无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象试验

2010-2011年在信丰林区开展了无纺布白僵菌条防治萧氏松茎象成虫试验。结果表明,2010．2011年试验区萧氏松茎象当年肴虫株率平均分别下降71．2％和76．7％;相对防治效果平均分别为75．0％和78．9％。这说明无纺布白僵菌条能明显抑制萧氏松茎象种群的上升。     

木耳菌糠培养球孢白僵菌的条件筛选及优化

白僵菌是一种虫生真菌,目前在农林害虫防治中取得了明显的效果。为了进一步促进白僵菌农药的发展,开发低成本的白僵菌发酵方法或优化其发酵条件是不可缺少的一环。本文尝试以木耳菌糠作为主要培养基液体发酵球孢白僵菌,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定菌糠培养基配方并优化发酵条件。结果表明,废弃菌糠适宜作为球孢白僵菌的主要培养基,当料液比为1:4,补充0.3%硫酸锰、0.5%硝酸铵,接菌量10%,培养温度为25℃,培养时间为4 d时,球孢白僵菌的产孢量达到了2.0×109个孢子/mL。研究证实了木耳菌糠培养球孢白僵菌的可行性,希望为低成本发酵其他生防菌提供新思路。     

布氏白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌两变种的生长性状及其对蛴螬的毒力测定

以蛴螬病原真菌--布氏白僵菌、绿僵菌小孢变种作参照菌,研究了新分离鉴定的绿僵菌大孢变种的生物学特性,测定了不同温度、不同培养基条件下各菌株对蛴螬的致病能力.结果表明：绿僵菌大孢变种与两种参照菌的培养条件接近,最适宜生长的温度为25℃,所试的3种培养基中,最适宜的培养基为PPDA,其次为SDAY;绿僵菌大孢变种在偏低温（10～20℃）的环境下对蛴螬的毒杀能力比布氏白僵菌强,土壤处理和喷雾处理后,累计僵虫率分别达88.23%和76.47%,有很好的田间应用前景.两种真菌的拌土处理效果高于直接喷雾.鉴于绿僵菌Ma1的致病力较强,在生产上可用该菌进行土壤处理,防治蛴螬等地下害虫.     

球孢白僵菌两种施用方式对侵染桔小实蝇的影响及田间的防治效果

室内研究了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana不同施用方式对侵染桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的影响,以及田间喷施球孢白僵菌防治桔小实蝇的效果。结果表明,两种诱集感染方式桔小实蝇成虫存活率分别为40%、41.7%,差异不显著;添加性引诱剂在白僵菌侵染桔小实蝇的过程中没有起到明显地促进感病的作用,只是缩短了病程,IIPC为0.41-0.44,说明两种诱集感染方式对桔实蝇成虫有一定的控制作用。三种施菌方式的桔小实蝇羽化率、成虫死亡率与对照差异均显著;以IIPC为评价指标,施菌方式对桔小实蝇各因子的影响大小顺序为:成虫存活率羽化率化蛹率,其中以对成虫存活率的影响最大。应用化学防治和球孢白僵菌田间防治桔小实蝇的效果表明,施用2500倍40%毒死蜱效果最好,控制作用达到71.9%,其次是喷施2.0×108孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢子悬浮液,防效达46.9%,施用2500倍4.5%高效氯氰菊酯防治效果达最差,防效仅37.5%。     

绿僵菌无纺布菌条制作工艺

在接种优良液体种子的基础上，以单位面积的产孢量为指标，筛选了制作多种蛀干害虫的病原——绿僵菌无纺布菌条的最佳营养组合及培养条件。结果表明，最佳营养条件为（g／L）：白砂糖20g、黄豆粉40g、蛋白胨6g；琼脂含量对产孢量无显著影响；最佳培养条件为：25℃下，相对湿度（RH）95％，产孢量可达3．6×10^8～3．7×10^8孢子／cm^2。     

虫生真菌对节瓜蓟马种群的控制作用

室内试验表明,在1.5×108个/ml孢子浓度下,白僵菌对节瓜蓟马成虫、蛹和若虫的寄生率分别为70%、50.20%和17.78%,而在相同浓度下绿僵菌的寄生率较低。在2×108个/ml孢子浓度下田间土壤和植株喷施球孢白僵菌,5d后可使蓟马成虫减少49.22%。     

球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响

室内评价了一株球孢白僵菌Bb0062对天敌昆虫烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响。直接喷雾接菌进行生物测定,结果表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂具有较高毒性,随着接种剂量的增加,致死中时(LT50)缩短。利用烟蚜茧蜂寄生接菌和未接菌的桃蚜,发现寄生蜂对健康桃蚜的寄生率为52.54%,明显高于对接菌桃蚜的寄生率40.19%,表明球孢白僵菌可通过侵染蚜虫间接影响寄生蜂的寄生行为。以喷雾接菌当天(0天)、1、3和5天的寄生蜂寄生桃蚜,寄生率分别比对照下降21.0%、17.2%、33.3%和30.4%,寄生时间分别比对照下降35.9%、38.7%、53.1%和39.7%。由此表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂的寄生行为有不利影响。     

肖氏松茎象白僵菌病的初步研究

从自然罹病的肖氏松茎象僵虫尸体上分离，筛选出的GⅡ号白僵菌菌株，室内测定表现出了较好的培养性状和很高致病能力。在20℃保湿条件下，每头用5ml(1亿个孢子／ml)孢子液体表接种，20d白僵菌率80％，25d达100％。其菌丝生长速率、单位面积产孢量、活孢率、白僵率等性状指标分别比马尾松毛虫优良白僵菌菌株高11．26％、15．31％、12．40％、40．0％。具有一定的专化性和较大的开发应用潜力。本文并对该菌株的菌粉生产工艺和林间防治、应用进行了探讨。     

GFP标记的球孢白僵菌在玉米中的定殖

为明确球孢白僵菌在玉米中的定殖分布规律以及不同施用方式和处理浓度对玉米生长发育的影响,本文利用绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的球孢白僵菌,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观测了球孢白僵菌在玉米根部、茎部和叶部的定殖情况,同时检测了不同接种方式在球孢白僵菌不同处理浓度下对玉米生长指标的影响。结果表明,球孢白僵菌在玉米不同组织部位上的定殖有着明显的差异,各球孢白僵菌接种处理中,均以叶部定殖的白僵菌孢子数最多,而茎部均未观测到孢子定殖;玉米根部仅在浸种和灌根处理中可见少量孢子。球孢白僵菌不同接种方式对其在玉米中定殖率的影响差异较大,灌根处理定殖率最高,为76.7%;其次为浸种处理,为73.3%;茎部注射处理及叶面喷施处理定殖率较低,分别为43.3%和36.7%。研究表明,不同施用方式及接种浓度球孢白僵菌孢悬液对玉米生长指标有一定的影响,球孢白僵菌可通过不同接种方式在玉米植株中定殖并扩散,对玉米的生长发育有一定的促进作用,其中以1×10⁶~1×10⁷孢子/mL球孢白僵菌孢悬液浸种或灌根,对玉米苗的促进生长作用最明显。     

球孢白僵菌对橘小实蝇实验种群的影响

研究了球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)B6菌株对橘小实蝇成虫(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)的影响。结果表明,在杨桃、番石榴与香蕉3种水果上喷施球孢白僵菌孢子悬浮液,橘小实蝇雌成虫平均产卵量分别为(188.3±11.4)粒、(156.7±13.1)粒、(165.3±9.1)粒,与对照差异不显著;孵化的老熟幼虫数量分别(156.3±11.5)头、(130.3±8.3)头、(147.7±10.6)头,与对照差异也不显著;成虫存活率分别为51.1%、52.2%、62.3%,与对照差异极显著。干扰作用控制指数IIPC为0.554 2、0.573 0、0.667 7,对橘小实蝇成虫控制效果明显。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.