奶牛乳腺炎差异表达lncRNA BCL2对炎症及凋亡相关mRNA表达的影响

本研究旨在探讨长链非编码RNA BCL2(lncRNA BCL2)对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症及凋亡中的调控作用。利用RNAhybrid、Targetscan和miRwalk软件分析lncRNA BCL2海绵吸附的miRNAs及其所靶向的mRNAs,并对这些靶基因进行KEGG通路富集分析；采用qPCR和lncRNA超表达技术研究了lncRNA BCL2在乳腺组织和乳腺上皮细胞炎症中的表达情况及其对乳腺上皮细胞炎症和凋亡相关基因表达的影响。结果发现，与对照组相比，lncRNA BCL2在临床乳腺炎奶牛的乳腺组织和LPS诱导炎症的乳腺上皮细胞中的表达量均显著下调(P<0.05);在lncRNA BCL2超表达的情况下，乳腺上皮细胞内炎症因子IL-1β与IL-8及炎症信号通路关键基因NF-κB(p65/p50)的表达量均显著上调(P<0.05);细胞凋亡相关的CASP3和CASP9基因的表达显著下降(P<0.05),BCL2表达量显著上调(P<0.001),且BCL2与BAX比值大于2。该结果与生物信息学分析结果相符，表明lncRNA BCL2可能通过lncRNA BCL2...     

奶牛乳腺组织中C4BPA基因的表达量差异分析

与奶牛乳脂相关的基因在奶牛乳腺组织中表达量的多少对奶牛的乳脂率起到关键的调控作用。C4BPA(complement component 4binding protein,alpha)基因是通过对高乳脂奶牛及低乳脂奶牛的乳腺组织进行转录组测序选择出的差异基因。为了研究C4BPA基因在奶牛乳脂合成代谢过程中的作用,本试验以中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,利用乳成分分析仪检测15头中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳脂率,挑选出高乳脂奶牛与低乳脂奶牛各3头(P0.05),提取乳腺组织总RNA,反转录成cDNA,进行荧光定量PCR,检测该基因在奶牛乳腺组织中的表达量,并利用SPSS软件对不同奶牛乳腺组织中C4BPA基因的表达量进行差异分析。结果表明,C4BPA基因在不同奶牛乳腺组织中均有表达,且在高乳脂奶牛及低乳脂奶牛的乳腺组织中表达量差异显著(P0.05)。本试验为进一步对C4BPA基因生物学功能和作用机制的研究奠定基础。     

NF-κB信号通路调控奶牛乳腺炎的分子作用机制

乳腺炎通常是由微生物感染引起的乳腺炎症反应,是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,可导致牛奶产量及品质下降,奶牛利用年限减少,严重地影响着牧场的经济效益。近年来,学者们在奶牛乳腺炎分子调节机制方面开展了大量研究,发现NF-κB及其信号通路可参与调控多个免疫相关基因的表达,在细胞炎症反应和免疫应答等过程起关键性作用,也是奶牛乳腺炎研究的热点。本文阐述了奶牛乳腺炎的病因和病理变化,以及NF-κB信号通路与机体免疫的关系,并重点综述了mRNA、非编码RNA（miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA）及生物活性物质通过NF-κB信号通路调控奶牛乳腺炎的最新研究进展,为奶牛乳腺炎的分子调控网络解析、抗乳腺炎分子育种与生物活性药物研发提供参考。     

奶牛乳腺组织中ACSL5基因的表达量差异分析

旨在分析高蛋白和低蛋白中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺组织中ACSL5基因表达量差异。以高蛋白的中国荷斯坦奶牛及低蛋白的中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,分别提取乳腺组织总RNA,运用实时定量荧光PCR技术,检测奶牛乳腺组织中ACSL5基因的表达量。结果显示:在所检测的6头不同奶牛的乳腺组织中,ACSL5基因均有表达,且在高蛋白奶牛乳腺组织中的表达量显著低于低蛋白奶牛的乳腺组织(P0.05)。结果表明,本试验初步验证ACSL5基因的表达可能与奶牛的乳蛋白具有相关关系,为进一步对ACSL5基因的生物学功能和作用机制的研究奠定了基础。     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌单链抗体治疗小鼠乳腺炎效果评价

引起奶牛乳腺炎的原因复杂多样,金黄色葡萄球菌是其中重要的病原之一。为探寻治疗奶牛乳腺炎的抗生素替代性生物制剂,本研究利用建立的小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌感染乳腺炎模型,将针对金黄色葡萄球菌牛源性单链抗体(scFv)的真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-scFv33和pcDNA3.1-scFv73经第4对乳腺导管注入到处于泌乳期的乳腺炎模型小鼠的乳腺中,以通过scFv在小鼠乳腺内的表达来抑制细菌对乳腺上皮细胞的黏附从而达到防治乳腺炎的目的。结果显示,两个scFv治疗组乳腺内的细菌数量分别为4.52±0.37、4.38±0.32(lgcfu·mg-1),TNF-α的含量分别为29.55和42.29 pg/mg,IL-6的含量分别为48.38和21.74 pg/mg。与阴性对照组相比,scFvs治疗组乳腺内的细菌数量显著减少(P0.05),乳腺组织较完整,减少了炎性细胞的浸润,且TNF-α和IL-6的含量均显著降低(P0.05)。表明pcDNA3.1-scFvs对小鼠乳腺炎可能具有一定程度的保护作用,为进一步研究防治奶牛乳腺炎的抗生素替代性生物制剂探索了新途径。     

牛PSMA5基因RNA干扰载体的构建与筛选及在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

设计4条待选的shRNA序列以及1条阴性对照序列,构建RNA干扰载体,然后转染到奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)中,最后利用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting技术分别检测蛋白酶体α5亚基(PSMA5)在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)中mRNA和蛋白水平的表达。结果显示:转染shRNA-1组,shRNA-3组和shRNA-4组的PSMA5基因相对表达量显著低于阴性对照组(P0.05),且shRNA-4组的PSMA5基因相对表达量最低。结果表明:本试验成功构建并筛选出了PSMA5基因RNA干扰载体,并在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(MAC-T)中成功表达。     

脂多糖对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α mRNA表达的影响

本试验以体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞为模型,研究不同浓度脂多糖刺激奶牛乳腺上皮细胞时IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α的mRNA表达情况。结果显示,LPS浓度为10μg/mL时刺激效果最好;10μg/mL LPS刺激后24h,IL-6和IL-8的表达量最高(P0.05),TNF-α的mRNA表达在刺激后的4h达最高(P0.05)。以上结果说明,本实验室体外培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞具有表达与免疫有关的细胞因子功能,可以作为一种模型来研究奶牛乳腺炎的发病机制。     

猪circ0015292的鉴定及其在卵泡中的表达研究

试验旨在通过高通量测序及生物信息学分析circRNA在猪卵泡发育过程中的作用及其可能的机制,为进一步探索circRNA对猪卵泡发育的调控机理奠定生物学基础。采集梅山和杜洛克猪不同级别的卵泡及各组织样本,提取总RNA,采用RNA-Seq技术对卵泡中差异表达的circRNA进行筛选,同时验证并分析其在梅山猪和杜洛克猪卵泡中的表达情况,并用实时荧光定量PCR进行组织表达谱分析。结果显示:试验证实了circ0015292的存在,且其在肌肉、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、卵巢、输卵管、子宫、垂体及下丘脑中均有不同程度的表达,在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、卵巢中的表达量相对较高;circ0015292在梅山猪S卵泡中的表达量极显著高于杜洛克猪(P<0.01),在杜洛克猪M1、M2、L卵泡中的表达量均显著高于梅山猪(P<0.05);其潜在靶基因GADD45G、CCR2、IL20RB、CFL1、LAMB3与猪的卵泡发育相关。综合试验结果,circ0015292在不同组织、不同时期卵泡中均有不同水平的表达;部分靶标基因参与细胞周期及卵巢发育相关信号通路,提示其可能通过对靶基因的调控作用间接参与卵泡发育过程,这为猪繁殖机理的研究提供了新思路。     

Chemerin对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症和内质网应激及自噬的影响

体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,并用0.1 mg/L重组蛋白Chemerin处理细胞。Western blot检测炎症相关蛋白IL-1β和IL-6、自噬标志蛋白LC3和p62以及内质网应激关键蛋白GRP78和CHOP的表达;细胞免疫荧光染色分析细胞内活性氧(ROS)含量及p62蛋白表达定位情况。结果显示,Chemerin处理奶牛乳腺上皮细胞后,细胞内炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6、内质网应激蛋白GRP78和CHOP相对表达量及细胞ROS含量均显著上调(P0.05)。同时,自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表达明显上升(P0.01),而自噬底物p62呈显著性降低趋势(P0.01)。结果表明,细胞因子Chemerin可以通过调控相关基因的表达诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症的发生,同时激活内质网应激和自噬反应,其具体机制有待进一步阐明。     

猪circ0015292的鉴定及其在卵泡中的表达研究

试验旨在通过高通量测序及生物信息学分析circRNA在猪卵泡发育过程中的作用及其可能的机制,为进一步探索circRNA对猪卵泡发育的调控机理奠定生物学基础。采集梅山和杜洛克猪不同级别的卵泡及各组织样本,提取总RNA,采用RNA-Seq技术对卵泡中差异表达的circRNA进行筛选,同时验证并分析其在梅山猪和杜洛克猪卵泡中的表达情况,并用实时荧光定量PCR进行组织表达谱分析。结果显示:试验证实了circ0015292的存在,且其在肌肉、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、卵巢、输卵管、子宫、垂体及下丘脑中均有不同程度的表达,在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、卵巢中的表达量相对较高;circ0015292在梅山猪S卵泡中的表达量极显著高于杜洛克猪(P0.01),在杜洛克猪M1、M2、L卵泡中的表达量均显著高于梅山猪(P0.05);其潜在靶基因GADD45G、CCR2、IL20RB、CFL1、LAMB3与猪的卵泡发育相关。综合试验结果,circ0015292在不同组织、不同时期卵泡中均有不同水平的表达;部分靶标基因参与细胞周期及卵巢发育相关信号通路,提示其可能通过对靶基因的调控作用间接参与卵泡发育过程,这为猪繁殖机理的研究提供了新思路。     

异体移植炎症因子1通过核因子κB信号促进牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症因子的释放

奶牛乳腺炎是指在不同理化因素刺激下奶牛乳腺的炎性反应,其严重影响了奶牛养殖业的健康发展.许多细胞因子是炎症调节剂,但与奶牛乳腺炎相关的关键细胞因子还未被鉴定.异体移植炎症因子1(allograft in-flammatory factor-1,AIF-1)在免疫调节中扮演重要角色,并在多种炎性疾病中过量表达.因此,本研...     

CD44 is highly expressed on milk neutrophils in bovine mastitis and plays a role in their adhesion to matrix and mammary epithelium

Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, is a common and economically important disease in dairy animals. Mammary pathogenic organisms, such as Escherichia coli, invade the teat canal,milk ducts, and mammary alveolar space, replicate in mammary secretions, and elicit a local inflammatory response characterized by massive recruitment of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) into the alveoli and milk ducts. CD44 is a trans-membrane glycoprotein previously shown to play a role in mediation and control of blood PMN recruitment in response to inflammatory signals. Here we show, for the first time, increased expression of CD44 on recruited milk PMN in bovine mastitis and the expression of a CD44 variant, CD44v10, on these PMN. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD44 mediates specific adhesion of bovine blood PMN to hyaluronic acid and mammary epithelial cells. Our results suggest that in mastitis CD44 plays a role in recruiting blood PMN into the mammary glands, the exact nature of this role needs to be elucidated.     

MicroRNA‐145 regulates immune cytokines via targeting FSCN1 in Staphylococcus aureus‐induced mastitis in dairy cows

Dairy cow mastitis is a detrimental factor in milk quality and food safety. Mastitis generally refers to inflammation caused by infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Our studies in recent years have revealed the role of miRNA regulation in Staphylococcus aureus‐induced mastitis. In the present study, we overexpressed and suppressed miR‐145 to investigate the function of miR‐145 in Mac‐T cells. Flow cytometry, ELISA and EdU staining were used to detect changes in the secretion of several Mac‐T cytokines and in cell proliferation. We found that overexpression of miR‐145 in Mac‐T cells significantly reduced the secretion of IL‐12 and TNF‐α, but increased the secretion of IFN‐γ; the proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells was also inhibited. Using quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blotting and luciferase multiplex verification techniques, we found that miR‐145 targeted and regulated FSCN1. Knock‐down of FSCN1 significantly increased the secretion of IL‐12, while the secretion of TNF‐α was significantly downregulated in Mac‐T cells. Upon S. aureus infection of mammary gland tissue, the body initiated inflammatory responses; Bta‐miR‐145 expression was downregulated, which reduced the inhibitory effect on the FSCN1 gene; and upregulation of FSCN1 expression promoted mammary epithelial cell proliferation to allow the recovery of damaged tissue. The results of the present study will aid in understanding the immune mechanism opposing S. aureus infection in dairy cows and will provide a laboratory research basis for the prevention and treatment of mastitis.     

Concentrations and specific antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxin-C and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in bovine mammary gland secretions,and inflammatory response to the intramammary inoculation of these toxins

To investigate the pathological role of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) in bovine mastitis, the production of SEs and TSST-1 was investigated in staphylococci isolated from 120 mammary gland secretions (MGS, 51 from no clinical sign-mammary glands and 69 from staphylococcal mastitic-mammary glands) collected from dairy farms where staphylococcal mastitis frequently occurred in Miyagi and Yamagata prefectures from 1997 to 1998. Concentrations of these toxins and specific antibody titers in each MGS were also measured. Furthermore, SEC and TSST-1 were inoculated into lactating mammary glands and inflammatory responses were analyzed. A high percentage of staphylococci including Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from both no clinical sign- and mastitic-MGS produced both SEC and/or TSST-1. The concentration of SEC increased with the severity of the mastitis, and was significantly higher (P<0.05) in acute mastitic-than in no clinical signs-MGS. Titers of specific antibodies to TSST-1 in MGS were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those to SEC, regardless of whether or not the cows were lactating or mastitic. Specific antibodies purified from MGS neutralized each toxin in vitro. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in somatic cell counts was induced by the intramammary inoculation of SEC but not TSST-1. These findings indicated that SEC rather than TSST-1 plays an important role in the pathology of staphylococcal bovine mastitis. The inflammatory activity of TSST-1 was probably neutralized by specific antibodies in MGS.     

Longitudinal evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood and mammary gland lymphocytes in cows experimentally inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen associated with mastitis, a disease affecting both women and dairy cows. The longitudinal profiles of bovine peripheral blood and mammary gland lymphocyte phenotypes in response to S. aureus-induced mastitis were investigated in dairy cows. Increased percentage of CD4 lymphocytes in the mammary gland between 1 and 8 days post-inoculation, increased milk CD4 protein density per cell between 1-8 days post-inoculation, and a statistically significant negative correlation between post-inoculation bacterial counts in milk and blood lymphocyte CD4 protein density were found. Together with blood and milk leukocyte counts, the milk lymphocyte CD4/CD8 ratio and the milk lymphocyte CD4 protein density were more informative indicators than milk somatic cell counts and bacteriology for identification of early vs. late inflammatory phases. These findings suggest that CD4+ lymphocytes play a protective role in the early stages of S. aureus-induced mastitis.     

Staphylococcus aureus lipotechoic acid induces differential expression of bovine serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by mammary epithelial cells: Implications for early diagnosis of mastitis

Mastitis is one of the most costly diseases of agriculturally important animals and is a common problem for lactating cows. Current methods used to detect clinical and especially subclinical mastitis are either inadequate or problematic. Pathogens such as the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus or the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli typically cause mastitis. E. coli induces clinical mastitis, whereas, S. aureus causes a subclinical, chronic infection of the mammary gland. In this study we report the differential expression and secretion of mammary-derived serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by bovine mammary epithelial cells following stimulation with the S. aureus cell wall component, lipotechoic acid (LTA). Two-dimensional immunoblot analyses confirmed that bovine SAA3 is the predominant SAA isoform produced by LTA stimulated mammary epithelial cells. Our previous study showed that bovine SAA3 is also differentially expressed in response to the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Collectively, these data indicate that the local production of SAA3 by mammary epithelial cells in response to either gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial components may provide a sensitive indicator for early detection and treatment of mastitis in vivo, minimizing chronic cases of infection, the spread of mastitis to other animals, and economic losses.     

家兔临床型乳腺炎病理模型的制备

为建立家兔乳腺炎模型,本试验将从乳房炎患牛奶样中分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌制成104CFU/mL细菌悬液,并分别注入选取的16只3～4 kg健康泌乳家兔的第3对乳池内(1 mL/乳区),诱发乳腺发炎。观察临床表现,乳腺组织形态学病理变化,并于造模后72 h采集乳腺组织匀浆液进行回归试验。结果显示:①造模后动物出现急性炎症反应,表现为饮食欲降低,甚至废绝;体温、心率和呼吸频率显著升高;造模乳区严重肿胀。②造模乳区的乳腺组织镜检发现有炎性细胞浸润、组织结构破坏等现象。③回归试验全部呈阳性,其生长菌落为金黄色葡萄球菌。结果表明,金黄色葡萄球菌诱发家兔临床型乳腺炎模型与炎症的病理过程和炎性反应一致,可用作病理模型使用。     

Cell free mitochondrial DNA in serum and milk associated with bovine mastitis: a pilot study

Mastitis is inflammation of mammary gland affecting all the species of domestic animals. Fragments of the mitochondrial genome released from dying cells are considered surrogate markers of mitochondrial injury. We hypothesized that bovine mastitis would be associated with increased cell free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in serum and milk. Milk and serum samples were collected from sub-clinical mastitic and normal animals. Mastitis was confirmed by California mastitis test and bacterial isolation. Oxidative stress, nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines were also estimated. Real time polymerase chain reaction was conducted in serum and milk from sub-clinical mastitic animals and compared with healthy animals targeting the mtDNA genes cytochrome b. Mastitis animals showed higher oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide along with higher level of inflammatory cytokines. Cell free mtDNA was significantly higher in serum and milk of mastitic animals comparing to that of healthy control. The higher cell free relative mtDNA content in mastitis animals indicates injury to the mammary epithelial cells and thereby releasing the mtDNA in the milk and blood. This mtDNA may be a bio-marker of oxidative stress and tissue injury in bovine mastitis.     

Mammary stem cells： expansion and animal productivity

Identification and characterization of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells from dairy animals is important in the understanding of mammogenesis, tissue turnover, lactation persistency and regenerative therapy. It has been realized by many investigators that altered lactation, long dry periods （non-milking period between two consecutive lactation cycles）, abrupt cessation of lactation （common in water buffaloes） and disease conditions like mastitis, greatly reduce milk yield thus render huge financial losses within the dairy sector. Cellular manipulation of specialized cell types within the mammary gland, called mammary stem cells （MaSCs）/progenitor cells, might provide potential solutions to these problems and may improve milk production. In addition, MaSCs/progenitor cells could be used in regenerative therapy against tissue damage caused by mastitis. This review discusses methods of MaSC/progenitor cell manipulation and their mechanisms in bovine and caprine animals. Author believes that intervention of MaSCs/progenitor cells could lessen the huge financial losses to the dairy industry globally.