KCl煮沸法浸取石灰性土壤可矿化氮存在的问题及改进

用KCl煮沸法浸取石灰性土壤中的可矿化氮时，会造成氨态氮的挥发，浸取出的NH4^＋－N反而比不煮沸时为低，为了解决这一问题，进行了不同的保温静置、水浴加热等处理，浸取出来的铵态氮均未显著增加，采取酸化KCl溶液后再进行煮沸，显著地提高了NH4^ －N的浸出量，且浸出结果与作物吸氮量有密切的相关性。     

KCl煮沸法浸取石灰性土壤可矿化氮存在的问题及改进

用KCl煮沸法浸取石灰性土壤中的可矿化氮时,会造成氨态氮的挥发,浸取出的NH_4~+-N反而比不煮沸时为低。为了解决这一问题,进行了不同温度下的保温静置、水浴加热等处理,浸取出来的铵态氮均未显著增加。采取酸化KCl溶液后再进行煮沸,显著地提高了NH_4~+-N的浸出量,且浸出结果与作物吸氮量有密切的相关性。     

作物生长期间土壤可矿化氮的变化规律研究

在陕西杨凌中等肥力红油土上安排大田试验,定期分层采取土样,测定土壤可矿化氮和生物体氮,研究作物生长期间田间土壤可矿化氮的变化及其与生物体氮的关系.结果表明,土壤可矿化氮的分布具有明显的层次性,耕层高、下层少;土壤可矿化氮呈显著的阶段性变化,作物生长前期,含量低而稳定,后期显著增加,是前期的2倍;土壤可矿化氮不因施氮而减或增加,但在施有机肥的后期则显著增加;作物种类与种植与否对可矿化氮的影响较小;可矿化氮和生物体氮之间不仅无密切相关关系,前者仅为后者的12.0;.因此,难以用生物体氮的多少反映土壤供氮能力.     

麦田土壤可矿化氮的动态与供氮规律的研究

用嫌气培养法研究了麦地与休闲地不同层次土壤的可矿化氮动态及追施氮肥对土壤可矿化氮的影响。试验结果表明，在小麦生育期内，麦地与休闲地土壤可矿化氮的变化规律不同。在小麦孕穗期之前，休闲地土壤矿化氮量明显高于麦地，小麦孕穗期之后则相反。追施肥抑制了麦地０－２０ｃｍ土层土壤有机氮的矿化。     

麦田土壤可矿化氮的动态与供氮规律的研究

用嫌气培养法研究了麦地与休闲地不同层次土壤的可矿化氮动态及追施氮肥对土壤可矿化氮的影响。试验结果表明,在小麦生育期内,麦地与休闲地土壤可矿化氮的变化规律不同。在小麦孕穗期之前,休闲地土壤可矿化氮量明显高于麦地,小麦孕穗期之后则相反。追施氮肥抑制了麦地0～20 cm 土层土壤有机氮的矿化。促进了20～40 cm 土层土壤有机氮的矿化。追施不同品种氮肥对麦地土壤有机氮矿化的影响也不相同。     

石灰性土壤供氮能力几种生物测定方法的评价研究

 【目的】目前测定土壤供氮能力的生物方法较多，但基于土壤氮素形态的复杂性、土壤和微生物的高度变异以及生态条件的差异，不同土壤及不同测定方法结果之间仍然存在一定差异，对石灰性土壤采用哪些生物培养方法较好，目前仍无明确结论。【方法】以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田耕层石灰性土壤为供试土样，以淋洗和未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N小麦和玉米两季盆栽试验作物吸氮量为参比，对可反映土壤供氮能力的淹水培养法、通气培养2周法、通气培养4周法、干湿交替通气培养2周法、间歇淋洗长期通气培养法、短期淋洗通气培养法、微生物量碳和微生物量氮等8种生物方法进行了比较研究，其中干湿交替通气培养法和通气培养4周法，是我们对通气培养2周的修订方法。【结果】在不包含起始矿质氮条件下，以上8种生物培养方法与淋洗土壤起始NO3--N盆栽试验作物吸氮量的相关系数依次为0.530，0.700，0.777，0.768，0.764，0.650，0.555和0.465（r0.05=0.369，r0.01=0.505），其中间歇淋洗长期通气培养法确定的氮素矿化势与作物吸氮量的相关系数为0.790；在包括起始矿质氮后（起始矿质氮+矿化氮），以上8种生物方法与未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N盆栽试验作物吸氮量相关系数依次为0.351，0.963，0.962，0.959，0.825， 0.963，0.289和0.095（r0.05=0.369，r0.01=0.505），其中氮素矿化势与作物吸氮量的相关系数为0.812。【结论】在排除起始矿质氮，特别是硝态氮的影响后，在反映旱地石灰性土壤可矿化氮量上，以氮素矿化势最佳；其次为通气培养4周、干湿交替通气培养2周和间歇淋洗长期通气培养法。包括起始矿质氮后，即在反映土壤供氮能力方面，各种通气培养法与未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N作物吸氮量相关性均大幅度提高，其中通气培养2周、通气培养4周、干湿交替通气培养2周和短期淋洗通气培养法相关系数均在0.950以上。而淹水培养法和微生物量碳、氮在表征石灰性土壤供氮能力上均比其它通气培养法逊色。综合考虑各方法在反映土壤可矿化氮和土壤供氮能力上的优劣，以及考虑到间歇淋洗长期通气培养法和以此获得氮素矿化势需培养时间较长，不适于作为实验室常规分析和快速测定土壤供氮能力的方法。根据本研究结果，可将干湿交替通气培养2周作为旱地石灰性土壤供氮指标，该方法不仅更加符合旱地土壤实际水分变化特征，而且既可反映土壤可矿化氮，也可用于评价土壤供氮能力。     

土壤氮素矿化与土壤供氮能力——Ⅲ.旱地土壤氮素矿化的数学模型

根据一级化学动力学反应方程,利用数值解的电子计算机优化程序,把矿化氮分为易矿化氮和难矿化氮两部分,分别求出了他们的矿化数量(N_1,N_2)及其矿化速率常数(k_1,k_2),建立了土壤氮素矿化的数学模型。结果表明,易矿化氮约占土壤全氮的10％左右,与作物吸氮量的关系最为密切。其主要来源于酸解性氨基酸氮。     

可溶性有机氮在评价土壤供氮能力中的作用与效果

 【目的】淹水培养法提取态可溶性有机氮在评价土壤供氮能力方面具有重要意义。【方法】通过研究黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始可溶性有机氮(SON)、矿质氮(Nmin)及间歇浸提长期淹水培养期间可溶性有机氮、铵态氮累积量、易矿化和难矿化氮素矿化势(分别ND和NR表示)及其与作物吸氮量的关系,分析SON在评价土壤供氮能力中的作用与效果。【结果】供试土样起始SON平均为23.9 mg•kg-1,是起始可溶性总氮的28.8%、全氮的2.4%。淹水培养提取态可溶性氮(TSN)中,SON所占比例更高,几乎与铵态氮相当。经过217 d淹水培养,浸提出的SON平均为118.1 mg•kg-1,占TSN累积量的46.4%。ND与全氮关系密切：在不包括与包括SON时,二者的相关系数分别为0.92(P＜0.01)和0.88(P＜0.01)。不同土壤ND和易矿化氮矿化速率(KD)差别很大,干湿砂质新成土和黄土正常新成土的ND小于土垫旱耕人为土。考虑SON后KD值减小,而难矿化氮矿化速率(KR)增加。【结论】淹水培养期间铵态氮累积量是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于连续两季作物;SON累积量不能单独作为反映可矿化氮的指标,但用ND反映土壤可矿化氮潜势时,包括SON后更加准确;TSN在一定程度上能够反映土壤可矿化氮。铵态氮和TSN累积量及ND在反映两季作物土壤可矿化氮时效果更好,包括SON后TSN及ND在评价土壤供氮持久性时更具意义。     

土壤生物体氮的含量,转化及供氮意义

综述了土壤生物体氮（土壤活性微生物所含氮素）的测定方法，土壤中生物体氮的含量及变化，土壤生物体氮与土壤可矿化氮之间的关系，以及土壤生物体氮的有效性及供氮意义。     

土壤生物体氮的含量、转化及供氮意义

综述了土壤生物体氮（土壤活体微生物所含氮素）的测定方法，土壤中生物体氮的含量及变化，土壤生物体氮与土壤可矿化氮之间的关系，以及土壤生物体氮的有效性及供氮意义。     

A Geostatistical Analysis of the Spatial Variation of Soil Mineral Nitrogen and Potentially Available Nitrogen Within an Arable Field

The technology for site-specific applications of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has exposed a gap in our knowledge about the spatial variation of soil mineral N, and that which will become available during the growing season within arable fields. Spring mineral N and potentially available N were measured in an arable field together with gravimetric water content, loss on ignition, crop yield, percentages of sand, silt, and clay, and elevation to describe their spatial variation geostatistically. The areas with a larger clay content had larger values of mineral N, potentially available N, loss on ignition and gravimetric water content, and the converse was true for the areas with more sandy soil. The results suggest that the spatial relations between mineral N and loss on ignition, gravimetric water content, soil texture, elevation and crop yield, and between potentially available N and loss on ignition and silt content could be used to indicate their spatial patterns. Variable-rate nitrogen fertilizer application would be feasible in this field because of the spatial structure and the magnitude of variation of mineral N and potentially available N.     

土壤速效氮测定方法的改进

从氢氧化钠浓度、蒸馏速率和添加还原剂与否3个方面优化了凯式定氮仪测定土壤速效氮的方法,并与目前常用的扩散皿法进行精密度比较。结果表明:采用3.5 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液、60%的蒸馏效率,在不添加还原剂的情况下,土壤速效氮的测定值与扩散皿法相差不大,均与土壤标准物质的标准值接近。但凯氏定氮仪测定土壤速效氮的精密度相对较高。因此,采用凯氏定氮仪测定土壤速效氮是切实可行的,并且比扩散皿法更方便、快捷。     

不同施氮水平对草甸黑土有机碳化学稳定性的影响

氮肥的施用会影响作物生物量,从而影响进入土壤中的有机碳的量,影响土壤有机碳的稳定性和积累。该研究在定位试验的基础上,结合2种酸解法,分析了不同施氮水平下黑土中土壤酸水解碳和酸解残留碳的变化,以揭示不同氮肥处理对草甸黑土有机碳化学稳定性的影响。试验设置5个处理,包括不施氮肥(N0)、优化施氮70%(N168)、优化施氮(N240)、传统高量施氮(N270)、优化施氮130%(N312)。结果表明:2种酸解法获得的有机碳组分结果变化趋势基本一致。施用氮肥增加了土壤有机碳含量,4个施氮处理有机碳含量显著高于N0(P0.05),N240处理有机碳含量最高;施用氮肥提高了土壤中易酸解有机碳的含量,不同施肥处理中N240处理含量最低,N312处理含量最高,但施氮处理间差异不显著(P0.05);施用氮肥降低了土壤难降解有机碳的含量,N240处理显著高于其他处理(P0.05),N240处理土壤有机碳活性指数与N0的相近,低于其他氮肥处理,N270显著提高了土壤有机碳活性指数(P0.05),而N312显著降低了土壤难降解有机碳指数(P0.05)。施用氮肥通过增加土壤活性有机碳含量来增加土壤有机碳的含量,合理的氮肥用量可以增加土壤中难降解有机碳指数,提高有机碳的化学稳定性。可以通过合理施用氮肥来调控草甸黑土有机碳含量及其稳定性。     

两种土壤碱解氮测定方法的比较

测量土壤碱解氮含量过去一般使用碱解扩散吸收法,试验研究旨在使用德国GERHARD凯氏定氮蒸馏法测定土壤碱解氮,对凯氏定氮蒸馏法进行了改进,确定了合适的蒸馏时间和蒸馏效率,与传统碱解扩散法相比,测量结果更准确,紧密度更高,操作简便,节省时间,为土壤碱解氮含量测定提供了一种准确、快速、高效的测定方法。     

全自动凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮含量不确定度的评定

该文详细论述了全自动凯氏定氮仪测定农业土壤中全氮含量的测量不确定度评定,以提高检测数据的准确度。     

旱地土壤有机碳氮和供氮能力对长期不同氮肥用量的响应

【目的】揭示旱地土壤有机碳氮、氮素矿化对长期不同氮肥用量的响应及有机碳氮与氮素矿化的关系,进而评价土壤供氮能力,为旱地土壤氮素管理提供参考。【方法】在陕西杨凌2004年开始的旱地小麦氮肥长期定位试验基础上,采集不同氮肥用量(0(N0)、160(N160)、320(N320)kg N·hm~(-2))试验的土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、有机氮,微生物量碳、氮含量,并采用间歇淋洗好气培养法测定土壤的氮素矿化。【结果】与对照N0相比,施用氮肥(N160、N320)增加了0—10、10—20、20—40、0—40 cm土层有机碳含量,且在小麦播前期和收获期表现不一致;施氮(N160和N320)处理均显著提高了0—10 cm土层有机氮含量,但仅N320处理显著提高了0—40 cm土层土壤有机氮含量;施用氮肥(N160、N320)未改变0—10、10—20 cm土层土壤微生物量氮和微生物量碳含量,仅N320处理显著提高了20—40、0—40 cm土层微生物量氮和微生物量碳含量。0—10 cm土层,土壤氮素矿化量、矿化势(N_0)与施氮量、有机氮含量呈显著正相关,氮素矿化速率常数(k)则与其呈显著负相关。10—20 cm土层,施氮处理(N160、N320)土壤的氮素矿化量均显著高于不施氮处理(N0),增幅分别为27.3%和35.2%,且与施氮量、有机碳、有机氮含量呈显著正相关;氮素矿化势(N_0)随着有机碳增加而显著增加,矿化速率常数(k)则降低。20—40 cm土层,N320能提高氮素矿化量,并与有机氮、微生物量碳呈显著正相关。【结论】合理施氮肥能明显促进旱地0—10和10—20 cm土壤有机碳、有机氮积累,提高土壤氮素矿化能力,降低氮素矿化速率,是提高旱地土壤有机氮、有机碳含量和土壤供氮能力的有效途径。     

离子色谱法测定农业土壤中总氮的不确定度评定

论述了用离子色谱法测定农业土壤中总氮的测量不确定度评定,以供参考。     

Soil pH Dynamics and Nitrogen Transformations Under Long-Term Chemical Fertilization in Four Typical Chinese Croplands

Long-term fertilization experiment provides the platform for understanding the proton budgets in nitrogen transformations of agricultural ecosystems. We analyzed the historical （1990-2005） observations on four agricultural long-term experiments in China （Changping, Chongqing, Gongzhuling and Qiyang） under four different fertilizations, i.e., no-fertilizer （control）, sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer （FN）, sole chemical phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FPK） and chemical nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FNPK）. The significant decline in topsoil pH was caused not only by chemical N fertilization （0.29 and 0.89？pH at Gongzhuling and Qiyang, respectively） but also by chemical PK fertilization （0.59？pH at Gongzhuling）. The enhancement of available nutrients in the topsoil due to long-term direct nutrients supply with chemical fertilizers was in the descending order of available P （168-599%）〉available K （16-189%）〉available N （9-33%）. The relative rate of soil pH decline was lower under long-term judicious chemical fertilization （-0.036-0.034 ？pH yr-1） than that under long-term sole N or PK fertilization （0.016-0.086 ？pH yr-1）. Long-term judicious chemical fertilization with N, P and K elements decreases the nutritional limitation to normal crop growth, under which more N output was distributed in biomass removal rather than the loss via nitrate leaching. We concluded that the N distribution percentage of nitrate leaching to biomass removal might be a suitable indicator to the sensitivity of agricultural ecosystems to acid inputs.     

Estimation of the Biological Methods of Assessing Soil N-Supplying Capacity in Calcareous Soil

Although many biological methods are used to determine soil nitrogen supplying capacity, there are certain differences in the results for different types of soils and various ways of measurement due to the complexity of soil N conformation, the high variance of soil and microorganism, and the difference of environment. Therefore, it is not clear about which biologic incubation method is better for calcareous soil. In this study, pot experiments were performed by using 25 different calcareous surface soil samples on the Loess Plateau and taking the N uptake of wheat and corn with leaching soil initial nitrate and without leaching in pot experiments as the control to investigate the difference of eight biological incubation methods for reflecting soil nitrogen supply capacity. The eight biological methods are waterlogged incubation, aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks, long-term alternate leaching aerobic incubation (and N mineralization potential, N^o), short-term leaching aerobic incubation, microbial biomass carbon (B_c), and microbial biomass nitrogen (B_N) method, respectively. Among these methods, the dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation and aerobic incubation for 4 weeks were the modification of the method of aerobic incubation for 2 weeks according to the actual farmland moisture. The results showed that the correlation coefficients between these methods and crop uptake N w with leaching soil initial nitrate were 0.530, 0.700, 0.777, 0.768, 0.764 (and 0.790, N₀), 0.650, 0.555, and 0.465, respectively (r_0.05 = 0.369, r_0.01 = 0.505). While without leaching soil initial nitrate, their coefficients were 0.351, 0.963, 0.962, 0.959, 0.825 (and 0.812, N₀), 0.963, 0.289, and 0.095, respectively (r_0.05 = 0.369, r_0.01=0.505). In conclusion, excluding the soil initial nitrate, the correlation coefficients between the eight methods and crop uptake N were, from high to low, N₀, aerobic incubation for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks, and long-term alternate leaching aerobic incubation, while including the soil initial nitrate the correlation coefficients between them increased significantly and the values were all beyond 0.950 for these four methods, including aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and for 4 weeks, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks and short-term leaching aerobic incubation. The waterlogged incubation method, B_C and B_N in the calcareous soil, had lower correlation coefficient with crop uptake nitrogen compared with other methods. Thus, dry-wet alternation aerobic incubation for 2 weeks was a better index for evaluating calcareous soil N supply capacity due to some other methods having disadvantages and not suitable for the actual farmland characteristics.