局部麻醉技术在小动物临床方面的应用

近年来随着我国经济社会的发展,人们的物质和精神生活水平质量不断提升,家庭当中饲养小动物的情况逐渐增多,各类游览场所的小动物种类和数量也在不断增加。小动物临床疾病种类和数量也随之增多,部分疾病需要通过手术才可使其得以治愈,而绝大部分手术的实施均需要使用到局部麻醉技术。本文主要研究局部麻醉技术在小动物临床方面的应用,选择较为常用的麻醉药物和局部麻醉技术进行操作特点分析,希望为小动物临床医学活动的开展提供一定参考。     

犬猫的注射麻醉

麻醉作为一种动物保定方法,广泛地应用于小动物疾病的诊断、治疗和外科手术.麻醉分为吸入麻醉、非吸入(注射)麻醉和局部麻醉,目前适用于小动物临床的主要是非吸入麻醉.选择理想的麻醉药物和麻醉方法,是手术成功与否的关键.也是小动物诊疗的重要环节.论文介绍了犬猫注射全身麻醉的方法,麻醉前准备,常用麻醉药物以及如何应用联合用药来取长补短对犬猫实施全身麻醉等.     

鸟的制动与麻醉

目前,动物园饲养观赏鸟的数量不断增加,同时,家养笼鸟方兴未艾,兽医工作者经常要对各种病鸟投药、作外科处理、施行各种麻醉。治疗个体较小的鸟类,制动与麻醉技术较一般诊疗技术更为重要,为此,现将有关问题综述如下。一、麻醉前的估计对每只将要手术或麻醉的病鸟,必需进行麻醉前的检查,以便选择适当的麻醉药物。麻醉药物的选择,可能受到若干因素的影响,例如鸟的年龄、个体大小,体况,同时存在的疾病等,外科疾病的严重性程度,将要进行手术的程序、程度和预期的时间等等。当可用药物治疗疾病与外科疾病同时并存时,麻醉应延迟到药物治疗的疾病复     

动物麻醉的研究与展望

随着人们生活水平的提高,畜牧业发生了巨大变化,动物养殖规模、数量日益扩大,随之而来的是动物疾病的增多和临床病例的增加。然而,无论在动物疾病诊断、治疗、人工繁育、运输以及试验处置过程中都需要妥善的麻醉。麻醉是指用药物或非药物方法使机体或机体一部分暂时失去感觉,以达到无痛的目的,多用于手术或某些疾病的治疗。麻醉是一种人为的生理过程,这一过程是暂时性的,并且是可逆的,当解除麻醉手段或药物在体内被颉颃、代谢或排除后即可复苏。动物麻醉是保证术中动物安全无痛,为手术创造良好的操作条件,保证、调整或控制手术动物的各种生…     

氯胺酮、氯丙嗪及846合剂对犬麻醉效果比较

氯胺酮、氯丙嗪及846合剂是小动物外科手术及外科检查中使用最为普遍的麻醉药物.然而由于其药理机制的差异,在麻醉过程中的作用效果也大不相同.为了比较上述3种药物在小动物临床上的麻醉效果,达到正确选用麻醉剂,顺利进行手术和保证人畜安全的目的,特进行本试验.     

比格犬氟烷吸入麻醉的临床观察

随着兽医科学的发展，吸入麻醉由于具有较容易和迅速地控制麻醉深度，任意延长麻醉时间，麻醉后苏醒快，对动物生理活动干扰少和麻醉副作用小等优点，正逐渐被应用于小动物临床。氟烷(又叫三氟乙烷，三氟溴氯乙烷)作为卤族类吸入麻醉药的代表，为无色透明的液体，不燃烧，不爆炸，对呼吸道无刺激，麻醉作用快，可控性好，在国外被广泛应用于大小动物临床，但在我国临床应用还较少，有鉴于此，我们进行了如下实验。     

小动物内科疾病诊断技术介绍

随着社会的发展和进步,人们生活水平的提高和家庭人员结构的变化,我国家庭饲养小动物的数量急剧增加。据国家统计局报告,中国宠物狗的数量达到2740万只,位居世界第三,仅次于美国(5530万)和巴西(3570万)。各类小动物疾病的发生随之增多,疾病呈现群发性、复杂性的发展趋势,肿瘤性疾病、内分泌疾病、营养代谢病、老年病等日益突出。同时,由于各地小动物医院的规模与从业人员技术水平参差不齐,对疾病的诊断常有误诊、漏诊现象,因此临床诊断中需要新设备、新技术的出现,内科疾病的诊断也不例外。本文就近几年来我国小动物内科疾病诊断技术进行综述,旨在为从业人员对小动物内科疾病的诊断提供思路,提高其医疗水平。     

小动物复合麻醉的研究进展

复合麻醉作为一种较为安全、有效的麻醉方法已成为现代人医和动物临床麻醉的研究主流,尤其在小动物临床上,更是得到了广泛的应用。它弥补了单一麻醉的不足之处,并逐渐取代了单一麻醉。本文主要介绍了复合麻醉的发展过程、现状研究及发展趋势。     

犬对麻醉药品的临床感受性

麻醉药品的使用一直是临床兽医比较棘手的问题，选择理想的麻醉药和麻醉途径是手术成功与否的关键，也是小动物疾病诊疗的重要环节。麻醉分为吸入麻醉、非吸入麻醉和局部麻醉。目前适于小动物临床的主要是非吸入麻醉，并多借助于人用麻醉药品。犬对麻醉药品的感受性有品种差异，也因给药途径不同而产生不同的功效。     

肉用犬麻醉催肥法不可取

肉用犬麻醉催肥是养犬业当今的热门话题。游说者声称:采用他的麻醉方法天天服用,与正常饲养法饲养的肉用犬相比,在相同的饲养期内,可增加体重一倍以上。收取高额的“咨询费”后,一走了之。果真有如此明显的催肥效果吗?作者了解数户采用麻醉催肥法的养犬人家,都以失败告终,少则损失几千元,多则损失上万元。所谓“肉用犬麻醉催肥法”是利用如闹羊花类中草药,及巴比妥类或氯丙嗪等药物给肉用犬天天服用,利用药物的麻醉作用使肉用犬整天处于昏昏欲睡的昏迷状态,以减少犬的运动、吠叫及其它活动而达到快速育肥效果。该法中所用的各类麻醉药物对动…     

Isoflurane Potency in the Northern Leopard Frog <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana pipiens</Emphasis> is Similar to That in Mammalian Species and is Unaffected by Decerebration

Amphibians are commonly used in biomedical research, including studies of mechanisms of anaesthetic action. There is, however, little published work describing the kinetics of inhaled anaesthetic agents or the potency of isoflurane in amphibians. Ten Northern leopard frogs were exposed to a constant isoflurane concentration of 1.0%, 1.2% or 1.5% atm for 4 h, and their response to a noxious stimulus was tested every 20 min. Each frog was anaesthetized with each concentration in random order and allowed at least 16 h to recover between anaesthetic exposures. Frogs were then pithed and the protocol was repeated. Frogs first displayed immobility during stimulus application at 80 min, and the proportion of animals becoming immobile steadily increased to reach a stable level at 4 h. The 50% effective dose for isoflurane in intact and pithed frogs did not differ, and was 1.15 and 1.25% atm, respectively. The potency of isoflurane in leopard frogs was similar to that reported in mammalian species. Cutaneous uptake of anaesthetic is effective given sufficient time, approximately 4 h in this study. Forebrain structures appear to be unimportant for the immobilizing action of isoflurane in the frog.     

速眠新和异氟烷对蟒蛇的全麻效果研究

本试验通过使用速眠新和异氟烷两种常用全身麻醉剂对缅甸蟒的麻醉效果进行了研究。对15条蟒蛇肌肉注射和腹腔注射(0.1、0.2、0.4 mL/kg)速眠新麻醉剂和对6条蟒蛇使用异氟烷吸入性麻醉后,进行麻醉效果的评估。试验结果表明,常规动物2~4倍的速眠新Ⅱ注射剂对蟒蛇的麻醉效果不明显;4%的异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可用于蟒蛇的诱导麻醉,2.5%的异氟烷可用于蟒蛇的维持麻醉,其麻醉效果显著,具有诱导麻醉迅速、维持麻醉稳定、肌松作用好、安全性高、可控性强、苏醒快、副作用小等优点。结果显示,异氟烷吸入性麻醉剂可运用于蟒蛇的临床麻醉保定中。     

Anesthesia in the Llama

Anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. Xylazine (0.4-0.6 mg/kg) is well tolerated for sedation. The thiobarbiturates (8-10 mg/kg), ketamine (2.5-5.0 mg/kg), or combinations of guaifenesin and thiobarbiturates or guaifenesin and ketamine (to effect) can be used for induction of anesthesia. In juvenile or debilitated animals, anesthesia can be induced with halothane or isoflurane administered by mask. After tracheal intubation, anesthesia can be maintained with the inhalation agents, usually halothane or isoflurane. Supportive therapy and many anesthetic monitoring techniques used in domestic animals can be used in llamas. While under marginal planes of anesthesia, llamas can have more active physiologic responses to pain, including bradycardia and vasoconstriction, than domestic animals. Llamas are more prone to airway obstruction after tracheal extubation than domestic ruminants but otherwise recover as well from general anesthesia as domestic ruminants.     

CLINICAL TECHNIQUE: Intrathecal Drug Administration in Turtles and Tortoises

Intrathecal (subdural) administration of anesthetic and analgesic drugs in turtles and tortoises is a novel technique for the induction of spinal anesthesia and analgesia. Possible indications for spinal anesthesia include surgical procedures of the tail, phallus, cloaca, and hind limbs. Intrathecal injections are performed at the level of the coccygeal vertebrae. In red-eared sliders the intrathecal administration of lidocaine (2% preservative free, 4 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (0.5% preservative free, 1 mg/kg) provides regional anesthesia of the tail, cloaca, and hind limbs for about 1 and 2 hours, respectively. The intrathecal administration of morphine provides regional analgesia for up to 48 hours. Strict aseptic techniques should be used to avoid iatrogenic complications, and only preservative-free drugs should be injected into the intrathecal space so that spinal toxicity and secondary neurologic complications are avoided.     

A comparison of recovery times and characteristics with sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

Objective To compare recovery times and quality following maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane after a standard intravenous induction technique in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Study design Prospective, randomised, blinded clinical study. Animals One hundred ASA I/II horses undergoing MRI. Materials and methods Pre‐anaesthetic medication with intravenous acepromazine and romifidine was followed by induction of anaesthesia with diazepam and ketamine. The animals were randomised into two groups to receive either sevoflurane or isoflurane in oxygen. Horses were subjectively scored (0–5) for temperament before sedation, for quality of sedation, induction and maintenance and anaesthetic depth on entering the recovery area. Recoveries were videotaped and scored by an observer, unaware of the treatment, using two scoring systems. Times to the first movement, head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded along with the number of attempts to achieve sternal and standing positions. Variables were compared using a Student t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test (p < 0.05), while the correlation between subjective recovery score and other relevant variables was tested calculating the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient and linear regression modelling performed when significant. Results Seventy‐seven horses entered the final analysis, 38 received isoflurane and 39 sevoflurane. Body mass, age and duration of anaesthesia were similar for both groups. There were no differences in recovery times, scoring or number of attempts to achieve sternal recumbency and standing between groups. Weak, but significant, correlations were found between the subjective recovery score for the pooled data from both groups and both temperament and time in sternal recumbency. Conclusions No differences in recovery times or quality were detected following isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia after intravenous induction. Clinical relevance Sevoflurane affords no obvious advantage in recovery over isoflurane following a standard intravenous induction technique in horses not undergoing surgery.     

Clinical comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

The objective of this study was a comparison of the volatile anaesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane in terms of their clinical effects in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) (n=12 each). Induction of anaesthesia was performed in a body chamber with an anaesthetic concentration of 4.0 Vol.% at an oxygen flow of 500 ml/min for isoflurane and 8.0 Vol.% at an oxygen flow of 1000 ml/min for sevoflurane, respectively. Anaesthesia was maintained via nose cone with an anaesthetic concentration of 2.8 to 3.2 Vol.% at an oxygen flow of 200 ml/min for isoflurane and 5.0 to 5.2 Vol.% at an oxygen flow of 400 ml/min for sevoflurane. Those anaesthetic concentrations ensured reflex status conform with surgical tolerance. In spite of its higher blood-gas coefficient induction time was slightly faster for isoflurane. Recovery time was significantly longer in the isoflurane group than it was in the sevoflurane group. Both inhalants caused respiratory depression. Respiratory rate was lower in sevoflurane animals compared to isoflurane. The animals were positioned on a heating pad immediately after induction, thus a decrease of the body temperature could be prevented. Both inhalants can be recommended for usage in gerbils. Sevoflurane showed no clinical benefit compared to isoflurane.     

Influence of halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maintenance of anesthesia with halothane or sevoflurane is associated with a lower incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) than the use of isoflurane in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. ANIMALS: 90 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were evaluated during elective orthopedic surgery. Dogs with a history of vomiting or that had received any drugs that would alter gastrointestinal tract function were excluded from the study. The anesthetic protocol used was standardized to include administration of acepromazine maleate and morphine prior to induction of anesthesia with thiopental. Dogs were allocated to receive halothane, isoflurane, or sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. A sensor-tipped catheter was placed to measure esophageal pH during anesthesia. Gastroesophageal reflux was defined as an esophageal pH < 4 or > 7.5. RESULTS: 51 dogs had 1 or more episodes of acidic GER during anesthesia. Reflux was detected in 14 dogs receiving isoflurane, 19 dogs receiving halothane, and 18 dogs receiving sevoflurane. In dogs with GER, mean +/- SD time from probe placement to onset of GER was 36 +/- 65 minutes and esophageal pH remained < 4 for a mean of 64% of the measurement period. There was no significant association between GER and start of surgery or moving a dog on or off the surgery table. Dogs that developed GER soon after induction of anesthesia were more likely to regurgitate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Maintenance of anesthesia with any of the 3 commonly used inhalant agents is associated with a similar risk for development of GER in dogs.     

Effect of preoxygenation before isoflurane induction and rocuronium-induced apnea on time until hemoglobin desaturation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the time to hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) with and without preoxygenation before isoflurane induction of anesthesia and rocuronium-induced apnea.Study designProspective, randomized crossover study.AnimalsA total of 10 healthy adult Lohmann Brown-Lite hens.MethodsHens were anesthetized with isoflurane for intravenous (IV) and intraarterial catheter placement and allowed to fully recover from anesthesia. Hens in the preoxygenation treatment were administered oxygen (2 L minute^–1) via a facemask for 3 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia with 3% isoflurane in oxygen. In the alternative treatment, hens were not preoxygenated prior to induction of anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Apnea was then induced with rocuronium bromide (1.0 mg kg^–1) administered IV, and anesthesia was maintained with IV propofol infusion. A cloacal pulse oximeter measured hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Time was recorded from the start of apnea until SpO₂ was 90% (desaturation). The trachea was intubated, and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen with manual ventilation until spontaneous breathing returned and SpO₂ ≥ 99%. PaO₂ was measured before each treatment, after preoxygenation, postinduction and at desaturation. Data were analyzed between treatments using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests with Holm-?idák multiple comparison test, and within treatments using Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Data are reported as median (range).ResultsTime from start of apnea until hemoglobin desaturation was not significantly different between preoxygenated and nonpreoxygenated hens [26.5 (16–50) seconds and 24.0 (5–57) seconds, respectively; p = 0.25]. No differences in PaO₂ between treatments were observed at any time point.Conclusions and clinical relevancePreoxygenation for 3 minutes before isoflurane mask induction of anesthesia and apnea does not significantly increase time until desaturation in hens.     

Bispectral index and the clinically evaluated anaesthetic depth in dogs

Objective This study investigated whether the bispectral index (BIS monitor) corresponded with the clinical assessment of anaesthetic depth in dogs. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals Sixty‐five dogs undergoing anaesthesia for surgery. Methods Dogs were assigned to one of three different anaesthetic techniques. A three point scale was devised to determine the clinical depth of anaesthesia (CDA); CDA 1 represented light, CDA 2 surgical and CDA 3 excessive depth of anaesthesia. BIS values were recorded and CDA assessed at specific times and points throughout surgery. Data were statistically analysed using mixed model regression. Results Clinical depth of anaesthesia was assessed as CDA 1 on 68, 2 on 748 and 3 on four occasions. The BIS recorded for CDA 1 differed significantly from that for CDA 2 (p < 0.001). However, individual BIS values measured at light and surgical levels of anaesthesia overlapped considerably. The sensitivities and specificities calculated for BIS to diagnose CDA 1 compared to CDA 2 in the three anaesthetic protocols were 28–86% and 55–85%. The accompanying positive predictive value was 0.08–0.29 and the negative predictive value was 0.95–0.97. End‐tidal isoflurane concentrations (anaesthetic techniques 1 and 3) and propofol infusion (technique 2) at CDA 1 was significantly lower than those at CDA 2 (p = 0.001). Conclusions Although BIS values overall distinguished between CDA scores, the calculated specificities, sensitivities and predictive values were low, and there were anomalous results in individual cases. Clinical relevance The use of the BIS as the sole method to determine anaesthetic depth in dogs is imprudent.     

A review of ophthalmic local and regional anesthesia in dogs and cats

Objective

Orbital and globe surgeries are commonly performed in companion animals and are considered to cause moderate to severe pain. Regional anesthesia techniques can provide complete sensory blockade, analgesia for painful procedures and improve surgical conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize local and regional anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic surgery in dogs and cats with emphasis on veterinary publications in the past 12 years.