中国森林火灾释放的CO_2、CO和CH_4研究

在对各省火灾统计资料和生物量估计的数据基础上 ,用排放因子法和排放比法 ,得出中国森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 年平均分别为 8 96TgC/a、1 1 2TgC/a和 0 1 0 9TgC/a,其中林下植物和地表枯落物的贡献分别为 39%、4 7%和 4 0 %。各省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量主要是由火灾受害面积决定的 ,森林火灾较多的黑龙江、云南和内蒙古的这 3种气体的排放量占全国的 80 %以上。森林火灾释放的CO2 和CH4 分别为全国所有源排放的 1 2 %和 0 35%。中国年平均森林火灾释放的CO2 、CO和CH4 量分别为全球森林火灾排放量的 0 3 %、0 5%和 0 0 1 %。     

Contribution To Climate Change Of Forest Fires In Spain: Emissions And Loss Of Sequestration

ABSTRACT

Forest fires contribute to climate change mainly due to emission of greenhouse gases by biomass burning and loss of sequestration by sink destruction. The average contribution in Spain between 1998 and 2015 was 9,494,910 Mg CO_{2 eq} per year, 23.8% from biomass burning and 76.2% from loss of carbon sequestration, the latter three times higher than the former, although the emissions from combustion are usually the only accounted. Regarding to the vegetation burned, 43.6% of emissions come from forest (17.7% conifers, 4.8% hardwoods and 21.1% Eucalyptus), 53.7% from scrublands and 2.7% from grasslands. The loss of sequestration is 6.6% in the fire year and by 93.4% in previous years. Scrubland burning produces a greater amount of emissions than forests, but forest regeneration is slower, with greater influence on the loss of sequestration. It is essential a forest management focused on increase fire resilience and adaptation to climate change, increase the effectiveness of extinction works to reduce fire damages and implement actions to recover the burnt vegetation, because the loss of sinks is a critical aspect.     

林火碳排放模型研究进展

林火作为干扰因子, 影响着森林演替、森林生物量和生产力以及生物地球化学循环。森林燃烧所释放的含碳温室气体对全球气候变化具有重要影响。对森林火灾释放的含碳气体进行有效估算, 可以弄清林火产生的含碳气体对全球碳循环的影响。文中介绍了2种林火碳排放模型, 即基于有效可燃物模型和火干扰下碳循环模型。通过对这2种估算方法的比较, 指出未来林火碳排放估算方法的发展趋势。     

Forest Fires and Prevention Strategies in Northwestern Region of China

The paper described the natural conditions and forest types in Northwestern Region of China. Most forests in the region are distributed in subalpine areas. It is important to protect the existent forests in the region for maintaining ecological balance. According to the statistics results of 1991~2000, the paper analyzes the forest fires distribution and fire severity. Annually the numbers of forest fires range from 52 to 240. The incidence rate of forest fires in Northwestern Region is under 0.33 per ten thousand ha. There are 0.67-64.4 ha burned area per ten thousand ha forest. The main reasons for forest fires lie in the dry weather conditions, many firebrands, and high fuel loading. The strategies of fire management in the region are to stress the fire education in forest regions, strength the firebrands' management, emphasize the fuel management, and improve the fire monitoring and fire control ability.     

1980-2005年大兴安岭森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物烟气释放量的估算

应用排放因子法,对大兴安岭林区1980—2005年间森林火灾中不同林型下灌木、草本和地被物层气体释放量进行估算。结果表明:大兴安岭25年间森林火灾灌木、草本和地被物层CO2,CO,CxHy,NO,SO2的释放量分别为25.04×106,5.72×106,0.21×106,0.09×106和0.24×106t。其中白桦-落叶松林、白桦-杜鹃林和蒙古栎-胡枝子林是气体释放量较多的林型,约占总排放量的70%以上。此外大兴安岭林区森林火灾SO2和NO的释放量可达到我国总生物质燃烧释放量的50%左右,其释放量与农业上备受关注的秸秆燃烧相当。     

Long-term effects of prescribed fire on mixed conifer forest structure in the Sierra Nevada, California

The capacity of prescribed fire to restore forest conditions is often judged by changes in forest structure within a few years following burning. However, prescribed fire might have longer-term effects on forest structure, potentially changing treatment assessments. We examined annual changes in forest structure in five 1 ha old-growth plots immediately before prescribed fire and up to eight years after fire at Sequoia National Park, California. Fire-induced declines in stem density (67% average decrease at eight years post-fire) were nonlinear, taking up to eight years to reach a presumed asymptote. Declines in live stem biomass were also nonlinear, but smaller in magnitude (32% average decrease at eight years post-fire) as most large trees survived the fires. The preferential survival of large trees following fire resulted in significant shifts in stem diameter distributions. Mortality rates remained significantly above background rates up to six years after the fires. Prescribed fire did not have a large influence on the representation of dominant species. Fire-caused mortality appeared to be spatially random, and therefore did not generally alter heterogeneous tree spatial patterns. Our results suggest that prescribed fire can bring about substantial changes to forest structure in old-growth mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, but that long-term observations are needed to fully describe some measures of fire effects.     

林火与气候变化研究进展

火是全球大多森林生态系统中的一个重要干扰因子, 它对大气中的温室气体和气溶胶的增加有显著影响。林火与气候变化是当前林火研究领域的热点问题。文中综述了气候变化对林火的影响和林火排放物对气候变化的影响。大量研究表明, 气候变化将导致森林火险期延长, 出现潜在极端火行为的天数增多, 森林火灾更加严重, 特别是北方森林火灾增加显著。未来的研究趋势是, 采用卫星遥感数据在大尺度上研究气候变化对林火的影响, 把林火模型与气候模式和全球植被动力学模型耦合, 构建更为复杂的林火排放模型, 以深入揭示林火与气候变化的关系。     

塔拉生物生态学习性初步研究

１９９１－１９９５年在云南省昆明、景东、景洪、四川省布昆、新都等地对塔拉进行了引种试验研究，结果表明，３年生树开始开花、结实，一年２－３次，荚果单产６．０－７．５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，树高３．７ｍ，地径５．５ｃｍ。它喜光、喜热、耐干旱，适宜在砂壤土和壤土上生长。     

河北太行山区典型水土保持林乔木层生物量及碳储量研究

以河北太行山区4种典型水土保持林为研究对象,对混交林(栓皮栎-侧柏)、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林的乔木层各器官生物量、含碳率以及碳储量进行比较研究。结果表明:混交林、油松林、栓皮栎林和刺槐林生物量分别为51.94,86.40,90.19,18.08t/hm^2,栓皮栎林和油松林生物量高于4种水土保持林生物量的均值(61.65t/hm^2),而混交林和刺槐林生物量分别占生物量均值的84.25%,29.33%。不同林分各器官在乔木层生物量中分配顺序均表现为树干>树根>树枝>树叶。4种典型林分各器官含碳率分别为45.16%~58.93%,58.48%~64.61%,51.16%~58.37%,52.35%~62.30%。4种典型林分碳储量为10.10~53.85t/hm^2。不同林分类型各器官碳储量与生物量呈正比关系,与生物量趋势基本相同,碳储量大小表现为油松林>栓皮栎林>混交林>刺槐林。     

1987年大兴安岭林火碳释放及火后NPP恢复

以大兴安岭地区1985年一类森林资源连续清查资料和1987年林火资料为数据基础,结合GIS技术,进行大兴安岭1987年林火碳释放及火后净初级生产力(NPP,net primary productivity)恢复的研究.通过对1987年火烧迹地林火发生前各树种的生物量的估算,得出在1987年林火中大兴安岭林区森林释放的碳量约为1.97×10~6～2.47×10~6 t;同时分别比较火烧中各树种的碳释放量和不同火烧等级下的碳释放量.结果表明:落叶松在1987年林火中释放碳量约0.96×10~6～1.19×10~6 t,占碳释放总量的49%左右;重度火灾中碳释放量占总碳释放量的99.4%.火后乔木层的NPP恢复在21年间成逐渐增加的趋势,并且恢复趋势表明在火后23～24年的时候中度火灾后的乔木层NPP可达到未过火林地的水平.     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

金线莲林下种植的成活率及生长分析

文章结合广东梧桐山国家森林公园林地条件,观察金线莲(Anoectochilus roxburghii)幼苗在林下的生长表现,统计生长30和180 d的植株成活率、保存率、苗高和生物量的增长量.结果表明,金线莲在林下生长良好;生长30 d,植株成活率为82.5%~95.0%,植株平均苗高为10.3~12.3 cm,苗高净生长量为0.72 cm;生长180 d,保存率在37.5%~95.0%之间;植株平均苗高为13.2~19.2 cm,平均生物量为3.17~3.83 g,其苗高和生物量净生长量分别为7.46 cm和1.87 g.     

影响土壤N_2O排放和CH_4吸收的主控因素的研究(英文)

本文于2000年7月,在实验室模拟条件下,以长白山阔叶红松林鲜土壤为对象,采用正交试验设计法对土壤进行培养实验,研究了影响土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素。考察了温度、水分、pH值、NH4+及NO3-五因素对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。实验结果显示:在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,N2O排放速率、CH4吸收速率二者均与土壤pH值和温度这两个因素呈显著正相关。并且N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关。     

The choices of the fire — Debating socioeconomic determinants of the fires observed at Portuguese municipalities

Forest fires have been an important source of economic losses in Portuguese municipalities. This work is one of the first studies to test a large range of socioeconomic determinants to explain the differences in the burnt forest areas observed in 278 Portuguese municipalities between 2000 and 2011. Using Classification and Regression Trees, the amount of municipal burnt area per forest fire was observed to depend on the economic dynamism of each locality, the population density of a municipality, the availability of trained teams of forest firefighters, and the presence of relatively high municipal expenditures on environment outlays. We also studied the number of forest fires, concluding that the frequency of forest fires depends on the aging index, the economic dynamism and the average altitude of a municipality.     

计划烧除引起水土流失的定量研究

首次在国内对计划烧除林地水土流失量进行了定位研究,结果显示计划烧除林地土壤侵蚀强度因坡度变陡而增加,坡度23的试验区为69．5t／(km·a),对照为52．6t／(km·a);坡度33“的试验区为104．7t／(km·a),对照为101．8t／(km·a)。计划烧除林地的土壤侵蚀量远远低干200t／(km·a)这个最低允许流失量标准。可以认为,在林内开展计划烧除所引起的水土流失量是很微弱的。周期性地开展计划烧除产生的生态负效应对环境质量的影响不显著。为了降低森林的燃烧性,大幅度减少森林火灾,积极开展计划烧除不仅必要,而且可行。     

寅街镇森林火灾预防措施及野外火源管理对策

在“被动扑救森林火灾”向“以预防为主”的森林火灾预防机制转变过程中,通过对寅街镇20年来森林火灾发生规律、起火原因、地域和时间分布进行分析,指出93％属人为野外用火引起,森林火灾造成的经济损失主要为非生产性用火中故意纵火、外区烧入、上坟等造成的,野外火源是导致寅街镇森林火灾的主要原因。提出落实责任,加强宣传,完善巡查力度,实施计划烧除,抓好森林火灾保险,严格火源管理等寅街镇森林火灾预防对策及加强野外火源管理的_几点建议。     

延边地区森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据延边地区1969-2004年的森林火灾统计数据,计算出延边地区森林火灾年平均损失乔木地上生物量6157.54～8210.05t,年均释放碳量4965.78～6621.04t;用排放比法得出延边地区年平均森林火灾释放的CO2、CO、CH4量分别为16387.07～21849.44、1192.23～1589.64和402.52～563.77t。     

东北、内蒙古林区物候点烧技术应用的情况分析

物候点烧技术是我国当前开设防火隔离带、国境防火带,降低林内可燃物载量、预防重大森林火灾最有效的技术之一,得到相关部门高度重视。但近年由于计划烧除时跑火造成森林火灾,使人们对物候点烧技术产生争议。本文是在对东北、内蒙古林区开展物候点烧技术相关事宜进行调查的基础上,总结四省（区）开展物候点烧取得的显著成效,阐述点烧的可行性、必要性,分析跑火的主要原因、存在的问题、解决的办法,并对今后如何加强物候点烧技术的安全性、科学性提出了建设性意见。     

计划烧除的作用与应用研究综述

计划烧除是管理森林可燃物、预防森林火灾发生的有效方法,同时也是防治病虫害、促进山林复壮更新的重要措施。文章回顾了计划烧除在国内外的发展历史,阐述了计划烧除的应用及研究,总结出实施计划烧除的主要技术及操作程序,论述了国内目前计划烧除应用研究中存在的问题及发展前景。