中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) coat-ε基因全长cDNA克隆及组织分布

coat-ε基因表达的蛋白是组成 COPⅠ的 coatomer 复合体的一个亚基,为获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) coat-ε基因全长序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA end, RACE)技术,扩增出coat-ε基因的3￠端和5￠端,测序结果经DNAMAN比对拼接得出coat-ε基因全长,基因全长1402 bp,5￠非编码区(UTR)84 bp,3￠非编码区(UTR)310 bp,开放阅读框1008 bp,预测编码335个氨基酸,其中,第230–300的氨基酸属于TPR超家族,SignalP 3.0 Server预测氨基酸序列没有信号肽,TMHMM Server v.2.0分析此氨基酸不存在跨膜结构,PSORTⅡ Prediction预测该蛋白位于线粒体、细胞质、内质网中,属胞内蛋白。系统进化树显示,中国明对虾的coat-ε基因与节肢动物门的动物亲缘关系相近。采用实时荧光定量方法分析该基因在鳃、上皮、胃、肌肉、肝胰腺等不同组织中的相对表达,结果显示,coat-ε在肌肉中的相对转录表达量最高,在鳃和附肢的表达次之。本研究获得的中国明对虾coat-ε全长序列,可为该基因功能研究提供基础。     

中国明对虾FBA基因克隆及其在白斑综合征病毒感染中的表达及功能分析

醛缩酶(FBA)是糖酵解和糖异生中的关键酶,参与多种生物过程。本研究采用RACE技术,克隆获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)FBA基因(Fc FBA)的全长c DNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,中国明对虾Fc FBA基因的c DNA全长为2496 bp,其中,ORF长1098 bp,5~′UTR长79 bp,3~′UTR长1319 bp。完整的阅读框编码365个氨基酸,分子量为39.8 k Da,预测的理论等电点为6.6。同源性及系统进化分析表明,Fc FBA与节肢动物的FBA聚为一类,与卤虫(Artemia franciscana)、家蚕(Bombyx mori)、沙漠蝗(Schistocerca gregaria)的相似度分别是86%、79%和78%。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Fc FBA在肌肉中的相对表达量最高,肝胰腺中最低。WSSV感染后,该基因在鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中呈现出不同的时空表达特点。ds RNA干扰24 h以后,抑制效率达到最大。与PBS对照组相比,Fc FBA干扰组(ds RNA组)加快了对虾染病后的死亡速度。本研究表明,Fc FBA基因可能参与了中国明对虾生物胁迫的应答反应。     

中国明对虾MKK3 基因cDNA 克隆及其在氨氮胁迫下的表达

采用RACE技术克隆获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶3(MKK3)基因全长c DNA序列,并对该序列进行分析。结果表明,该基因全长为1434 bp,开放阅读框长1011 bp,5′非编码区长33 bp,3′非编码区长390 bp,将该基因命名为Fc MKK3。推测该基因编码336个氨基酸,分子量为37.89 k D,理论等电点为6.08。同源性和系统进化分析表明,Fc MKK3基因与丽蝇蛹集金小蜂(Nasonia vitripennis)和地中海实蝇(Ceratitis capitata)的相似性分别为69%和68%,与其他节肢动物MKK3聚为一类。荧光定量RT-PCR结果表明,Fc MKK3基因在肌肉中的相对表达量最高,其次为鳃。氨氮胁迫后该基因在中国明对虾肠、鳃、胃、心脏、肝胰腺、肌肉和血细胞中的表达量均显著增加,并有不同的时空表达趋势,表明Fc MKK3基因可能在中国明对虾应对非生物胁迫反应的过程中起着重要的作用。     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)coat-ε基因全长cDNA克隆及组织分布

coat-ε基因表达的蛋白是组成COPⅠ的coatomer复合体的一个亚基,为获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)coat-ε基因全长序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA end,RACE)技术,扩增出coat-ε基因的3端和5端,测序结果经DNAMAN比对拼接得出coat-ε基因全长,基因全长1402 bp,5非编码区(UTR)84 bp,3'非编码区(UTR)310 bp,开放阅读框1008 bp,预测编码335个氨基酸,其中,第230–300的氨基酸属于TPR超家族,Signal P 3.0 Server预测氨基酸序列没有信号肽,TMHMM Server v.2.0分析此氨基酸不存在跨膜结构,PSORTⅡPrediction预测该蛋白位于线粒体、细胞质、内质网中,属胞内蛋白。系统进化树显示,中国明对虾的coat-ε基因与节肢动物门的动物亲缘关系相近。采用实时荧光定量方法分析该基因在鳃、上皮、胃、肌肉、肝胰腺等不同组织中的相对表达,结果显示,coat-ε在肌肉中的相对转录表达量最高,在鳃和附肢的表达次之。本研究获得的中国明对虾coat-ε全长序列,可为该基因功能研究提供基础。     

氨氮胁迫下中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)谷氨酸脱氢酶基因的表达分析

采用RACE技术克隆获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)谷氨酸脱氢酶GDH基因(Fc GDH)。Fc GDH基因全长1779 bp,包括1个1659 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码552个氨基酸,预测分子量大小为61.3 k Da,理论等电点为6.54。同源性分析显示,Fc GDH氨基酸序列与其他动物高度保守,其中,与凡纳滨对虾最为相似,高达98%,其次为中华绒螯蟹,为89%。系统进化树分析显示,Fc GDH氨基酸序列与凡纳滨对虾GDH聚为一支,之后依次为:中华绒螯蟹、黑腹果蝇、埃及按蚊。组织表达分析发现,Fc GDH基因在肌肉、鳃、肝胰腺、胃、肠、淋巴和血淋巴中均有表达,其中,肌肉中表达量最高。氨氮胁迫后,Fc GDH基因在肌肉和肝胰腺组织中变化显著,在胁迫后期,Fc GDH基因表达量均上调,且与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05),说明Fc GDH基因在氨氮解毒代谢过程中发挥了重要作用。     

中国明对虾caspase2基因克隆及其在抗白斑综合征病毒中的表达分析

采用RACE技术克隆获得中国明对虾caspase2基因cDNA序列全长,并对该序列进行分析。结果显示,中国明对虾caspase2基因全长为1517 bp,开放阅读框长924 bp,5'非编码区长78 bp,3'非编码区长515 bp,命名为FcCasp2。推测该基因编码307个氨基酸,预测分子量为34.21 ku,理论等电点为7.62。同源性和系统进化分析发现,FcCasp2基因与凡纳滨对虾caspase2和斑节对虾caspase的相似性分别为88%和80%,与其他节肢动物caspase家族基因聚为一类。荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示,FcCasp2基因在肝胰腺中的相对表达量最高,在肌肉中表达量最低。WSSV感染后该基因在中国明对虾肌肉、肝胰腺和鳃丝中的表达量有不同的时空表达趋势,表明FcCasp2基因可能参与中国明对虾生物胁迫的应答反应。     

三疣梭子蟹F型ATP酶β亚基(F-ATPaseβ)基因的克隆、组织表达及在家系近交中的变化

采用RACE技术(c DNA末端快速扩增技术)克隆获得三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)F型ATP酶b亚基(F-ATPaseβ)基因,命名为pt F-ATPaseβ。该基因c DNA全长为1965 bp,5￠和3￠非编码区分别为571 bp和341 bp,开放阅读框为1053 bp,推测编码350个氨基酸,预测分子量为37.9 k Da,理论等电点为4.86。pt F-ATPaseβ氨基酸序列含有F1-ATPaseβ标志性蛋白结构域、AAA结构域和ATP-synt-ab-C结构域。同源性及系统分析显示,pt F-ATPaseβ氨基酸序列与斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)同源性高达89%。实时荧光定量PCR显示,pt F-ATPaseβ基因在肝胰腺、肌肉、心脏、鳃、胃、肠、精巢和卵巢中均有表达,其中,在肝胰腺和心脏中表达量最高,在肠中最少。随着近交系数的增加,各代pt F-ATPaseβ基因的表达量在肝胰腺和心脏中均下降且显著低于F_0代(P0.05)。酶活检测结果显示,心脏中的ATP合酶活性从F6代开始出现下降且显著低于F_0代(P0.05),但肝胰腺中ATP合酶活性无显著变化。本研究结果表明,近交造成了三疣梭子蟹pt F-ATPaseβ基因表达及ATP合酶活力的衰退。     

凡纳滨对虾造血激素基因全长序列分析及其克隆与表达

虾造血激素(astakine,AST)是节肢动物中具有促进造血组织细胞分化和增殖的一种细胞因子。在对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染分子机制的研究中发现,WSSV的一个可能受体蛋白与AST存在特异性结合。为进一步了解WSSV感染与对虾细胞分化之间的关系,本研究应用反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)结合cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,成功克隆了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei造血激素基因(lvast)全长cDNA(GenBank登录号:HM594944),并对该基因进行了生物信息学分析。lvast全长共1846bp,含有1个372bp的开放阅读框,编码124个氨基酸,估算分子量为13.3kD。其编码的氨基酸序列包含一个前动力蛋白(Prokineticin)结构域。基因序列和氨基酸序列同源性比较表明,凡纳滨对虾造血激素(LvAST)与斑节对虾和软尾太平蝲蛄AST同源性较高,与脊椎动物的同源性较低。通过构建包含lvast基因ORF重组表达载体pBAD/gIIIA-lvast,本研究成功表达出与预期相符合的目的蛋白,为进一步研究LvAST的结构与功能提供了理论依据和实验基础。     

斑节对虾Pellino基因的克隆及其在不同胁迫条件下的表达分析

Pellino蛋白家族,是一类高度保守的E3泛素连接酶,在泛素化和先天性免疫中发挥重要作用。该研究通过RACE技术得到斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)泛素连接酶Pellino基因的c DNA全长。该基因序列全长1 961 bp,编码区序列长1 299 bp,编码432个氨基酸,5’非编码区(UTR)为89 bp,3’UTR为573 bp。通过qRT-PCR技术,研究了PmPellino基因在斑节对虾不同组织中的表达水平,并研究了其在不同浓度氨氮胁迫下和不同微生物刺激下的表达情况。结果显示,PmPellino基因在各组织中均有表达,在鳃组织中表达量最高。急性氮氮胁迫后,PmPellino在肝胰腺中的表达量显著上调(P<0.01),但在鳃中的表达被抑制(P<0.01)。哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)可显著激活PmPellino在鳃中的表达,抑制其在肝胰腺中的表达。鳗弧菌(V. anguillarum)可显著抑制PmPellino在肝胰腺中的表达,而对PmPellino在鳃中的表达无显著影响。金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)可以显著激活PmPellino在肝胰腺和鳃中的表达。结果表明PmPellino可以激活免疫应答通路,在免疫防御中发挥重要作用。     

斑节对虾天门冬氨酸转氨酶基因的克隆及氨氮胁迫条件下的表达分析

为了探索天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)在斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)氨氮(NH3-N)解毒代谢中的作用,该研究利用RACE技术获得了斑节对虾AST基因(PmAST)的cDNA全长序列,进行了相关生物信息学分析,在此基础上采用荧光定量与氨氮胁迫实验的方法研究了PmAST基因在斑节对虾的不同组织以及不同浓度氨氮胁迫过程中差异表达情况。该序列全长1 957 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 242 bp,3'非编码区(UTR)为584 bp,包括含有30个碱基的poly(A)尾,5'非编码区(UTR)为131 bp。ORF可编码413个氨基酸,预测分子量为45.852 kD,理论等电点为8.85。序列含有1个AAT-like超家族结构域、15个磷酸化位点和2个糖基化位点。PmAST的mRNA在斑节对虾各组织中都有表达,在肝胰腺中表达量最高,其次为鳃组织,在胃和脑组织中的表达量最低。96 h氨氮胁迫后荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,PmAST在肝胰腺和鳃组织中都具有不同程度的表达上调,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究结果表明斑节对虾的PmAST基因在氨氮胁迫条件下会出现表达上调,并且氨氮浓度越高其上调幅度也越大,所以PmAST参与了斑节对虾的急性氨氮胁迫应答。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。