两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

缺锌对玉米根系发育、生长素含量及生长素转运基因表达的影响

【目的】研究缺锌对玉米根系生长及根系中生长素含量与生长素运输关键基因表达的影响,揭示缺锌胁迫下玉米根系生长与生长素响应特征。【方法】以郑单958玉米为材料,进行营养液培养试验,设置Zn 0缺锌 (0 μmol/L) 和正常供锌 (1 μmol/L) 两个处理。植株干样经硝酸–过氧化氢消煮,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定消煮液锌浓度。保存于FAA溶液 (70% 乙醇︰38% 甲醛︰乙酸 = 90︰5︰5,体积比) 中的根系样品,经洗涤扫描获得数字图像,利用WinRHIZO软件分析得到根长、根表面积、根体积等指标;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测根系中生长素吲哚乙酸含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对玉米根系生长素转运基因ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c表达进行定量分析。【结果】缺锌胁迫下,植株地上部锌含量低于20 μg/g,生物量显著降低;缺锌根系表面积与体积变小,总根长、侧根总长度与侧根平均长度变短,侧根密度增大,直径变细。缺锌条件下,距根尖2 cm的区域中生长素较正常供锌处理降低近30%。缺锌根系中ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c基因表达明显受抑。【结论】缺锌胁迫下玉米根系中生长素转运关键基因表达降低,生长素含量下降,生长素分布改变,影响根系生长发育。     

盐胁迫下硝态氮对囊果碱蓬根系发育和氮吸收的影响

The effiects of NaCl salinity and NO₃^- on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl (1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L^-1) and three NO₃^- levels (0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L^-1) in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO₃^- at 10 mmol L^-1 significantly improved the shoot (P < 0.001) and root (P < 0.001) growth and the promotive effect of NO₃^- was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio (P < 0.01). Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO₃^- levels (P < 0.001), implying that Na⁺ and NO₃^- in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na⁺ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments (P < 0.001). At 10 mmol L^-1 NO₃^- , the concentrations of NO₃^- and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity (P < 0.001), but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO₃^- supply.     

生物有机肥对陇东烤烟生长的根际营养调控

针对陇东旱塬烤烟生产中存在的因长期连作和施肥不合理引起的产量持续下降、品质不高以及病虫害严重等问题,通过在苗床期和大田移栽期采用根际施用生物有机肥,研究了根际营养调控对苗床期烟苗的生长、代谢和对苗床土微生物数量以及对烟叶产量的影响。结果表明:苗床期施用生物有机肥成苗速度快,叶片数提前达到移栽标准,最大叶叶面积和干重分别比对照增加28.9%和68.0%,地上部和根系干重分别比对照增加了191.9%和100.0%;总根长、比根长和根尖数分别比对照增加了161.5%、30.8%和290.2%;根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积以及脱氢酶活性分别比对照增加了69.1%、70.2%和70.0%。苗床土中微生物总数比对照增加了36.7%,并使细菌与真菌的数量比从1.54×104∶1增加至1.84×104∶1。施用生物有机肥处理的产量和产值分别比对照增加了23.2%和46.5%,中上等烟比例增加了16个百分点,纯收入增加了12363元hm-2。     

Phosphorus acquisition and wheat growth are influenced by shoot phosphorus status and soil phosphorus distribution in a split‐root system

Root proliferation and greater uptake per unit of root in the nutrient‐rich zones are often considered to be compensatory responses. This study aimed to examine the influence of plant phosphorus (P) status and P distribution in the root zone on root P acquisition and root and shoot growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a split‐root soil culture. One compartment (A) was supplied with either 4 or 14 mg P (kg soil)^–1, whereas the adjoining compartment (B) had 4 mg P kg^–1 with a vertical high‐P strip (44 mg kg^–1) at 90–110 mm from the plant. Three weeks after growing in the split‐root system, plants with 4 mg P kg^–1 (low‐P plants) started to show stimulatory root growth in the high‐P strip. Two weeks later, root dry weight and length density in the high‐P strip were significantly greater for the low‐P plants than for the plants with 14 mg P (kg soil)^–1. However, after 8 weeks of growth in the split‐root system, the two P treatments of compartment A had similar root growth in the high‐P strip of compartment B. The study also showed that shoot P concentrations in the low‐P plants were 0.6–0.8 mg g^–1 compared with 1.7–1.9 mg g^–1 in the 14 mg P kg^–1 plants after 3 and 5 weeks of growth, but were similar (1.1–1.4 mg g^–1) between the two plants by week 8. The low‐P plants had lower root P concentration in both compartments than those with 14 mg P kg^–1 throughout the three harvests. The findings may indicate that root proliferation and P acquisition under heterogeneous conditions are influenced by shoot P status (internal) and soil P distribution (external). There were no differences in the total root and shoot dry weight between the two P treatments at weeks 3 and 5 because enhanced root growth and P uptake in the high‐P strip by the low‐P plants were compensated by reduced root growth elsewhere. In contrast, total plant growth and total root and shoot P contents were greater in the 14 mg P kg^–1 soil than in the low‐P soil at week 8. The two P treatments did not affect the ratio of root to shoot dry weight with time. The results suggest that root proliferation and greater P uptake in the P‐enriched zone may meet the demand for P by P‐deficient plants only for a limited period of time.     

小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

不同耕作方式对玉米根系特性及养分吸收转运的影响

  【目的】  耕作方式影响玉米根系的生长发育及养分吸收，比较东北中部雨养区不同耕作制度下玉米根系生长和养分吸收特征，为建立合理的耕作方式提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  2011―2012年，在吉林省连续进行了2年的田间定位试验，设置4种耕作方式:浅灭茬后直接播种 (对照，T1)，苗带深松后镇压 (T2)，行间深松且苗带镇压 (T3)，苗带行间全部深松 (T4)。在6展叶期、吐丝期和生理成熟期，取0—60 cm土层的植株根系样品，分析玉米产量、养分吸收转运及根系生长发育特征。  【结果】  不同耕作方式下玉米产量差异显著 (P < 0.05)，两年平均值表现为T3 > T2 > T1 > T4，T2处理和T3处理的产量分别比T1处理增加8.1%和10.2%。与T1处理相比，T2和T3处理均增加了玉米吐丝后氮磷钾养分累积量，吐丝后累积养分对籽粒的贡献率显著增加 (P < 0.05)。T2和T3处理下的氮、磷、钾累积量对籽粒的贡献率分别比T1处理增加了0.4%～3.6%、16.9%～33.8%、70.5%～82.1%，T3处理增幅高于T2处理。T2和T3处理显著增加了玉米各生育期的总根干重、总根长和总根表面积 (P < 0.05)，其中，6展叶期至成熟期，总根干重、总根长、总根表面积的增幅分别为9.8%～22.8%、16.1%～33.1%、19.9%～38.2%。T2和T3处理在各土壤剖面的根系形态均优于T1处理，其中以T2处理最佳，且在20—40 cm土层间差异最为显著 (P < 0.05)。与T1处理相比，T3处理下各生育时期在20—40 cm土层的根干重、根长、根表面积平均增幅为34.1%、48.3%、47.8%，根直径平均增幅为22.1%。  【结论】  与浅灭茬后直接播种相比，苗带行间全部深松不利于根系发育，而行间深松且苗带镇压方式促进了根系的生长发育和纵向延伸，尤其是在20—40 cm土层根系干重、根长和根表面积明显增加，有利于根系对深层土壤养分的吸收利用，进而提高玉米花后累积养分对籽粒的贡献率，增加产量。     

水分胁迫下新造地施磷深度对苦荞生长及根系分布的影响

  【目的】  根系构型影响作物的抗旱能力,研究磷肥施用深度调节苦荞根系分布的可行性,为贫瘠干旱地区苦荞的生长提供科学养分管理措施。  【方法】  以‘黑丰1号’苦荞 (Fagopyrum tataricum L.) 为试验材料,进行根管土柱 (直径25 cm、高50 cm) 栽培试验,设置田间持水量65%～75% (W1)、45%～55% (W2) 和35%～45% (W3) 3种土壤水分条件,磷肥施用深度分别设置距离地表10 cm (P10)、20 cm (P20)、30 cm (P30) 以及3层均匀施用 (P-all) 4种方式,共有12个处理。在苦荞幼苗三叶一心期进行处理,生长22天后取样,测定根系构型,并记录生物量。  【结果】  干旱胁迫抑制了苦荞植株生长、干物质量的积累以及根系发育,其中W3水分条件抑制作用最为明显,导致苦荞株高、茎粗和叶面积较W1水分条件分别下降17.20%、18.03%和23.17%;根长、根表面积和根体积分别下降16.97%、20.39%和17.39%;地上部干物质量和根系干物质量分别下降39.16%、28.60%。干旱胁迫促进根系下扎,增加深层土壤中的根系分布。与W1水分条件相比,W2、W3水分条件下0—10和10—20 cm土层平均根长分别下降30.18%和27.55%、41.83%和41.02%,根系干物质量分别下降36.62%和33.61%、49.72%和48.11%;而20—30和30—45 cm土层中的苦荞平均根长则分别增加33.53%和42.52%、31.74%和50.95%,根系干物质量分别增加13.70%和26.84%、5.85%和28.64%。深层施磷促进施磷层土壤根系生长,与P-all处理相比,P10处理10—20 cm土层根长平均增加18.96%,P20处理20—30 cm土层平均增加32.39%,P30处理30—45 cm土层平均增加28.73%,根系干物质量依次分别增加26.62%、30.74%和24.65%。方差分析结果表明,各水分处理条件下,0—10和10—20 cm土层根系干物质量均表现为P10处理显著高于其他施磷处理,且其他处理间差异也达显著水平;而20—30、30—45 cm土层根系干物质量则表现为P20、P30施磷处理显著高于其他处理。  【结论】  水分和施磷深度对苦荞苗期植株生长以及根系分布均有显著影响。在干旱胁迫下,增加磷肥的施用深度可促进苦荞根系在20—45 cm深土壤中的分布,显著扩大根系对土壤养分和水分的获取空间,并最终促进苦荞的生长。本试验条件下,采样仅限于苦荞苗期,在水分胁迫条件下磷肥以10 cm的施肥深度效果最佳。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区自然恢复坡面植物根系的分布特征

采用土钻法研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区自然恢复坡面土壤根系的分布特征及土壤养分含量与土壤水分含量对根系分布的影响。结果表明:根系的分布因坡向、侵蚀带、土层深度、植被类型等的不同而异。阳坡根系总生物量高于半阴坡,但差异不显著;沟谷地根系总生物量及≤1mm根系生物量与沟间地各侵蚀带存在显著性差异;随着土层深度的增加,根系生物量减小;不同植被类型及其盖度对根系生物量有很大影响。不同坡向、各侵蚀带、不同土层中各径级根系生物量的总体趋势是≤1mm根系生物量最大,1～2mm次之,2～3mm和>3mm根系生物量较小,且≤1mm根系生物量与2～3mm和>3mm根系生物量间存在显著差异。根系生物量与土壤养分(除全磷)总体为中度正相关,与土壤水分分布不一致。因此,根系分布不仅与植物自身特性有关,还受土壤环境的影响。     

Impacts of (NH4)2SO4 Deposition on Norway Spruce (Picea Abies [L.] Karst) Roots

The effects of enhanced (NH₄)₂SO₄ (NS) deposition on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) fine root biomass, vitality and chemistry were investigated using root-free in-growth cores reproducing native organic and mineral soil horizons. The cores were covered and watered every 2 weeks with native throughfall or throughfall supplemented with NS to increase deposition by 75 kg ha^-1 a^-1 NH₄ ⁺-N (86 kg ha^-1 a^-1 SO₄2--S). The in-growth cores were sampled after 19 months and assessed for root biomass, necromass, length, tip number, tip vitality and fine root chemistry. Root biomass and fine root aluminium (Al) concentration were negatively correlated, but NS deposition had no effect on root growth or root tip vitality. NS deposition caused increased fine root nitrogen (N) concentrations in the organic horizon and increased Calcium (Ca) concentrations in the mineral horizon. Fine root biomass was higher in the organic horizon, where fine root Al and potassium (K) concentrations were lower and Ca concentrations higher than in the mineral horizon. Results highlighted the importance of soil stratification on fine root growth and chemical composition.     

低氮胁迫下水稻根系的发生及生长素的响应

采用水培实验,研究了5个氮(N)浓度下(0.01～5 mmol L-1)水稻的生物量、体内氮浓度、根系发育、体内生长素浓度以及生长素外流蛋白OsPIN家族基因的表达情况。结果表明,与正常供氮水平(2.5mmol L-1)相比,低氮(0.01 mmol L-1)胁迫下水稻根冠比增加28%,地上部全氮浓度降低约20%,根系全氮浓度降低约33%,种子根长度增加25%,种子根上的侧根密度降低26%,倒一叶中的生长素含量增加140%,而根茎结合处和根系的生长素浓度分别下降22%和60%;RT-PCR的结果表明,低氮(0.01 mmol L-1)胁迫下水稻根系中OsPIN1a-b、OsPIN2、OsPIN5a-b和OsPIN9基因表达显著下调;而外源生长素α-萘乙酸(NAA)和生长素极性运输抑制剂1-萘氨甲酰苯甲酸(NPA)的施加均能影响到水稻种子根长和种子根上的侧根密度。由此推论,低氮胁迫下水稻体内生长素从倒一叶到根系极性运输减少是水稻根系对低氮胁迫响应的生理机制之一。     

植物延缓剂对盐碱胁迫下羊柴幼苗根系形态的影响

应用盆栽控盐方法,通过模拟毛乌素沙地实际盐碱状况,研究不同质量浓度(0,150,300,450,600mg/L)植物延缓剂(以多效唑为例)对盐碱处理(全盐量0.94g/kg,处理时间3个月)下羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫会抑制羊柴根长的生长,降低根系与土壤结合面积及分支强度。其中,分叉数和交叉数所受的抑制作用最明显,分别较对照降低了77.54%,87.70%。(2)多效唑处理会促进羊柴根的生长,600mg/L多效唑处理后羊柴根长、根尖数、分叉数、交叉数、根表面积、根体积分别较单独施盐处理增加了87.66%,116.62%,136.11%,302.25%,57.50%,31.33%,说明多效唑可以缓解羊柴的盐害作用。(3)综合考虑6项根系形态指标,质量浓度为600mg/L的多效唑对提高羊柴耐盐性的效果最佳。     

叶面喷施寡糖对生菜生长和品质的调节作用

为探究不同单一寡糖和复配寡糖对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,选择生长周期较短的生菜品种“意大利耐抽薹”作为研究对象,以80mg·L-1的纤维寡糖（ZH-A）、低聚木糖（ZH-B）、甲壳低聚糖（ZH-C）和以上3种寡糖等质量比的复配寡糖（ZH-M）以及多糖海藻酸钠（GY-D）对定植后的生菜进行4次叶面喷施处理,以喷清水为对照（CK）。从定植后的第3天（三叶一心）开始,每隔2d连续喷施4次,至采收期（定植23d）测定生菜的生长特征（生物量、叶面积、荧光光合）、根系表型特征（根长、根表面积、根体积）以及品质特征（可溶性糖、叶绿素、Vc、硝酸盐）。结果表明：单一寡糖、复配寡糖及海藻酸钠多糖处理均能显著增加生菜生物量;纤维寡糖（ZH-A）对促进根系生长及降低硝酸盐含量具有显著效果;甲壳低聚糖（ZH-C）对叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率Fv/Fm及可溶性糖含量有显著的提高作用;复配寡糖对生菜地上部、地下部及品质的增长和提升效果明显优于单一寡糖和多糖,采收期地上部鲜重及叶面积分别增加52.58%和57.60%,根干重、总根长、总体积及总表面积分别增加35.07%、89.10%、49.23%和40.68%,可溶性糖增加25.20%,叶绿素含量增加21.50%,Vc含量提高12.08%,硝酸盐含量降低27.65%。综上可知,不同寡糖对生菜生长特征和生理性状的作用效果和调控机制具有明显差异;复配寡糖对生菜促生长和提品质的调节效果显著优于单一寡糖。     

不同氮肥施用方式下春玉米根系时空分布特征

通过剖析不同氮肥施用方式下,玉米根系统随生育进程在0～ 60 cm不同土层内分布特征及地上部产量和氮累积量的变化,以期为氮肥合理施用提供理论依据.以先玉335为供试品种,进行了4年田间定位试验.设3个处理:无氮区(N0);氮肥一次性基施200kg/hm2 (N1);氮肥分次施用(N2),基肥50 kg/hm2,拔节期1...     

Waterlogging of cotton calls for caution with N fertilization

Abstract

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen on waterlogging resistance in terms of changes in dry-matter accumulation, root antioxidant enzyme activities, root vigor, and photosynthesis under waterlogging during the flowering and boll-development stage. Cotton plants grown in pots with three N levels (0, 4.5, and 9.0 g N pot^?1, equivalent to 0, 240, and 480 kg N ha^?1, respectively) were subjected to waterlogging for eight days and then permitted to recover for fifteen days. The dry weights of root and shoot were decreased by waterlogging, and were highest at 240 kg N ha^?1. In waterlogged root, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased and that of peroxidase increased in comparison with the control. The application of N increased the activities of catalase and peroxidase of both waterlogged root and the control, but decreased superoxide dismutase activity. Malondialdehyde content, an indicator of membrane lipid peroxidation, was significantly increased, and was lowest in the 240 kg N ha^?1 N treatment during waterlogging. Both root vigor and canopy apparent photosynthesis rate, which were weakened by waterlogging, reached a peak at 240 kg N ha^?1. At the 15th day after termination of waterlogging, N application promoted root vigor and canopy apparent photosynthesis rate of waterlogged cotton plants. These results indicated that an appropriate N supply (240 kg N ha^?1) may contribute to waterlogging resistance of cotton by adjusting the antioxidant enzyme activities of root, reducing lipid peroxidation and boosting root vigor; however, excessive N supply (480 kg N ha^?1) may lead to an adverse impact on waterlogging resistance of cotton. Therefore, the application of N should be reduced to decrease stress when waterlogging occurs, and additional N fertilizer may be used to promote cotton growth after waterlogging.     

缺磷胁迫下番茄侧根形成与miR164及NAC1表达的关系

为了研究番茄幼苗在缺磷胁迫下根系形态发育与生长素、生长素信号转导途径中的转录因子NAC1,以及调控NAC1 表达的上游miR164之间的关系。试验以5和500 μmol/L磷浓度作为缺磷胁迫和对照,检测了外源生长素NAA（1-naphthalene acetic acid）及生长素抑制剂NPA（N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid）对侧根形成的影响; 同时采用RT-PCR检测了NAC1和miR164在缺磷胁迫下的时序表达。结果表明,缺磷胁迫下侧根大量形成与生长素及其运输密切相关,在侧根迅速形成的24 h内,NAC1的表达在缺磷胁迫下增强; 而其上游的miR164表达降低,从而揭示了缺磷胁迫下侧根形成与miR164调节NAC1表达之间的关系。     

Changes in bacterial populations along roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings

Summary In this study the bacterial populations on root tips (1–2 days old) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared with the populations on root segments about 1 week older (root base). The isolates were characterized with a set of physiological tests and the test results were used to group the bacteria by means of cluster analysis. Some clusters contained bacteria that occurred mainly on the root tips and were characterized by the ability to produce acid from different sugars and by the presence of the enzymes nitrate reductase, lipase, and oxidase; they were sensitive to high salt concentrations in the media. Another cluster included significantly more isolates from the root-base segments; these bacteria were characterized by a negative reaction to most of the physiological tests; the colonies formed by these bacteria had yellow pigmentation. Possiblemechanisms for the changes in the bacterial populations are discussed.     

Growth characteristics of Artemisia sieberi influenced by super absorbent polymers in texturally different soils under water stress condition

The effects of super absorbent polymers (SAPs) on growth characteristics and seedlings survival of Artemisia sieberi (under two soil textures, three irrigation levels and seven hydrogel compositions with three replications) were investigated. The studied traits were shoot height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, ratio of root/shoot, root length, root perimeter, root area and root volume. SAPs successfully enhanced growth capability of A. sieberi in two soil textures compared to the controls. Ideally, 5 g kg^?1 Aquasorb? (SNF Company, France) with 100% irrigation and 10 g kg^?1 Stockosorb® (Evonik Corporation, Germany) with 75% irrigation in a sandy loam texture and 10 g kg^?1 Boloorab A? (Boloorab Company, Iran) with 75% irrigation in a loamy texture significantly affected all traits, resulting in 100% survival for A. sieberi seedlings. Aquasorb? and Stockosorb® showed the best results in the sandy loam texture and preferable outputs were obtained by Boloorab A? application in the loamy texture. In other words, because of the basic differentiation among soils in terms of mineralogy, temperature and moisture content, different SAPs should be applied. Production of dense root network and root aggregation stimulated by SAPs increased root contact with moisture. Therefore, improving the growth and survival of the plants is accessible using SAPs under water stress condition.     

两种浮萍根系分泌物对荧光假单胞菌脱氮影响的差异及其剂量效应研究

本研究对太湖地区高效除氮紫背浮萍Spirodela polyrrhiza(HZ1)和低效除氮青萍Lemna minor(WX3)的根系分泌物进行了连续收集和分离,并考察了根系分泌物剂量与成分对反硝化细菌荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens脱氮效率的影响。结果发现,两种浮萍根系分泌物总组分均能显著促进P.fluorescens的脱氮效率,但对P.fluorescens的生长无影响。HZ1根系分泌物总组分(HO)促进作用显著高于WX3根系分泌物总组分(WO),这与HZ1对水体的除氮效率高于WX3的结果一致。两种浮萍根系分泌物各组分也有不同的效果,其中仅WX3根系分泌物酸性组分(WA)显著抑制了P.fluorescens的脱氮效率,HZ1根系分泌物不同组分是促进或无作用。总体上,P.fluorescens的脱氮效率随浮萍根系分泌物及其各组分添加剂量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而WA组分先下降后基本不变,各组分在剂量为1.0%(v/v)时起最大效果。总之,根系分泌物与浮萍–微生物耦合系统的除氮效率密切相关,酸性组分是两种浮萍根系分泌物促进P.fluorescens脱氮效果差异的主要原因。     

施氮对白羊草细根形态和生长的影响

细根作为植物吸收水分和养分的重要器官,其形态和生长也受到土壤资源有效性的影响。以多年生草本植物白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验和连续扫描根系的方法,研究了6个施氮处理(0,0.02,0.04,0.08,0.16和0.32 g/kg)对白羊草1—4级根序根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着根序增加,各级根序上根系的平均直径和平均根长呈显著增加趋势(p<0.05),但总根长和比根长显著下降(p<0.05);(2)除对1级根的平均直径没有显著影响外,施氮增加了白羊草其它各级根序的平均根长和平均直径,减小了比根长、总根长和生物量;(3)施氮提高了1—4级根序的根系伸长速率和直径增粗速率,且根系伸长速率和增粗速率随时间推移呈动态变化,尤其是对1,2级根序的影响较大。因此,全球氮沉降增加可能通过影响细根的平均根长、平均直径、比根长、生物量等形态特征而对草本植物地下特征产生影响,进而影响陆地生态系统的C,N循环。