福建省主要铁路沿线土地利用/覆盖变化研究

为研究福建省铁路建设、运营期间对土地利用/覆盖变化的作用过程,选取温福铁路、福厦铁路、龙厦铁路、向莆铁路4条铁路线的福建段为研究对象,基于2000年、2010年和2020年3期土地利用/覆盖监测数据,首先利用GIS缓冲区分析法对铁路2侧土地利用/覆盖的梯度变化规律进行分析,进一步采用土地利用动态度、土地利用程度综合指数...     

1985—2015年滦河下游典型区域土地覆盖/土地利用时空变化及其影响因素分析

为探究滦河下游典型区域土地覆盖/土地利用时空变化规律及其影响因素,利用1985—2015年每隔5年的遥感影像及其他辅助数据,采用监督分类的最大似然法提取不同时间段各土地类型,分析了滦河下游土地覆盖/土地利用的时空变化规律和影响因素。结果表明:1)耕地面积近30年呈高速率下降的趋势,但仍是滦河下游的主要土地覆盖类型。2)总体上,从1985—2015年林地与草地变化表现上升趋势,林地上升速率为15.78km2/5 a;草地上升速率为9.23 km2/5 a。3)耕地面积变化呈持续高速下降趋势,下降速率为103.8 km2/5 a。建筑用地呈上升趋势,2015年建筑用地面积为1985年的3倍多,其近30年来的整体增加速率为83.00km2/5 a;研究区水域面积呈波动下降的趋势,年变化率为-4.11km2/5 a。4)城镇扩张是影响滦河下游生态环境的主要因素。     

北京市永定河流域土地利用/覆盖变化研究

借助于遥感和地理信息技术,以永定河(北京段)流域1978、1988、1999、2004、2005年5期TM遥感影像为主要数据源,结合若干地形数据库资料,统计永定河31年间水域、草地、耕地、林地、建筑用地、未利用地六大土地类型的面积变化情况,通过分析单一土地利用平均动态度、单一土地利用平均转出率和转入率等指标,对永定河(北京段)流域土地利用/覆被变化的格局与过程进行了定量研究.结果表明:①31年间,永定河(北京段)流域的土地利用/覆盖面积呈现一定程度的波动.1978~2004年各类面积占总面积的比例由大到小为有林地>耕地>建筑用地>水域>未利用地>草地;2004~2009年比例变化为有林地>耕地>建筑用地>未利用地>水域>草地.②在1978~2009年间,水域、未利用地、建筑用地3个土地类型转化比较剧烈;草地在1988~2004年间变化幅度大,转入、转出率较高;耕地减少;林地则呈现增加态势.     

国际土地利用与土地覆盖变化对生态环境影响的研究

土地利用与土地覆盖变化作为全球变化的一个重要内容,对全球生态环境产生了巨大的影响,一方面通过影响气候、土壤、水文以及地貌而对自然环境产生了深刻的影响,另一方面则造成了生态系统的生物多样性、物质循环与能量流动以及景观结构的巨大变化,使得生态系统的结构和功能发生了改变。文中介绍了国际上土地利用与土地覆盖变化对生态环境影响的最新研究进展,并对相关研究在未来的发展进行了探讨。     

吉林省长白山地区土地利用/土地覆盖遥感动态监测分析

利用TM影像数据,通过遥感解译的方法得到长白山地区不同年份(2000、2004、2007年)的土地利用/土地覆盖数据,经过统计分析,得出长白山地区各种土地类型在监测时段内动态变化及相互转化的信息,并对长白山地区的生态保护与经济发展提出了建议。     

砒砂岩区土地利用与土地覆盖动态变化分析

本文应用TM影像,采用决策树方法进行遥感信息提取,对晋陕蒙砒砂岩区1998、2003和2008年的土地利用与土地覆盖格局进行了分析,结果表明,各景观类型中沙地景观面积变化最显著。研究结果为进一步开展研究区域景观动态变化模拟与预测提供了科学依据。     

近20年东乌珠穆沁旗土地利用变化特征及驱动力分析

采用2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年五期遥感影像解译数据,从土地利用类型的变化速度、利用程度、转移贡献率以及驱动力因素方面对东乌珠穆沁旗近20年的土地利用动态变化进行了定量分析.结果表明:①草地一直是研究区内主导性地类,占比最大,工矿仓储用地占比最小,但面积增加幅度最大;②2000～2020年...     

华池县10a间土地利用类型变化特征

为了解华池县近10 a的土地利用状况,以华池县第二次农村土地调查结果和华池县2018年土地变更调查数据为基础,借助地理信息技术和ArcGis10.2操作软件,对华池县2008—2018年间的土地利用类型变化进行研究。结果发现:研究时段,华池县土地利用类型之间转换频繁,草地面积变化最大,其次是林地、耕地和建筑用地;草地主要向林地和耕地发生转移,耕地向其他土地类型发生转移较少,表明华池县完善耕地和基本农田保护的政策,优化土地利用结构的措施初见成效。     

平潭岛土地利用变化对人类活动的响应

以平潭岛为例,依据2000年、2005年、2009年和2013年土地利用数据,分别从土地利用变化速度、土地利用转移方向和土地利用程度方面,全面分析2000年以来平潭岛在人类活动影响下的土地利用时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)2000—2005年,2005—2009年,2009—2013年,平潭岛综合土地利用动态度分别为0.25、0.93、0.82,土地利用变化速度先快后慢;(2)三个时段的土地利用类型转移方向都表现出林地、农田转化为建设用地和未利用地的特点;(3)2000年、2005年、2009年和2013年研究区土地利用程度指数分别为38.73、39.02、40.60、42.74,表明人类活动使平潭岛土地利用开发程度逐渐增大。     

Land use change and net C flux in Indian forests

This paper reports on the net carbon flux caused by deforestation and afforestation in India over the period from 1982 to 2002, separately for two time periods, 1982–1992 (PI) and 1992–2002 (PII), using the IPCC 2006 guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories. The approach accounts for forest and soil C pool changes for (a) forest areas remaining as forests, (b) afforested areas and (c) deforested areas. The data set used were remote sensing based forest cover for three time periods (1982, 1992, 2002), biomass increments, biomass expansion factors and wood density. In addition a number of required coefficients and parameters from published literature were adopted. In the 1982–2002 period, the forest cover changed from 64.20 Mha in 1982 to 63.96 and 67.83 Mha in 1992 and 2002 respectively. During the PI and PII periods, plantations were also established of 0.2 and 0.5 Mha yr⁻¹, while the annual deforestation rate was about 0.22 and 0.07 Mha in these periods, respectively.     

Monitoring the effects of land use and cover changes on net primary production: A case study in China's Yongding River basin

Changing land uses and cover types influence vegetation composition and health, so understanding the effects of these changes on net primary production (NPP) provides an important tool for monitoring ecosystem responses to environmental change. Using remote-sensing images and precipitation, temperature, and total solar radiation data from 1978, 1987, 2000, and 2005, and a light utilization efficiency model, we studied the effects of changes in these parameters and land use and cover types on NPP in China's Yongding River basin. We determined the NDVI of vegetation in the basin, and used these results to estimate the NPP of vegetation in the basin and the influence of land use and cover type changes on NPP under two climate scenarios: one in which the precipitation and temperature of the previous period remain unchanged into the following period, that is, use the climate in 1978, 1987 and 2000 to analyze NPP data in 1987, 2000 and 2005 respectively, and another in which both parameters remain constant at their 1978 values throughout the study period. With the climate unchanged from the former period, NPP in 1987 decreased compared with the 1978 value by 20–50 gC/m², and then increased by more than 40 gC/m² in western and central parts of the basin from 1987 to 2000. From 2000 to 2005, NPP decreased in the northwestern, northern, and eastern parts of the basin. With climate unchanged from 1978 to 2005, NPP increased from 1987 to 2000 by from 10 to 30 gC/m² in most areas. From 2000 to 2005, some farmland in western and northwestern parts of the basin and some forest land were converted into grassland, decreasing NPP by 40–50 gC/m².     

Land use change modeling through an integrated Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov Chain analysis(case study: Arasbaran region,Iran)

Temporal land use/land cover (LULC) change information provides a variety of applications for informed management of land resources. The aim of this study was to detect and predict LULC changes in the Arasbaran region using an integrated Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov Chain analysis. At the first step, multi-temporal Landsat images (1990, 2002 and 2014) were processed using ancillary data and were classified into seven LULC categories of high density forest, low-density forest, agriculture, grassland, barren land, water and urban area. Next, LULC changes were detected for three time profiles, 1990–2002, 2002–2014 and 1990–2014. A 2014 LULC map of the study area was further simulated (for model performance evaluation) applying 1990 and 2002 map layers. In addition, a collection of spatial variables was also used for modeling LULC change processes as driving forces. The actual and simulated 2014 LULC change maps were cross-tabulated and compared to ensure model simulation success and the results indicated an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 97.79% and 0.992, respectively. Having the model properly validated, LULC change was predicted up to the year 2025. The results demonstrated that 992 and 1592 ha of high and lowdensity forests were degraded during 1990–2014,respectively, while 422 ha were added to the extent of residential areas with a growth rate of 17.58 ha per year. The developed model predicted a considerable degradation trend for the forest categories through 2025, accounting for 489 and 531 ha of loss for high and low-density forests, respectively. By way of contrast, residential area and farmland categories will increase up to 211 and 427 ha, respectively. The integrated prediction model and customary area data can be used for practical management efforts by simulating vegetation dynamics and future LULC change trajectories.     

Trends in land cover change and isolation of protected areas at the interface of the southern boreal mixedwood and aspen parkland in Alberta, Canada

The Beaver Hills region of central Alberta is located at the interface of the southern boreal mixedwood forest and the aspen parkland, an area now dominated by agriculture, urban and industrial development. Increasing anthropogenic land cover will eventually isolate remaining natural habitats currently protected in parks and reserves. This paper analyzes land cover and land cover change (LCC) in the Beaver Hills moraine and surrounding areas using a structured hierarchical satellite imagery classification applied to Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper from 1977, 1987, and 1998. Our goal was to quantify deforestation and habitat fragmentation trends and then discuss how this information could be used to develop a conservation approach that will protect current areas against further habitat loss. We found that the rate of deforestation in the lands surrounding the moraine was similar to the broad trend at the southern periphery of the Canadian boreal forest region: annual rate of change in forest cover was −0.82%/year. However, in the Beaver Hills there was a net gain of +0.61%/year, due to regeneration of low quality agricultural lands. All fragmentation indices used indicated an increase in forest fragmentation. We designed a network of protected areas and remaining large forest patches, based on the UNESCO-MAB biosphere model. Our results underline concerns regarding the increasing isolation of national parks and biological reserves in Canada.     

毛乌素沙地土地利用动态变化分析

利用毛乌素沙地2000、2005、2007、2010年的TM卫星遥感影像数据,对毛乌素沙地近10年的土地利用动态变化进行了分析并得出以下结论:⑴在时间尺度上,2000-2010年毛乌素沙地裸露地、低覆盖草地和耕地面积减少,高、中覆盖草地、林地和居民工矿用地面积增加,水域无明显变化。⑵在空间上尺度上,2000-2010年,毛乌素沙地北部地区土地利用变化较明显,其中在东北部,大部分由耕地转为林地,在西北部,部分中覆盖度草地转为耕地。⑶2000-2005年,研究区土地利用类型中面积增加最多的是中覆盖度草地,净增加7 598.84 hm2,主要由26 255.3 hm2的低覆盖度草地和3 550.41 hm2的裸露地转入;2005-2007年,研究区土地利用类型中面积增加最多的是高覆盖度草地,净增加7 584.81 hm2,主要由6 074.43 hm2的裸露地和3 083.12 hm2的中覆盖度草地转入;2007-2010年,研究区土地利用类型中面积增加最多的是林地,净增加37 978.01 hm2,主要由35 488.96 hm2的耕地和2 640.42 hm2的高覆盖度草地转入。     

Conversion and recovery of Puerto Rican mangroves: 200 years of change

Human activities have dramatically reduced the world’s area of mangroves just as the ecological services they provide are becoming widely recognized. Improving the conservation tools available to restore lost mangroves would benefit from a better understanding of how human activities influence the conservation of these ecosystems. We took advantage of historical information and long-term landscape analyses to relate land use change with the area of mangroves in Puerto Rico. We found that mangroves experienced dramatic changes over the last 200 years, and four distinct eras of change were visible. During the agricultural era (1800–1940) the area of mangroves declined 45%. As the economy changed to industrial in the late 1940s the area of mangrove increase due to reduced land use pressure on the wetlands. Nevertheless, urban expansion between 1960s and 1970s produced another decline. Public concern for mangrove conservation resulted in the legal protection of all the mangroves in 1972, and since then their area has expanded. We found that past human activity altered the original proportion of mangrove species. The number and size of mangrove-forest fragments was impacted by land use, and urban areas had fewer and smaller fragments than vegetated areas. Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas emerged as a major threat to mangrove conservation. Mangroves are resilient and recover quickly when given an opportunity if the geomorphological and hydrological features of the habitat are not changed by their use. The key to conservation appears to be a combination of the type of human activity in mangrove watersheds combined with strong legal protection. The following steps are recommended: (1) identify the areas that satisfy the ecological requirements of mangrove development; (2) incorporate better zoning regulations to maintain these areas natural and to protect the fluxes of water, nutrients, and organisms in and out of the system; and (3) monitor results.     

移动GIS在土地变更调查中的应用

以西南林学院为试验区,以Trimble GeoXT为移动GIS的移动设备,实现了野外空间数据的实时采集和对历史数据的编辑和更新;通过后处理差分处理,实现了土地变更信息的亚米级精度.研究结果表明,移动GIS较之于传统方法在信息收集与更新数据方面有很大的优势,在以后国家的土地详查中值得研究与推广.     

The Effects of Household Asset Endowments on Agricultural Diversity among Frontier Colonists in the Amazon

This paper focuses on agricultural diversity, a key property of agroforestry systems, and examines the influences of household asset endowments. The analysis addresses a debate between ‘differential motivation’ and ‘ differential capacity’ arguments concerning the importance of asset inequality for agricultural diversification among rural households in developing regions. I draw on data from a survey of small farm colonists in the Brazilian Amazon to assess components and measures of agricultural diversity, and to model those diversity measures using indicators of household asset endowments. The results indicate that agricultural diversification is modest in the study site, but varies among households, as do asset endowments. Models of agricultural production and income diversity indicate that agricultural diversity primarily reflects labor endowments, though certain types of capital are also important. These findings bear implications for research on agricultural diversity in other contexts, and for policies aiming to promote ‘productive conservation’ by compatibilizing poverty reduction, economic development and environmental sustainability.     

莆田市城市空间扩展及其对植被覆盖变化的影响

分析城市空间扩展和植被覆盖指数变化及其质量之间的关系,可以为保护城市生态环境及在大空间尺度上为城市植被景观提升提供指导。以遥感成像技术为基础,通过提取目标区域卫星影像对应的建筑物和植被特征光谱,通过对多年特定光谱进行建模运算,即可得出城市空间拓展与植被覆盖指数之间的关系;以莆田市为例,利用Landsat卫星影像提取建筑指数NDBI和植被指数NDVI对该市2000、2010和2016年的城市空间扩展及其对植被覆盖变化的影响进行定量研究。结果表明:在16年间,莆田市城市建筑用地面积占比由22.70%增至28.84%,其中前期2000—2010年建筑用地面积占比增加了2.04%,而后期2010—2016年增加4.10%;植被覆盖指数变差的面积占37.26%,而植被覆盖指数变好的面积占28.87%,大部分退化的植被位于西北部山区和东南部平原;建筑指数和植被覆盖指数呈线性负相关关系,建筑指数每提升10%,植被覆盖指数降低0.77～0.86。总体看来,莆田市的城市空间扩展对植被景观影响较大,且呈现后期大于前期的趋势。     

Effects of legal regulations on land use change: 2/B applications in Turkish forest law

For the countries struggling with climate change, sustainable forestry is one of the greatest challenges and is difficult to define, implement, and to measure. According to the scientific community’s consensus on climate change, forests are one of the major sinks and sustainable forest management (SFM) is needed to prevent deforestation and its negative effects on natural ecosystems. Despite being a party to many international treaties/agreements related to land use policies (LUP) that are promoting SFM to protect and develop forest resources, the 2/B application in Turkish forest legislation has been causing deforestation in Turkey since the 1970s.

In this study, 2/B applications–political and legal process–causing deforestation by land use change (LUC) are investigated by carrying out a legal analysis. About 500.000 ha of forests have been lost due to the 2/B application and as a LUP directly affects SFM, carbon sequestration capacities (CSC), and therefore, climate change. To exemplify this pre and post-LUC change and effect, the amount of carbon that was prevented from being absorbed as 176,7 tonnes/ha on average in a given forest area for the year 2016. There is a vital need to address the negative effects of ill-defined forest legislation to achieve SFM.