株型形成及牧草株型相关研究进展

牧草育种工作是草牧业可持续发展的重要基础,目前除了应用传统育种的方法外,应用分子育种方法也取得一些突破性进展,特别是在抗逆性分子育种研究上取得了一定的实际性成果。株型是综合的农艺性状,是影响植物群体结构及产量形成的重要性状。现在株型在一年生作物株型分子机理及调控网络等方面已进行了深入系统的研究,而对于牧草株型调控机理研究颇少,大多研究是在与产量相关性状及其基础性分子育种等方面。针对影响植物株型形成因素及其机理进行了归纳总结,并对牧草株型性状相关研究进展进行了综述,最后简要评述了当前在牧草株型育种研究上所存在的关键问题,提出了相关建议,并指出可借鉴作物株型育种前沿研究方向制定牧草株型育种的研究策略。     

不同株型玉米基因型对干旱胁迫的响应分析

改良株型结构是挖掘玉米产区光、热、水潜力的重要途径,是玉米理想株型育种的基础。为了深入揭示玉米株型相关耐旱响应机理,研究在花期干旱胁迫下对株型差异较大的3份玉米基因型(廊黄、昌7-2和TS141)穗位叶的株型结构、气孔形态、生理代谢、光合特性及产量进行了研究。结果表明:1)干旱胁迫下,3份不同株型基因型的叶长、叶宽、叶面积及叶夹角均显著减少,叶形系数和叶向值均显著增大,平展株型基因型TS141的6个株型性状较紧凑株型基因型廊黄和昌7-2变化更大;2)干旱导致3份不同株型基因型的上/下表皮气孔个数趋于增多,上/下表皮气孔长度和宽度趋于缩短,TS141的上/下表皮气孔个数均有较大的增多,上/下表皮气孔长度和宽度均有较小的降低;3)干旱胁迫后,TS141的叶绿素a、b、(a+b)含量及叶绿素a/b均明显下降,廊黄和昌7-2的叶绿素a/b均有较小地上升,其余3个性状均有较小地下降;4)干旱条件下,3份不同株型基因型的气孔导度、净光合速率、叶片温度、蒸腾速率和RuBPCase活性均有不同程度地减少,胞间CO₂浓度均有不同程度地升高,与TS141相比,廊黄和昌7-2变化的幅度更小;5)干旱处理后,3份不同株型基因型的单株产量、单穗重、穗粒重、百粒重、穗长及出籽率均显著下降,对TS141的影响程度远大于廊黄和昌7-2;6)主成分PCA分析和热图Hierarchical clustering分析表明,干旱胁迫下玉米这些性状间的关系较为复杂,彼此相互关联,这些性状能完全概括不同株型基因型的耐旱性差异。因此,推测玉米株型结构作为重要的干旱调节者,其可与气孔形态、生理代谢及光合特性相互调节共同构成玉米株型相关耐旱响应机制,且由于紧凑株型玉米对干旱胁迫的调节能力更强,其在今后育种中具有更好的抗旱潜能。     

长汀县崩岗区8种禾本科植物根系构型特征

为探究崩岗区草本植物根系构型特征,以8种禾本科植物:白茅、金茅、五节芒、鹧鸪草、狗牙根、宽叶雀稗、巨菌草和香根草为研究对象,运用主成分分析法对其6个根系构型参数进行分析和综合评分。结果表明:试验草本根系平均直径为0.36~0.63 mm;金茅、五节芒、鹧鸪草、宽叶雀稗和香根草总根长无显著差异;总根表面积、总根体积、根尖数和交叉数均不同,巨菌草的总根表面积最大,白茅的最小,巨菌草的根尖数和交叉数均最大。根系构型的主要影响因子是平均直径、总根表面积和总根体积。8种植物根系综合得分依次为:巨菌草>宽叶雀稗>金茅>五节芒>香根草>鹧鸪草>狗牙根>白茅。研究成果可为崩岗治理中草本植物的筛选、配置和推广提供科学依据。     

Papillary architecture of the Leopardus pardalis tongue

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Felidae of wide geographical distribution and food flexibility; therefore, it is essential to understand the morphology of the species. Thus, we aimed to describe its lingual morphology in order to gain information regarding the anatomy of this carnivore's digestive system. The tongues ??were removed for ex situ macroscopic and morphometric analyses, as well as for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of fragments of the different lingual regions. The tongue of L. pardalis had an elongated form that was subdivided into the apex, body and root, in which four papillary types were observed: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and conical. It presented with a stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium, followed by loose and dense connective tissues, as well as a skeletal striated musculature that comprised most of the organ. In addition, in scanning electron microscopy the filiform papillae showed a complex with multiple layers of keratin with triangular shape projected caudally in oral cavity. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform and showed a rounded shape with some gustatory pores, and are keratinized but in a lower intensity if compared with filiform. The vallate papillae, located in lingual root, showed an oval format, had a deep groove surrounded the papillae and some gustatory pores. The conical papillae are located in lingual root and are similar to the filiform. The tongue of L. pardalis resembles other carnivorous species, mainly among felids. However, it differed in relation to the quantity of vallate papillae and the absence of foliate papillae.     

如何构筑绿色奶牛产业

随着经济全球化的迅猛发展,人们生活水平的日益提高,食品安全被摆上了议事日程。人们对“环境保护”“安全消费”“可持续发展”这样的字眼已不再陌生,生产优质、高效的绿色产品已刻不容缓,而开发绿色食品中的乳制品则是增加农民收入,构筑和谐社会的一个重要方面。     

利用杀线植物资源防治植物寄生线虫的研究进展

杀线植物指具有毒杀线虫的植物化合物。本研究综述了具有杀线虫作用的植物资源种类,包括大多数菊目和豆目植物,及从不同类群的植物和同种植物不同部位中分离到具有杀线虫的活性物质及活性代谢物。阐述了杀线植物及活性物质对植物寄生线虫的作用方式和作用机理,分析了影响植物杀线活性的因子,采用体内和体外2种测定方法测试提取物的活性,讨论了利用杀线植物资源防治植物寄生线虫存在的问题。为了寻找新一代杀线植物和活性物质,今后需要继续扩大对杀线植物资源种类调查和挖掘,明确杀线植物对植物寄生线虫的作用机理,加强对植物杀线虫活性成分的研究与应用以及从分子水平上加强对植物抗线虫品种资源的研究。     

植物及其提取物在反刍动物上的应用

化学添加剂和抗生素滥用已经成为制约畜牧业发展的因素之一,结果是产生了耐药性及影响了反当动物和人类健康。植物及其提取物具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化性的特点,在反刍动物的瘤胃发酵、营养代谢、产品、以及生长繁殖方面发挥作用。作为高效、安全、稳定、可控的植物提取物和中草药饲料添加剂日益成为抗生素的替代品,成为天然的饲料添加剂。文章将对中草药以及植物提取物在反刍动物生产上的应用进展进行论述。     

植物可食性疫苗

进入20世纪90年代中期以来,用植物为生物反应器的疫苗研究新策略以其独特的优越性发展迅猛,利用转基因植物生产所需的医药保健产品及可食(饲)疫苗研究和应用开辟了植物生物技术革命的新天地.     

丛枝菌根真菌与个体植物的关系及其对群落生产力和物种多样性的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,能够与大约80%的陆地植物种类形成AMF-植物共生体。AMF能够影响个体植物的养分吸收,调节物种间的相互作用和植被更新,进而对群落生产力和物种多样性产生重要影响。为了把握AMF与个体植物、植物种间作用以及植物群落关系的研究现状,阐明AMF对群落生产力和物种多样性的作用机制,本研究拟从以下几个方面进行论述。首先,分析了物种水平上AMF与植物间的共生关系及其影响因素,提出预测AMF在不同土壤磷水平下对植物生长影响的概念模型。其次,总结了AMF对植物种间相互作用关系以及幼苗定植的影响。最后,分析了AMF对群落生产力和物种多样性的作用机制,提出相应的预测模型。对于实际生产,本文的研究结果能够应用到牧草生产和草地管理中,为利用人工草地土壤中AMF的养分吸收功能和天然草地的多样性保育及稳定性维持提供了科学根据。对于学术研究,本文综合了国内外最新研究进展,分析了当前研究中存在的科学问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

Muscular architecture in the omasal laminae of cattle and sheep

The muscular architecture of the bovine omasal laminae was examined. The omasal laminae had three thin smooth muscle layers which consisted of an intermediate layer and two lateral layers. The muscle bundles of the intermediate layers ran radially in the laminae and those of the two lateral layers ran parallel to the free border of the laminae. At the free border, three types of the muscular architecture were observed. In a histological study, the muscle bundles of the intermediate layer penetrated into the connective tissue around the smooth muscle fasciculi of the inner layer of the tunica muscularis of the omasal wall and attached to the bundles of both the inner layer and of the outer layer of the tunica muscularis. These results indicate that a re-evaluation of the muscular architecture in the omasal laminae is required to facilitate better understanding of the omasal morphology and physiology.     

An example of burrow system architecture of dispersing Damaraland mole-rats

The Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) is a social, subterranean rodent that occurs in the red Kalahari sands. This species exhibits extreme reproductive skew with a single breeding female whereas reproduction in subordinate group members is completely blocked. Rainfall, as it greatly facilitates burrowing, provides the opportunity for individuals to disperse from their natal colony and hence, to overcome reproductive suppression. However, because rainfall is scarce, optimal conditions for burrow system construction are restricted to very short periods of the year. In order to observe the construction of a new burrow system of dispersing individuals, I released a small group (two females, one male) following heavy rains, and monitored their burrowing activity in the form of mound production during the following weeks. Recapture revealed that a new male had joined the group. Over a period of one month the four individuals extruded 127 mole hills and constructed a tunnel system with a total length of approximately 100 metres. Mound production ceased after 30 days due to the lack of subsequent rain. The study provides an example of dispersal in Damaraland mole-rats and gives new insights into the method of burrow system construction of this species. It further highlights the high costs associated with dispersal.     

植物激素在草坪草组织培养及植株再生中的应用与进展

对植物激素在草坪草组织培养及植株再生中的应用及进展进行了分析,主要探讨了生长素,细胞分裂素和脱落酸3类植物激素,着重阐述了各类激素的作用及其相互作用对草坪草愈伤组织形成及分化的影响。     

Optimized architecture for nutrition in the avascular retina of Megachiroptera

Investigations were undertaken to evaluate the unique choroidal vascular system of the Megachiroptera (fruit bats) and its possible significance for retinal nutrition. Fluorescein angiography was performed and documented on Pteropus poliocephalus. Vascular casts were made of the eye of Pteropus scapulatus. Histologic evaluation was performed on P. scapulatus. Results confirmed that each papilla has a vascular core, and a unique vascular system emanating from the optic disc. The histological appearance of the choroid and retina of P. scapulatus confirmed a vascular core to the papillae with a thin, but definite Bruch's membrane. Megachiroptera have a unique vascular system to supply nutrition to the retina consisting of capillary loops within a dense, uniform mosaic of choroidal projections or papillae, which permit the diffusion of metabolites to the retina and a heretofore undescribed vascular tuft emanating from the optic disc. We suggest that this vascular system provides nutrition by diffusion to a thick avascular retina, without any shadowing by vessels, and allows for nocturnal visual acuity and light-gathering capabilities.     

In vitro screening of plant lectins and tropical plant extracts for anthelmintic properties

Lectins are plant secondary metabolites (PSM) found in many forages and which may confer anthelmintic properties to gastrointestinal parasites through disrupting the development of parasitic larvae throughout its life cycle. In experiment 1, the ability of the plant lectins jacalin (JAC), concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin E2L2 (PHA-E2L2), phytohemagglutinin L4 (PHA-L4), phytohemagglutinin E3L (PHA-E3L), kidney bean albumin (KBA), Robinia pseudoacacia agglutinin (RPA), Maackia amurensis lectin (MAA), Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MAA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) to disrupt the feeding of the first stage larvae (L(1)) of the sheep gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) Teladorsagia circumcincta, Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis was investigated using a larval feeding inhibition test (LFIT). Only PHA-E3L, WGA and Con A had a potent effect on disrupting larval feeding of all of the three species of GIN investigated. The lectin concentration required to inhibit feeding in 50% of L(1) (IC50) was 7.3±1.2, 8.3±1.4 and 4.3±1.7 μg/ml for PHA-E3L; 59.1±32.4, 58.7±11.9 and 8.1±7.0 μg/ml for Con A and 78.9±11.2, 69.4±8.1 and 28.0±14.1 μg/ml for WGA for T. circumcincta, H. contortus and T. colubriformis larvae, respectively (P=0.006). The addition of the lectin inhibitors fetuin, glucose/mannose or N-acetylglucosamine for PHA-E3L, Con A and WGA, respectively, caused an increase in the proportion of larvae that had fed at all concentrations for PHA-E3L only. In experiment 2, the effect of extracts from the tropical plants Azadiractha indica, Trichanthera gigantea, Morus alba, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala on the feeding behaviour of H. contortus L(1,) was examined. A. indica, T. gigantea and M. alba failed to inhibit 50% of larvae from feeding at concentrations up to 10mg plant extract per ml. In contrast, both G. sepium and L. leucocephala demonstrated a dose-dependent effect on larval feeding with respective IC50 estimates (mean±s.e.) of 0.015 mg/ml ±0.001 and 3.465 mg/ml ±0.144, effects which were partly reversed by the inclusion of either the tannin inhibitor polyethylene glycol or the lectin inhibitor Fetuin. These studies demonstrate that plant lectins can have an inhibitory effect on the feeding behaviour of first stage larvae of ovine GIN in vitro. Moreover they also provide novel evidence that lectins may contribute to the anthelmintic properties of some tropical forage plant extracts, such as G. sepium and L. leucocephala.     

植物内生真菌对寄主生长及抗逆性的增效机理研究进展

综述了内生真菌通过产生植物生长物质、活化养分等促进寄主生长,并通过降低活性氧危害,帮助寄主获得诱导系统抗性,分泌有毒物质遏制草食动物取食等提高寄主植物抗逆性的机理。内生真菌还可能演化为其他植物的病原菌,通过抑制别的植物生长而为寄主获得更多有效环境资源,提出外来植物入侵性的获得可能与内生菌的促进作用有关。     

植物育种的物理学方法

介绍了草原生态恢复中选育优良牧草种子的一些物理学方法,包括电场、磁场、物理辐射、激光、离子束和交变应力等在植物的生物学效应、诱变育种和转基因技术中的应用.