2006年湖北省农作物病虫害发生趋势预测

2006年湖北省农作物病虫害发生的总趋势为:迁飞性、气候性病虫害呈持续偏重发生趋势,粮食作物常发病虫害大发生,棉花病虫呈持续上升趋势。现将2006年全省农作物病虫害发生趋势预报如下。1两夏病虫1·1小麦条锈病预计鄂北发生程度5级,其它麦区发生程度为3级。发生面积25·33万hm     

2017年湖北省农作物主要病虫害发生趋势

3月9日～1日,湖北省植保总站组织相关专家和区域测报站测报工作负责人,对2017年全省农作物病虫害发生趋势进行了会商,与会人员根据各地监测的病虫基数,结合主要病虫发生规律、农作物种植结构、品种布局及气象等因素,综合分析了2017年湖北省主要农作物病虫害发生趋势.预计2017年湖北省农作物主要病虫害总体呈偏重发生态势、部分病虫大发生.“两夏”作物方面:小麦条锈病鄂西北、江汉平原主产区大发生,小麦赤霉病、油菜菌核病、马铃薯晚疫病全省大部偏重发生、局部大发生.秋粮方面:水稻螟虫、“两迁”害虫、纹枯病偏重发生;玉米螟主害代中等发生、局部偏重发生.棉花枯、黄萎病偏重发生.经济作物方面:柑橘红黄蜘蛛、锈壁虱、大实蝇、茶小绿叶蝉、茶尺蠖偏重发生.蔬菜上霜霉病、灰霉病、枯萎病、小菜蛾、豆野螟、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾大发生,其它蔬菜病虫害偏重或中等发生.     

2019年湖北省农作物主要病虫害发生趋势

2019年3月13日-15日,湖北省植保总站组织区域测报站和相关专家对2019年全省农作物病虫害发生趋势进行了会商,根据各地监测的病虫基数,结合主要病虫发生规律、农作物种植结构、品种布局及气象等因素综合分析,预计2019年我省农作物主要病虫害总体呈偏重发生态势。“两夏”作物方面:小麦赤霉病、小麦条锈病、油菜菌核病、马铃薯晚疫病偏重发生,局部大发生。     

2016年广西农作物病虫害发生实况

2016年广西主要农作物病虫害总体发生程度为中等偏重,轻于上年,其中水稻病虫害轻于上年,果树偏重,其他基本持平.水稻病虫害发生面积占农作物病虫草鼠害发生面积的近三成,以“两迁”害虫及稻瘟病、稻纹枯病为主.     

湖北省2017年下半年农作物病虫害发生趋势

2017年6月26日～28日,省植保总站在枝江市举行全省下半年农作物病虫害发生趋势会商,根据各区域测报站调查的病虫基数,结合全省历史资料、耕作制度、品种布局、作物长势和气象条件等因素,综合分析下半年农作物病虫害发生趋势.预计下半年水稻病虫害总体呈中等至偏重发生趋势,其中主害代“两迁”害虫、二化螟、纹枯病等病虫害偏重发生,局部稻区有大发生的风险,感病品种上的稻瘟病、稻曲病大流行风险较高;玉米螟、玉米纹枯病、大斑病、小斑病感病品种偏重发生;棉盲蝽、枯萎病、黄萎病、伏蚜局部偏重发生;果茶作物上,茶小绿叶蝉和柑橘红黄蜘蛛、茶尺蠖、柑橘煤烟病、柑橘炭疽病等局部偏重发生,其它病虫害中等或偏轻发生.     

湖北省2019年下半年农作物病虫害发生趋势

根据各地监测的病虫基数,结合主要病虫发生规律、农作物种植结构、品种布局及气象等因素,经过会商,预计2019年我省下半年农作物主要病虫害总体呈中等至偏重发生趋势。水稻:主害代"两迁"害虫、三代二化螟和纹枯病等病虫害偏重发生,局部稻区有大发生的风险,感病品种上的稻瘟病、稻曲病大流行风险较高。玉米:夏玉米上的草地贪夜蛾、三代玉米螟和感病品种上的大斑病偏重发生。棉花:菜棉混栽区棉盲蜻、枯萎病、黄萎病和棉叶蛾偏重发生。     

2000年全国农作物重大病虫发生趋势预报

根据“2 0 0 0年全国农作物重大病虫发生趋势会商会”讨论结果和目前情况分析 ,预计 2 0 0 0年全国主要农作物病虫仍呈偏重发生态势。其中小麦和水稻主要病虫将中等或中等偏重发生 ;蝗虫、草地螟、玉米螟等害虫偏重至大发生 ;棉铃虫等棉花害虫发生面积下降 ,三、四代发生较重 ;一些次要病虫将继续上升为害。1　重大病虫发生趋势1 .1　小麦病虫中等发生　白粉病在西南、长江流域及黄淮、西北麦区的部分阴湿地区 ,纹枯病在黄淮及江淮麦区将偏重流行 ;条锈病总体上将偏轻流行 ,但四川大部将偏重流行 ,甘肃陇南和天水、陕南、鄂西等地为中等流行…     

2010年湖北省下半年农作物病虫害发生趋势

湖北省植物保护总站根据16个市州及30多个区域测报站调查的病虫发生基数,结合历史资料、耕作制度、品种布局、作物长势和气象条件等因素,综合分析了下半年农作物病虫发生趋势。预计下半年湖北省农作物病虫害总体呈偏重发生趋势,其中主害代稻飞虱,二化螟,中、晚稻纹枯病大发生;稻纵卷叶螟、棉花枯黄萎病、盲蝽象等病虫害中等偏重发生,部分稻区的“两迁”害虫,局部稻区的细菌性基腐病、褐条矮缩病,部分高感品种上的稻瘟病、稻曲病有暴发风险。     

2021年湖北省农作物主要病虫害发生趋势

2021年3月9日-11日,湖北省植保总站组织17个市、州,相关县(区)植保站(局)和相关专家对2021年全省农作物病虫害发生趋势进行了会商,根据各地监测的病虫基数,结合病虫发生规律、种植结构、作物长势及气象等因素综合分析,预计2021年我省农作物主要病虫害总体呈偏重发生态势.其中,“两夏”作物上的条锈病、赤霉病、菌核...     

农业部部署小麦病虫防控保夏粮丰收

<正>3月1日,农业部在湖北襄阳召开春季农作物病虫害防治现场会,重点部署了小麦病虫害防控工作。据监测分析,今年小麦病虫害总体偏重发生。赤霉病在长江中下游和黄淮南部麦区偏重流行风险高;穗期蚜虫在华北和黄淮北部麦区可达大发生程度;白粉病和纹枯病在高产麦区偏重发生。随着气温回升、降水增多,条锈病、纹枯病、白粉病、蚜虫、麦蜘蛛等小麦主要病虫陆续发生危害。其中,条锈病在豫南、鄂北及江汉平原、西南、西北麦区呈发病     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

中国的沙暴、尘暴及其防治

沙尘暴在进入 90年代以来有进一步加剧趋势 ,其原因在于此期我国西北地区气候干暖化态势明显 ,人类超负荷开发资源加剧 ,从而导致沙尘暴的频繁发生 ,但总体上仍属于正常的灾害现象。我国沙暴只能发生于干旱半干旱区 ,尘暴则可波及半湿润与湿润区 ,由此而论 ,北京的沙尘暴属于尘暴范畴 ,北京不会形成沙漠区。防治沙尘暴必须采取水、土、植被综合防治措施 ,基本对策是 :1 .搞好流域为单元的水土资源合理利用规划 ,进行水土保持综合防治 ;2 .增加地表植被复盖 ,搞好防护林体系建设 ;3 .减轻土地利用强度 ,恢复提高土地抗蚀能力 ;4.加强管理体系建设 ,依法建设生态环境。建议国家设立水土保持为主要职能的生态环境建设委员会 ,统一协调布署我国的生态环境建设工作。     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

2017年与2014年西安极端高温天气及其环流特征对比分析

借助观测资料与FNL全球分析资料,对比研究2017年与2014年西安高温天气基本特征与有利环流形势,结果表明：① 2 a西安均发生了40 ℃以上的长时间持续高温天气,其中2014年属于常规高温年份,而2017年西安高温则提前1个月发生,高温的提前发生主要是因为南亚高压强于正常年份同期强度;② 不同于我国南方地区的闷湿高温,西安高温属于干性高温,且昼夜温差较小,由此造成24 h对人体的不适;③ 详细描述了西安高温发生的典型环流特征,即南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）同时增强,并在对流层中高层相互贯通;④ 南亚高压是影响我国西北地区的主要热源基地,在较大经向度的有利环流背景下,强风速可将热气团向南向东深度输送至下游地区（即西安）;⑤ 在“上辐合、下辐散”的散度场配置下,西安500 hPa以下高空维持明显的下沉气流,加之有利的局部要素相配合,最终造成该地区高温天气的发生。     

Trends and expectations for research and technology in weed science in Thailand

There are many possible ways to improve the economic crisis in Thailand, and it is agreed that development of agricultural production is ideal for improving the economic situation in an agricultural country such as Thailand. A strategic plan for agricultural and agro‐industry research is included in the national research agenda and can be classified into nine groups covering different research areas. Most research is based on the agricultural production of four main product groups: (i) crops; (ii) aquatic animals/plants and fisheries products; (iii) poultry, livestock and animal products; and (iv) forest resources. Trends in research and development in weed management for crop production will continue to support the food demands and the development of efficient production of quality products.     

Pesticide residues in soil and foodstuff I. Chlorinated pesticides in cattle feed and milk produced in orchard and non-orchard areas

Milk, hay and silage produced in orchard and non-orchard areas have been analysed for their content of chlorinated pesticides. The residue levels in milk produced in orchard areas were about double those in milk produced in non-orchard areas. The levels in hay were much higher (30% up to sevenfold) in the hay produced in orchard areas and the levels in silage from the two areas showed small differences. Milk collected after cattle had been grazing in an orchard for 3 to 4 days contained 10% more pp′-DDT and 2-, 3-, 7- and 15-fold morepp′-DDE, pp′-TDE and heptachlor epoxide, gamma-BHC and pp′-TDE olefin [1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], respectively, than did the samples collected one day before the cattle grazed in the orchard.     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.