香菇冷冻干燥工艺参数的试验研究

确定了最优的香菇冷冻干燥工艺参数,以提高冻干效率和冻干香菇品质.通过单因素试验以及4因素5水平的二次回归正交试验,研究了冻干室压力、加热板温度、预冻降温速度和物料厚度等因素对冻干时间、干燥前后物料体积收缩率及复水比等几个指标的影响;建立了各指标与试验因子之间的回归数学模型;最后利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,在保证香菇干燥品质的情况下,得到了香菇(厚度6～10 mm)冷冻干燥的最优工艺参数,干燥室压力111 Pa,加热板温度 42.5℃,降温速率-0.29℃/min.     

真空冷冻干燥过程参数对升华干燥能耗影响的组合试验研究

介绍了真空冷冻干燥过程参数对冻干能耗影响的试验研究，主要进行了对冻干过程影响显著的物料厚度、干燥室压强和加热板温度3个过程参数的二次正交回归组合试验和分析。得到这3个主要影响因素在其它二因素取5个不同水平时对升华干燥时间和干燥能耗的影响曲线和分析结果，表明影响冻干过程能耗的主次因素依次为：冻干物料厚度、加热板温度、干燥室压强，以及冻干时间和冻干能耗与这3个因素按二次规律变化，且变化规律具有明显的一致性。     

子芋冷冻升华干燥最佳工艺研究

研究子芋冷冻升华干燥时的工艺特性，包括降温速率、真空度、加热板温度设定程序以及冷凝器温度对冷冻干燥过程和产品质量的影响，并利用非线性回归分析法对最佳的加热板温度设定程序所对应的物料温度变化曲线的经验公式进行拟合。得出的子芋冻干最佳工艺条件为：快速冷冻到－30℃，降温速率为－0.2℃/min；干燥时真空室的真空度为66.7 Pa；冷凝器温度为－34℃～－40℃；加热板温度的设定程序为：在1.5 h内升温至80℃，恒温5 h，而后在1 h内降温至70℃，恒温1 h，又在1 h内降温至60℃后自动关闭加热器，自然冷却至室温。按此生产的产品感官效果明显好于热风干燥产品，且复水速率高34倍，复水量高1.3倍，体积收缩率仅为热风干燥产品的40.7%，重要营养成分α-VE的保存率提高1.15倍。     

基于能耗分析的真空冷冻干燥食用菌汤块制备中试

为了降低冷冻干燥过程中能耗、推动冻干技术在食品中的应用,该研究应用在线调控预冻-冷冻干燥一体化设备进行食用菌汤块制备中试研究。对实际生产中冻结阶段(预冻温度、装盘物料厚度)、升华阶段(干燥仓压强、加热板温度)、解析阶段(水分转换点、升温工艺)等工艺进行了试验分析及优化,得出了适宜食用菌汤块冻干的节能工艺条件。提出了解析阶段的分步阶段升温法,并对解析阶段冻干曲线进行了拟合分析。结果表明,预冻温度设定为-35℃,装盘物料厚度为15mm,干燥仓压强为25Pa,汤块含水率为83.1%;升华阶段加热板温度为-10℃,解析阶段起始点为1 148 min,汤块含水率为9.2%,解析阶段采用分步阶段升温工艺(-10℃→2.5℃(70 min)→15℃(70 min)→27.5℃(70 min)→40℃(144 min))为较优选择,在此条件下,制备的汤块成品率为99.2%,感官品质指标综合分值为8.37,能耗为1.75 k W·h/kg,汤块含水率为4.3%。Boltzmann模型能较好表征解析阶段的冻干过程。该研究为冻干过程参数优化和能耗分析提供参考,为冻干技术应用于方便食品开发提供了技术依据。     

以图像计算收缩率优化香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺

利用数字图像处理技术分析香菇干燥前后面积收缩率,是评价香菇干燥品质的有效方法。采用真空缓苏（间断）干燥是提高香菇干燥品质,节省能源的有效措施;通过四因素五水平二次回归正交试验设计,研究干燥室真空度、加热板温度、缓苏时刻含水率、缓苏时间4个因素对干燥过程中面积收缩率和干燥时间的影响,建立了多元回归数学模型;利用多目标非线性优化理论与方法,对香菇真空缓苏干燥工艺参数进行了优化并验证,确定最适宜的工艺参数为：加热板温度70℃,干燥室真空度0.09 MPa,缓苏时刻含水率70%,缓苏时间11.3 min,该参数对生产实际中的香菇干燥具有指导意义。     

热板-微波联合真空冷冻干燥茭白工艺优化

为降低新鲜茭白冻干作业能耗,提高冻干成品的品质,以总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差值为考察指标,开展了热板冻干、微波冻干、热板-微波联合冻干试验研究。研究表明:35℃热板冻干后茭白品质好,但能耗高;60℃热板冻干能耗低,但水分升华过快对茭白微观结构造成较大破坏,降低了茭白品质;采用35℃热板冻干8 h后,再采用60℃热板冻干或3 k W微波冻干可有效降低冻干能耗,同时冻干后茭白品质良好。在此基础上,采用均匀设计法,开展热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数优化试验研究,通过逐步回归分析,得出了冻干总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的三元二次回归方程,并通过四维切面等位线图分析了上述4个考察指标受3个试验因素取值变化的影响机理。最后,采用综合加权评分和逐步回归分析得出综合指标关于加热板温度、脱水转换点、微波功率的回归方程,进一步确定加热板温度为30℃、脱水转换点为72%、微波功率为3 k W为最优的热板-微波联合冻干工艺参数,此时综合加权评价指标值76.07,总能耗、体积保留率、复水比、色差分别为90.6 k W·h、51.86%、10.59、4.32。该研究为制定产品优良、高效节能的冻干工艺提供参考。     

龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺优化

为了确定龙眼真空冷冻干燥的工艺参数,以"乌龙岭"龙眼为材料,采用电阻法测量龙眼真空冷冻干燥的物料共晶点和共熔点温度,并应用单因素和正交试验,以冻干品形态保持、色泽、生产能耗等指标进行综合评定考察冻干效果,优化龙眼真空冷冻干燥工艺.结果表明:龙眼真空冷冻干燥物料的共晶点温度和共熔点温度分别为-26.0℃和一20.0℃;优化的技术工艺为龙眼果肉剪半或剪成片形,温度段设定为95℃(7 h)→85℃(1 h)→75℃(1.5 h)→65℃(3 h)→55℃(至结束),干燥仓真空值60～70 Pa,物料最高温度为50℃.应用该优化的技术工艺可达到最大限度地节省生产能耗,提高冻干品形态保持率的效果,冻干品外观色泽呈白色至微淡黄色.     

干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥过程的动态模拟及优化

该文通过对干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析阶段含水率、物料温度的动态模拟及干燥速率与耗能分析,确立干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥的优化操作条件。通过建立解析阶段中脱除水分所需干燥时间以及相应的物料表面温度、物料中心温度的数学模型,并假设解析干燥过程中物料含水率由升华结束时的10.0%下降到干燥结束的0,以含水率变化为自变量,模拟了物料厚度为6、8、12、15 mm的干切牛肉在干燥室压强10 Pa,加热板温度80℃的操作条件下含水率、物料温度随时间的动态变化。以所建模型预测厚度7、9、10、11、12、13、14 mm的干切牛肉在该操作条件下含水率、物料温度的动态值及解析干燥周期。验证试验表明：预测与实测含水率相对误差小于10%,物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差小于5℃,说明所建模型可用于模拟、预测6～15 mm干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的参数变化。比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻干燥中解析干燥阶段的干燥比耗时、干燥效率,结果是采用6 mm厚度切片进行干燥,生产单位产品耗能最低,且生产率最大。     

红枣片冷冻-红外分段组合干燥工艺优化

为开发一种提质增效的红枣片干燥工艺,比较了单一干燥（冷冻干燥、红外干燥、热风干燥和微波真空干燥）对红枣片干燥特性及品质的影响,选用冷冻与红外干燥分段组合的方法干制红枣片,以干燥时间和维生素C保留率为评价指标,采用三元二次通用旋转组合设计优化红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥工艺参数,并与红外干燥（64℃,6.75 W/g）、冷冻干燥（-40℃,12 Pa,64℃）产品的干燥时间和品质进行对比分析。结果表明：1）冷冻与热风干燥的干燥时间最长,微波真空干燥最短,红外干燥次之;2）冷冻干燥产品品质较好,但酥脆性一般,红外干燥产品在色泽、质构（硬/脆度）、微观结构方面均好于热风和微波真空干燥产品,且酥脆性较好;3）转换含水率、红外温度和切片厚度对红枣片冷冻-红外组合干燥过程有显著影响（P<0.05）,对干燥时间影响主次顺序依次为转换含水率、红外温度、切片厚度,对维生素C保留率影响主次顺序依次为红外温度、转换含水率、切片厚度;4）采用响应曲面法优化与试验验证确定出较佳工艺参数为：转换含水率34 %、红外温度64℃、切片厚度5 mm,此时,干燥时间3.62 h,维生素C保留率68.92%;5）冷冻-红外组合干燥产品品质优于红外干燥,干燥时间比冷冻干燥缩短57.6%,维生素C保留率比红外干燥提高了34.6%。结果表明冷冻-红外组合干燥缩短了干燥时间同时保证了干燥品质,可为红枣片干制加工提供一种新的组合干燥技术和理论依据。     

A干燥条件对栗蘑脆片品质的影响

为探讨在不同干燥条件下栗蘑脆片的品质,该研究采用模糊数学评判法对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥栗蘑片质构及与品质变化有关的指标进行检验。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥栗蘑脆片的最佳工艺条件为：真空度20?Pa,隔板温度为50℃,物料厚度5?mm,干燥时间12?h,制得的栗蘑脆片复水性好,脆度适中。热风干燥栗蘑的最优工艺条件为：干燥温度100℃,干燥时间11?h,物料厚度16?mm。真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥相比,栗蘑脆片外观和色泽好,模糊评定级别值分别为0.50和0.34,两者的感官品质等级分别为优和一般。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.