美国剪股颖种子中剪股颖粒线虫的检疫鉴定

剪股颖粒线虫(Anguina agrostis)是牧草和草坪上重要的有害生物,被我国列入检疫性有害生物名录。2018年,上海口岸从来自美国的细弱剪股颖种子中截获1种粒属线虫,由于该样品中仅分离得到幼虫,无法进行准确鉴定。本文采用形态学与分子生物学相结合的方法进行检测。采用28S通用引物扩增该线虫序列,测序获得741 bp的序列,与GenBank中登录的Anguina agrostis相似性达99.85%～100.00%;对ITS区扩增并测序,获得776 bp的序列,与GenBank中登录的Anguina agrostis的相似性达99.60%～100.00%。基于28S及ITS区序列构建的系统进化树均显示,该线虫与Anguina agrostis位于同一进化枝上。进一步采用剪股颖粒线虫鉴定国标方法推荐的特异引物对线虫进行PCR扩增,出现目的条带。综合形态学特征及分子鉴定结果,该粒属线虫群体鉴定为剪股颖粒线虫。     

3种粒线虫多重PCR检测方法

 剪股颖粒线虫[Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch,1799) Filipjev,1936]、小麦粒线虫[Anguina tritici (Steinbuch,1799) Filipjev,1936]和维氏粒线虫[Anguina wevelli (Van den Berg,1985) Siddiqi,2000]都是重要的植物病原线虫,它们在成熟种子和虫瘿中的虫态通常是幼虫,而这3种线虫的幼虫形态非常相似,难以根据其特征对它们进行快速准确的种类鉴定。本研究根据这3种线虫的rDNA-ITS区域序列,分别设计筛选了特异性引物AgrF₁/AgrR1、TriF₁/TriR1、WevF₁/WevR1,构建了这3种线虫单条幼虫多重PCR检测体系,获得3个大小差异明显的片段,表明这些引物设计合理,适合这3种线虫的快速准确检测。     

剪股颖粒线虫环介导等温扩增检测技术研究

剪股颖粒线虫(Anguina agrostis)是牧草上重要的病原线虫,被我国列入检疫性有害生物名单。本研究根据剪股颖粒线虫的rDNA-ITS区序列设计特异性的引物和探针,建立了环介导等温扩增和核酸试纸条检测技术。结果表明,该LAMP-核酸试纸条检测法的特异性强,供试2个剪股颖粒线虫虫株均为阳性,其他23种线虫均为阴性;灵敏度高,最低检测限为3.15 ng,检测灵敏度达1/400条2龄幼虫。该法操作简单,对设备要求低,适合口岸推广应用。     

云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定

为明确云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病的病原种类,于2019年2月在云南省澜沧县林下三七种植区采集根部带有明显根结的紫茎泽兰根系进行根结线虫分离,通过观察所分离根结线虫的2龄幼虫、雌成虫、会阴花纹特征对其进行形态学鉴定,并利用序列比对、系统发育树分析、序列特异性扩增区段(sequence characterized amplified region,SCAR)对其进行分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该病原线虫雌成虫会阴花纹呈圆形至卵圆形,背弓中等高或低平,侧区一侧或两侧延伸形成翼状,尾区有刻点,2龄幼虫、雌成虫形态特征及形态测量指标与北方根结线虫Meloidogyne hapla相似;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列和mtDNA的COI序列与NCBI数据库中已登录的北方根结线虫相应序列相似度较高,分别达99.35%和98.05%以上;该病原线虫rDNA的ITS序列、mtDNA的COI序列分别以99%、100%的支持率与北方根结线虫聚为同一分支;利用SCAR特异性引物,该病原线虫均能扩增出大小约1 500 bp的基因特异性条带。综合形态学和分子生物学鉴定结果将云南省紫茎泽兰根结线虫病病原种类鉴定为北方根结线虫。     

甘肃省保护地蔬菜根结线虫种类鉴定及其rDNA-ITS序列分析

为明确甘肃省保护地蔬菜根结线虫的种类,采用rDNA-ITS-PCR方法结合其2龄幼虫、雌虫会阴花纹等形态学特征对采自甘肃省9个市的主要蔬菜生产基地保护地蔬菜根结线虫的11个种群样本进行了种类鉴定,并对其ITS区域进行序列测定及分析比对.结果表明:11个根结线虫种群的ITS区域序列与GenBank数据库已知南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)ITS区域序列的相似性达到99％,其ITS片段大小介于690～695 bp之间,表明甘肃省保护地中蔬菜根结线虫为南方根结线虫.     

马尾松萎蔫病树一种线虫分离物的鉴定

 2002年从贵阳市南明区采集到濒临死亡的马尾松标样,用改进的浅盘分离法对其进行了病原物的分离、纯化、形态学及分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,萎蔫死亡松树分离出的线虫形态特征与Mamiya报道的拟松材线虫形态特征相符。用伞滑刃线虫ITS区(internal transcribed spacer)通用引物VRF1(5'CGTAACAAGGTAGCTGTAG 3')和VRF2(5'TC-CTCCGCTAAATGATATG 3')对其基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,并对其PCR产物进行回收、克隆和测序。测序结果显示,此ITS序列与南京松材线虫的同源性为77.6%,与基因库已报道拟松材线虫序列U93554的同源性为93.5%,而与云南拟松材线虫江川种群、峨山种群和西畴种群的同源性为97.9%。通过以上形态学和分子生物学的研究,将贵阳市南明区采集到的马尾松萎蔫病树线虫分离物鉴定为拟松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。     

美国画眉草种子中维氏粒线虫的鉴定

2013年,上海口岸从来自美国的画眉草种子中检测到一种疑似粒属线虫的幼虫,并从草籽中收集大量虫瘿。序列分析显示截获的维氏粒线虫ITS序列与Gen Bank中维氏粒线虫(登录号为AF396317和AM888393)的序列相似性为99.85%,序列差异为1 bp。系统进化树中截获线虫样品与维氏粒线虫处于一个聚类组内。经形态学特征观察,并结合ITS序列分析,将截获的虫瘿及线虫鉴定为维氏粒线虫(Anguina wevelli)。这是我国口岸首次报道截获该种线虫。     

拟禾本科根结线虫形态和分子鉴定

在浙江杭州富阳区中国水稻研究所试验田水稻根际土壤中发现了大量根结线虫2龄幼虫和少量雄虫。2龄幼虫的形态学特征与已报道的拟禾本科根结线虫(Meloidogyne graminicola)基本一致。进一步通过对核糖体DNA(rDNA)18S、28S和ITS基因,以及线粒体COⅠ基因进行扩增和测序,并在Genbank中与已登录的拟禾本科根结线虫序列比对,发现其相似度高达99%～100%。在Genbank中登录其序列并构建系统进化树后,发现rDNA ITS和线粒体COⅠ可以作为快速鉴定拟禾本科根结线虫的基因,能将其与其近似种完全区分。     

rDNA-ITS-PCR技术在植物寄生线虫分子诊断中的应用

20世纪80年代以来,分子生物学技术在各个研究领域得到广泛应用,分子诊断也成为植物线虫学研究的新途径,内转录间隔区ITS是位于线虫的遗传物质特别是核糖体DNA(rDNA)上18S和28S基因之间的区域片段,一般而言它在生物种和亚种间变化较大,用PCR技术扩增ITS区,可通过酶切、克隆、测序等来揭示线虫种间或群体间的差异,从而进行植物病原线虫种的快速分子鉴定.目前,国外rDNA-ITS-PCR技术已在许多重要的植物线虫如剑线虫、胞囊线虫、根结线虫、松材线虫、拟松材线虫、马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、茎线虫等的分子诊断中广泛应用.     

日本鸡爪槭中旱稻胞囊线虫形态和分子鉴定

从宁波口岸进境的日本鸡爪槭(Acer palmatum)景观树根际介质中分离到1种胞囊线虫属的2龄幼虫,通过形态鉴定和分子特征分析,鉴定其为旱稻胞囊线虫(Heterodera elachista Ohshima,1974)。该日本群体的2龄幼虫体长374~421μm;唇区有3个唇环;口针粗壮,长16.5~19.2μm,基部球圆形或前端略凹陷;侧线3条;尾长圆锥形,末端细圆,透明尾长22.9~30.7μm,约占尾长的50%。基于核糖体DNA的28S-D2/D3区和ITS区序列构建的系统发育树以及ITS序列酶切分析证实该鉴定结论,这是我国首次截获旱稻胞囊线虫。     

香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholus similis)特异性分子检测技术研究

 香蕉穿孔线虫(Radopholus similis)是一种国际公认的极具毁灭性的有害线虫,也是我国重要的进境检疫性有害生物。利用线虫通用引物对香蕉穿孔线虫7个不同群体的ITS进行PCR扩增、克隆及测序,获得ITS片段序列长度为706bp。经与国外香蕉穿孔线虫种群及近缘种的ITS序列进行比对及同源性分析,构建设计了1对香蕉穿孔线虫的特异性引物RsF1/RsR1,特异性扩增片段长度为271 bp;同时引入D2A/D3B作内标,研究出特异性检测香蕉穿孔线虫的一步双重PCR分子技术和方法,该项检测技术特异性好,耗时较短、操作简便、可靠。     

Molecular variability and phylogenetic relationships among different species and populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratylenchus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) as inferred from the analysis of the ITS rDNA

Sequence comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to describe the nucleotide variability of the ITS containing regions of eighteen Pratylenchus species and several populations. Comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) among Pratylenchus species used in the present study demonstrates that ITS sequences can widely vary in primary sequence and length. Alignment of eighty-seven Pratylenchus sequences and one outgroup taxon reveals the presence of ambiguous regions that have the greatest effect on phylogeny reconstruction. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian Inference, Neighbour Joining-LogDet, Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony, distinguished twelve highly or moderately supported major clades within Pratylenchus. Our results support the taxonomic usefulness of the ITS region to identify root-lesion nematode species of the genus Pratylenchus but the high nucleotide variability, sometimes, can preclude its use to resolve relationships among all members of the genus. In addition, the phylogenetic groupings are not congruent with those defined by characters derived by lip patterns and numbers of lip annuli.     

昆虫病原线虫rDNA多态性分析

本文对国内外昆虫病原线虫斯氏属和异小杆属的47个品系进行rDNA—ITS PCR—RFLP分析，研究其DNA多态性，并构建了分子系统发育树状图。各品系的ITS区无明显的长度差异，PCR—RFLP分析将47个品系分为斯氏属和异小杆属两大类，两属线虫又分别分为11组和4组。所得结果丰富了ITS PCR—RFLP图谱库，为弄清我国的昆虫病原线虫与国外种类的分子系统发育关系及未定名线虫的鉴定提供重要依据，同时为筛选适合的线虫种类防治害虫奠定基础。     

Investigation and integrated molecular diagnosis of root-knot nematodes in Panax notoginseng root in the field

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are damaging pests that can infect thousands of plant species and cause enormous crop losses worldwide. Panax notoginseng is a common host of root-knot nematodes. In this study, we surveyed notoginseng gardens and determined the incidence of RKNs. Among the gardens surveyed, 71 % were infected with RKNs, and the RKN incidence index ranged from 8 % to 47 % in three randomly infected gardens. Meloidogyne hapla was identified as the pathogenic nematode based on 18S ribosomal RNA analysis by DNA barcoding. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed using a real-time PCR assay according to variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. These results indicated that the combination of DNA barcoding and real-time PCR is a reliable and precise method for identifying parasitic nematodes from mixed-infected plant roots in the field. In addition, the abundance of ITS1 and ITS2 displayed a similar trend to the numbers of RKNs in the three gardens, which suggests that the results of real-time PCR can be used to determine the damage caused by M. hapla in the field. Our studies show that RKNs are common and can cause serious damage to notoginseng. We present an integrated method of detecting mixed nematode species in the field and confirm M. hapla as the target for parasitic nematode control in notoginseng gardens. Our results contribute to the improvement of RKN control in notoginseng and further promote the sustainable development of medicinal plants.     

湖南柑橘根结线虫种类鉴定及特异性PCR检测

根结线虫病是严重危害湖南柑橘生产的主要病害,快速准确地进行病原线虫鉴定,从而制定针对性的防治措施,对柑橘产业的稳定发展至关重要。运用形态学和分子生物学技术对湖南永州地区柑橘根结线虫进行病原种类鉴定,确定其为番禺根结线虫Meloidogyne panyuensis。通过引物设计与筛选,建立了番禺根结线虫特异性PCR检测技术。结果表明,该检测方法特异性好,灵敏度高,操作简单,能有效地从多种根结线虫中特异性检测出番禺根结线虫,为柑橘病原线虫的快速检测鉴定提供技术支撑。     

Detection of Meloidogyne incognita and Pochonia chlamydosporia by fluorogenic molecular probes*

Fluorescent molecular probes were applied for detection of the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the nematode‐egg parasitic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia. A region in the M. incognita rDNA including ITS2 was selected for amplification and recognition with a real‐time PCR assay, based on a combination of three specific motifs, each recognized by a specific fluorescent probe. Similarly, a Scorpion probe was designed for the RT‐PCR quantification of P. c. chlamydosporia. For this purpose, the ITS‐2 rDNA gene of the fungus was sequenced from a number of Italian isolates. A conserved region unique for P. c. chlamydosporia found in the ITS‐2 rDNA gene was used. The probes allowed recognition of single juveniles of M. incognita and of the mycelium‐ or soil‐extracted fungal DNA. The potentialities of the detection procedures are discussed.     

Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification of Venturia nashicola Using Internally Transcribed Spacer Region in the Ribosomal DNA

ABSTRACT A technique based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the identification of Venturia nashicola using nucleotide sequence information of the ribosomal DNA region. The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of V. nashicola strains and phylo-genetically related species was amplified with the two universal ITS1 and ITS4 primers, sequenced, and digested with five restriction enzymes. The alignment of nucleotide sequences and analyses of digestion patterns indicated constant polymorphisms between V. nashicola and related species at nucleotides 126 and 127, which overlapped a TaqI restriction site. An oligonucleotide primer named A126 was designed for identifying this variable region. A primer set (A126 and ITS4) that allowed the amplification of a 391-bp DNA fragment within the ITS region by PCR was specific to V. nashicola when it was checked against fungal genomic DNAs of related fungi. This primer set was a good candidate for a species-specific reagent in a procedure for identification of V. nashicola by PCR.     

山西省窖藏薯类块茎中2种短体线虫的种类鉴定

本文采用传统形态学与分子生物学相结合的方法,对采自山西省窖藏马铃薯和薯蓣块茎中的短体线虫进行了种类鉴定.结果 表明,从马铃薯块茎中分离出的短体线虫形态学特征与斯克里布纳短体线虫Pratylenchus scrib-neri一致,其SSU序列与P.scribneri美国群体相似性达99.8％.从薯蓣块茎中分离出的短体线虫...     

细尖潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella mucronata)江苏分离群体形态学和分子特征描述

 潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella spp.)是一类寄生于水稻根部的重要病原线虫,在我国多个省份和地区皆有分布,然而江苏稻区有关该线虫发生和危害鲜有报道。从江苏省农科院水稻实验田采集的水稻根部分离到大量潜根线虫,利用光学和扫描电镜显微观察确定所分离到的线虫优势种群为细尖潜根线虫(Hirschmanniella mucronata),de-Man形态学数据显示江苏分离群体与其他已报道的H. mucronata分离群体具有一定差异,但基本处于标准模式值范围。分别对ITS-rRNA、28S rRNA D2-D3扩展区、18S rRNA、细胞色素氧化酶c亚基I(COI)和热激蛋白90(Hsp90)序列进行PCR扩增,新获得的H. mucronata ITS序列与中国台湾和比利时分离群体具有高度相似性,同时比较各分离群体的ITS1、5.8S和ITS2序列碱基变异,显示我国江苏、台湾和比利时群体差异最小。基于28S rRNA D2-D3扩展区、18S rRNA和ITS-rRNA序列构建的贝叶斯和最大似然进化树将潜根线虫划分为3个进化分支,与已报道的其他H. mucronata种群共同位于第二分支。