the three sampling dates were not statistically different for any element. The data indicate that soil sampling should be a satisfactory means of determining fertility needs of pecan orchards, except for N.     

渭北不同园龄苹果园土壤团聚体状况及演变趋势研究

为了探索果业生产和果园管理措施对土壤质量的影响,选取了渭北旱源苹果主产区彬县10a幼龄和21a老龄苹果园0~40 cm土壤为研究对象,以农田为对照,采用干筛法和湿筛法研究了不同种植年限果园土壤团聚状况与演变趋势。结果表明:渭北地区土壤机械稳定性团聚体以0.25 mm微团聚体为优势级别,仅0~20 cm处随园龄递增果园土壤团聚化趋势较为明显,0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量(DSAC0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均显著增大,团聚体分形维数(D)递减,但是,10~0.25 mm和5~1 mm最有价值团聚体和团聚体系数(KCTP)均在递减。渭北土壤水稳性团聚组成中约60%为0.25 mm微团聚体,在0~30 cm处土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD、GMD和WSAC0.25呈现为农田(对照CK)10a果园21a果园,随园龄递增有明显增大趋势。0.25 mm团聚体的破坏率(PAD0.25)随园龄增加显著增大,递增幅度随土层深度增加而递减。相关分析表明,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)与机械稳定性团聚体各项指标呈极显著相关,土壤碳酸钙含量、黏粒含量与水稳定团聚体多项指标呈极显著相关,PAD0.25与土壤理化性质呈显著相关。研究表明,果树种植在表观上明显提高了渭北地区表层0~20 cm土壤机械稳定性大团聚体数量,增强了土壤抗风蚀能力,但却显著降低了土壤团聚体的农艺质量及其稳定性,果园土壤团聚体的农艺质量显著退化与有机物及碳酸钙含量递减有着直接关系。     

农田和果园土壤有机碳氧化稳定性和储量差异

不同土地利用方式下有机碳的含量和性质变化越来越受到人们的关注。以黄土高原南部高原沟壑区(长武地区)塬面上农田以及不同树龄的果园为对象,研究了土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和难氧化有机碳含量,比较了不同利用方式下土壤有机碳的氧化稳定系数(Kos)和有机碳密度差异。结果显示,该区域果园表层土壤总有机碳的整体水平与农田相当,但果园总有机碳、易氧化有机碳随果园年限增长有降低的趋势。在土壤剖面中,总有机碳、易氧化有机碳及难氧化有机碳都随深度下降而下降的趋势;而Kos值随剖面深度和果园年限增长而呈升高的趋势。0～2 m土壤剖面有机碳储量从高到底顺序是:农田>新果园(小于5年果园)>盛果期果园(10～15年果园)>老果园(15年以上果园)。以农田为基准,在0～200 cm厚度土层中,新果园有机碳储量下降了6.1%,盛果期果园下降了9.3%,老果园有机碳储量下降了22.4%。说明随着果园年限的增长,土壤有机碳储量降低。     

不同土地利用方式下南亚热带赤红壤酸化特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤酸化的重要因素，研究不同土地利用方式下赤红壤酸化特征可为缓解和治理赤红壤区土壤酸化提供依据。本研究采集了4种土地利用方式(菜地、果园、水田、林地)的赤红壤区土壤样品，测定了表层(0～20 cm)和表下层(20～40cm)土壤的理化性状，结合田间调查和统计数据分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤酸化特征及成因。结果表明：果园表层土壤pH显著低于林地，果园表下层土壤p H显著低于水田和林地；菜地、果园土壤交换性Al³⁺含量显著高于水田和林地；果园表层土壤的盐基饱和度与阳离子交换量均显著低于自然林地，菜地表下层土壤盐基饱和度显著低于水田；与水田和林地相比，菜地和果园的酸化更严重，酸缓冲能力更低。不同土地利用下施肥、复种指数以及耕作方式上的差异可能是造成气候与母质相似地区土壤酸化差异的主要原因。     

Verteilung von Eisen in Blättern von Weinreben mit HCO3− induzierter Fe-Chlorose

Distribution of iron in vine leaves with HCO₃^? induced chlorosis The distribution of Fe in chlorotic and healthy leaves of grapevine has been studied. Application of HCO₃^? had no significant influence on the long distance transport of labelled Fe, the translocation of Fe from the vascular tissue to the intercostal cells (cells between leaf veins), however, was much affected by HCO₃^?. Leaf samples collected from three different sites showed in most cases higher Fe contents in the chlorotic leaves as compared with healthy leaves. The solubility of leaf Fe in diluted HCl, however, was lower in chlorotic leaves than in green leaves. Enzymatic dissolution of leaves into vascular tissue, intercostal cells and chloroplasts revealed that the Fe-content in the intercostal cells of green leaves was significantly higher than in the intercostal cells of chlorotic leaves. In addition the intercostal cells of chlorotic leaves had extremly high Ca and P-contents. The P content of green and chlorotic leaves was not related to the level of available P in the soil. It is therefore concluded that the high P content in chlorotic leaves is the sequence and not the cause of Fe-chlorosis. On each of the three sites investigated, higher clay contents were found under chlorotic grapevine plants than under healthy ones. It is assumed that because of this higher clay content, soil compaction may occur, resulting in an accumulation of CO₂ and in an increase of the HCO₃^? concentration in the soil solution.     

广东省柑桔园土壤养分肥力研究

掌握土壤养分肥力状况,是制定施肥策略的基础。本研究采集了广东省柑桔主产区果园土壤样本70个,分析了土壤有机质和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、B、Zn含量,评价土壤养分肥力现状并探讨其时空变化概况。结果显示:目前柑桔园土壤主要障碍因素是低镁缺硼及钾、钙、镁养分不平衡;与20世纪80年代末相比,土壤有效磷、锌、钾和氮含量有较大提高,有效钙含量降低,其余养分变化不大。土壤钙、镁含量在低水平上渐趋于相对平衡,而钾、镁不平衡状态仍然存在,甚至有所加剧;柑桔园土壤pH及多个中微量元素之间存在显著或极显著正相关关系。建议在柑桔果园增施镁、硼肥及石灰或其它碱性肥料,减施磷肥。     

Effect of long-term conservation tillage on soil biochemical properties in Mediterranean Spanish areas

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, studies of the performance of conservation tillage systems have largely demonstrated advantages in crop yield, soil water storage and soil protection against wind and water erosion. However, little attention has been given to interactions between soil biochemical properties under different tillage practices. Biochemical properties are useful tools to assess changes caused by different soil tillage systems in long-term field experiments. This study deals with the effect of long-term tillage practices (reduced tillage and no-tillage vs. traditional tillage) on soil chemical properties and microbial functions in three different sites of Spain (two of them located in the Northeast and one in the Southwest) under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Soil biological status, as index of soil quality, was evaluated by measuring microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase (an oxidoreductase) and protease (a hydrolase) activities at three soil depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–25 cm). In the three experimental areas, increases in soil organic matter content, MBC and enzymatic activities were found at the superficial layers of soil under conservation tillage (reduced tillage and no-tillage) in comparison with traditional tillage. Values of the stratification ratio of some biochemical properties were significantly correlated with yield production in Northeast sites.Conservation tillage has proven to be an effective strategy to improve soil quality and fertility in Mediterranean areas of Spain.