水曲柳单木生长模型的研究

根据黑龙江省、市、县576块水曲柳固定样地的解析木数据,在水曲柳单木直径生长模型中引入林木大小、竞争和立地条件因素,采用回归的方法建立水曲柳单木直径生长模型。研究表明：水曲柳单木生长模型与该林木自身的大小（lnD）、林分平均胸径（Dg）、对象木直径与林分中最大林木直径之比（DDM）以及土壤有较大的关系。林木的直径越大其生长量越大;竞争因子DDM说明水曲柳单木直径越大;其定期生长量越小;立地因子土壤表明,土层越浅其生长的越快。模型的检验精度为94%,说明模型具有良好的拟合效果,可用于实际的生产中。     

利用树冠竞争因子确定同龄间伐林分的断面积生长过程

断面积生长预估是林分生长和收获预估体系中的核心因子和基础。本文选用了包含林分密度指标、年龄和立地质量指标的Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ 模型作为断面积生长模型。利用树冠竞争因子（ ＣＣＦ） 能稳定反映林分竞争水平的特性,建立了ＣＣＦ 与林分密度指数和单位面积林木株数之间的函数关系式,并对长白落叶松和杉木得出：（１） ＣＣＦ＜ ２００ ,林分为等株数生长;（２）２００ ≤ＣＣＦ≤３００ 时,为等株数生长向自然稀疏生长的过渡期,该期间林分密度指数的变化可用等株数生长和自然稀疏生长的线性组合来表达;（３） ＣＣＦ＞ ３００ 时,林分为完全的自然稀疏生长     

林木生长和收获模型研究进展与发展趋势

论述林木生长与收获模型的概念、分类及各类模型的优缺点,林木生长和收获模型的国内外发展历程与研究状况,提出了林木生长和收获模型研究的关键领域和发展趋势,即:提高精度和智能化,与实际生产相结合,加强空间结合,向三维可视化方向发展,由纯林向混交林深入,向广义化和更好的生物学意义与可解释性方向发展,向系统化和整体化(耦合)方向发展,与社会经济及生态环境等因子相结合.     

拟南芥在林木分子生物学研究中的应用

从分子水平上研究和调控林木生长发育是林木生物技术发展的新趋势,然而由于林木作为研究材料的局限性,如难以在实验室操作和较长的生长周期等,大大阻碍了林木分子生物学的研究.拟南芥是植物学研究中最重要的模式植物,是进行植物分子生物学研究的极好材料.近年来的研究表明,草本植物拟南芥不仅可以为林木分子育种提供基因资源,还可以作为林木分子生物学研究的辅助手段,甚至可以直接作为林木发育分子机理研究的实验模型.本文重点讨论拟南芥在研究林木材质形成、生殖生长和休眠等独特生理规律上的重要价值,在此基础上提出合理运用拟南芥模型,结合林木本身的特点,建立林木与拟南芥的联合研究体系,是开展林木分子生物学研究的重要思路.     

森林生态系统林木生长与耗水研究进展

森林生态系统林木的生长和耗水是森林水分利用的研究重点,对当前推进节水林发展、抗旱树种筛选具有重要意义。文章对森林生态系统林木生长的研究方法进行了综述,指出常见的林木生长方法有普通测定法、年轮法、树木径向变化记录仪等,并对3个林木生长模型(全林分模型、径阶分布模型、单木生长模型)的优劣和使用范围进行了比较;从叶片尺度、单株尺度、林分尺度和区域尺度分别比较了林木耗水方法的差异和优劣。通过综述,确定各方法的优劣和使用范围,以更好的指导科学实验,得出精确结果。     

麻栎引种造林的研究

麻栎引种造林的研究钱益民，白瑞兴，王永德，邵振财（凌源市科协１２２５００）（凌源市欺天林场）（凌源市林业局）原凌源县农牧局于１９８４年秋从山东省引进麻栋种实，在大河北、三家子乡进行引种造林。目前林木生长良好，大部分林分已郁闭成林。现将造林及林木生长过...     

林木抗虫育种研究进展

近几年,林木抗虫育种发展较快,由最初的常规育种（选择和杂交）向常规育种和生物技术相结合的方向发展,作为抗虫育种关键环节的抗虫性鉴定（人工接虫技术）的研究已经开始系统而深入地开展起来,林木抗虫机制（林木防卫反应、抗虫化学物质、遗传机理等）的研究成绩显着,林木抗虫基因工程已成为抗虫育种的重要方向之一。     

加拿大森林资源环境库兹涅茨曲线验证——基于林木生长周期的视角

利用加拿大1990—2010年林产品产量数据, 采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型, 考察加拿大经济增长与森林资源采伐量之间的关系。与以往研究不同的是, 在回归模型中加入了代表林木生长周期的时间序列变量, 以探讨林木生长周期对森林资源采伐量的影响。结果显示, 加拿大森林资源采伐量与经济增长存在倒U型曲线关系, 且林木生长周期对曲线形状的影响显著。从研究结果得到的政策启示是, 在设置森林采伐限额时应注意林木的生长周期, 在林木初生长期应降低采伐限额来保护幼树, 从而为采伐迹地天然更新提供充足的种源和条件。     

水曲柳造林密度与林分生长的关系

为确定水曲柳人工林合理的造林密度,以帽儿山实验林场10年生的水曲柳密度试验林为研究对象,分析了造林密度对林分生长的影响,结果表明：1m×1m（A）、1．5m×1．5m（B）、2m×2m（C）、3m×1．5m（D）4种不同造林密度对林木生长、林木的干形、林分的产量均有显著地影响,其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、单株叶面积、冠高比随密度的减小而显著增大;造林密度对树高生长、叶面积指数无显著影响。综合比较4种密度水平林分,C水平的造林密度是最为合理的。     

黄柏山林场4个主要树种带皮胸径与去皮胸径关系模型分析

采用常用的4个模型作为备选模型，使用黄柏山林场4个树种共1004组解析木和标准木数据，以带皮胸径为因变量，去皮胸径为自变量来构建模型。对4个树种不同带皮胸径（DOB）与去皮胸径（DIB）关系模型进行比较选优。使用决定系数R2，平均绝对误差MP和平均相对误差PMB来衡量模型的优劣，选择R2大，MB、PMB小的模型作为最优模型。4个树种的带皮胸径与去皮胸径关系模型分别为：黄山松（DOB=0.14659+1.05312DIB）、马尾松（DOB=0.46068+1.04405DIB）、杉木（DOB=0.32534+1.03117DIB）、麻栎（DOB=1.25598DIB0.95039），平均绝对误差介于0.2424～0.3002 cm，相对平均误差介于1.14～2.18。构建的4个树种的最优带皮胸径与去皮胸径关系模型都达到了极显著水平（P<0.001），可以用于黄柏山林场林木生长模型构建。     

Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications,using Douglas-fir forests as an example

Forest managers need a comprehensive scientific understanding of natural stand development processes when designing silvicultural systems that integrate ecological and economic objectives, including a better appreciation of the nature of disturbance regimes and the biological legacies, such as live trees, snags, and logs, that they leave behind. Most conceptual forest development models do not incorporate current knowledge of the: (1) complexity of structures (including spatial patterns) and developmental processes; (2) duration of development in long-lived forests; (3) complex spatial patterns of stands that develop in later stages of seres; and particularly (4) the role of disturbances in creating structural legacies that become key elements of the post-disturbance stands. We elaborate on existing models for stand structural development using natural stand development of the Douglas-fir—western hemlock sere in the Pacific Northwest as our primary example; most of the principles are broadly applicable while some processes (e.g. role of epicormic branches) are related to specific species. We discuss the use of principles from disturbance ecology and natural stand development to create silvicultural approaches that are more aligned with natural processes. Such approaches provide for a greater abundance of standing dead and down wood and large old trees, perhaps reducing short-term commercial productivity but ultimately enhancing wildlife habitat, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, including soil protection and nutrient retention.     

Height-to-diameter ratios with temporal and dendro/morphometric variables for Brazilian pine in south Brazil

Height-to-diameter ratios(HD) are an important measure of the stability,density and competition of forest stands.It reflects the vertical growth of the trees,the vulnerability of the forest canopy structure and influences volumetric production.HD ratios vary according to tree size,availability of resources for growth,stand density and species composition.Data were taken from 210 trees and a regression technique of generalized linear models for the HD ratio applicable for forest structure conservation was developed.The objective of this study was to model the HD ratios of dominant and co-dominant trees of Araucaria angustifolia according to morphometric,dendrometric,annual diameter increment,stand density,and age variables in three sites in southern Brazil.The results show that the HD ratio decreases with increasing age,crown area and basal area,and increases with stand density and annual diameter increment.Accuracy of the developed equations was demonstrated by the values of deviation,Bayesian and Akaike criteria.The results are of interest to forest managers since they make decisions about silvicultural operations.Growth continuity and forest production indicate that any intervention should be directed at younger trees of smaller sizes,and that one of the main management factors for stand stability and growth is the formation of the stand and its capture of light.     

大兴安岭天然林林分生长模型研究

利用林分密度指数(SDI)作为天然林的林分密度测度,来反映天然林区天然林分中林木之间的竞争水平,利用地位级指数(SCI)代替地位指数来反映天然林区林分立地质量。结合这2个因子以Schumacher生长曲线为基本模型形式建立了天然林全林分生长和收获模型,模型包括断面积生长预估模型、林分蓄积量预估模型、郁闭度预估模型和蓄积枯损率模型。从模型的拟合和检验结果来看,模型的效果良好。     

Trade-offs between seedling growth,thinning and stand stability in Sitka spruce stands: a modelling analysis

The forest industry is increasingly adopting alternative silvicultural systems, involving regeneration beneath an existing forest canopy, rather than clear-felling and replanting. To apply these silvicultural systems in windy regions such as Britain and Ireland, it is essential that the interactions between thinning intensity, stand stability and seedling growth are properly understood. Here, we present a modelling analysis of the three key relationships between: (i) stand density and the proportion of incident radiation transmitted through a forest canopy as a stand is thinned; (ii) transmitted radiation and seedling growth, and (iii) stand density and stand stability. These relationships were examined using separate models of radiative transfer (MAESTRO), seedling growth, and stand stability/wind risk (ForestGALES). Output from the three models was synthesised to calculate whether a given stand thinned to a pre-defined stability limit would allow sufficient light to penetrate the canopy for seedling growth. A minimum transmittance of 20% was identified as a requirement for seedling growth, which corresponds to removing 45% of stand basal area. A thinning of this intensity left some stands susceptible to unacceptable wind damage, especially in old or previously thinned stands on soils where rooting is impeded. The results emphasised the fact that rooting conditions, thinning history and age of intervention are major constraints on the silvicultural options. In general, older stands are not suitable for conversion to continuous cover forestry (CCF) systems, and the transformation process should begin at pole stage, when heavy thinning does not leave the stand unstable. The analysis approach used here illustrates the potential for combining models to address complex forest management issues.     

A silvicultural management tool for the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests

Stand density management tools help forest managers and landowners to more effectively allocate growing space so that specific silvicultural objectives can be met. Due to the economic importance of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in Turkey, a stand density management tool was developed for this species to optimize regeneration success rate and tree growth. For the development of this tool, named stand density management diagram (SDMD), we utilized forest inventory data from the Kastamonu Regional Forest Directorate in Turkey. Previously published forest management approaches and models were employed during the development of the tool. The SDMD illustrates the relation among four forest indexes: the basal area per hectare, number of trees per hectare, forest stand volume per hectare, and quadratic mean diameter of the beech stands. The stand stocking percent (SSP) can be determined based upon any two of these four measurements. The results suggest that SSP is a better predictor of tree growth than BA in Oriental beech forests. The newly developed SDMD allows for a more effective use of the growing space to achieve specific silvicultural objectives including tree regeneration, timber production, thinning planning, and wildlife protection in Oriental beech forests.     

A state-space approach to stand growth modelling of European beech

Static models of forest growth, such as yield tables or cumulative growth functions, generally fail to recognize that forest stands are dynamic systems, subject to changes in growth dynamics due to silvicultural interventions or natural dynamics. Based on experimental data, covering a wide range of initial spacings and thinning practises, we developed a dynamic stand growth model of European beech in Denmark. The model entailed three equations for predicting dominant height growth, basal area growth, and mortality. The signs of the parameter estimates generally corroborated the anticipated growth paths of dominant height and basal area. Although statistical tests indicated significant systematic deviations between observed and predicted values, the deviations were small and of little practical importance. Cross validation procedures indicated that the model may be applied across a wide range of growth conditions and thinning practises without significant loss of precision.     

A hybrid model for intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest,USA

Recent advances in traditional forest growth models have been achieved by linking growth predictions to key ecophysiological processes in a hybrid approach that combines the strengths of both empirical and process-based models. A hybrid model was constructed for intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest, USA, by embedding components representing fundamental physiological processes and detailed tree allometrics into an empirical growth model for projecting individual tree and stand development. The simulated processes operated at a variety of scales ranging from individual branches to trees and stands. The canopy structure submodel improved predictions of leaf area index at the stand level when compared to allometric and other empirical approaches (reducing mean square error by 30–42%). In addition, the hybrid model achieved accuracy in short-term volume growth prediction comparable to an empirical model. Biases in 4-year stand growth predictions from the hybrid model were similar to those from the empirical model under thinning, fertilization, and the combination of these treatments; however, volume growth predictions in unmanaged plantations averaged approximately 36% less bias. These improvements were attributed to detailed information on crown structure (i.e. size, location, and foliage mass of primary branches), simple representation of key physiological processes, and improved site characterization. Soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen mineralization predicted by the hybrid model also agreed closely with observed values from several previous studies. Overall, the model framework will be helpful for future analyses as it can lend insight into the influence of weather and site edaphic factors on growth, help identify mechanisms of response to silvicultural treatments, and facilitate the design of sound management regimes for Douglas-fir plantations across the Pacific Northwest region.     

美国的森林植被模型

从1973年以来, 森林植被模型在美国就被作为森林生长模拟模型来使用, 广泛用于评价林分目前的生长状况和预测不同经营管理措施下林分未来的动态变化。其能够模拟各种不同的森林类型和林分结构, 包括同龄林、异龄林、纯林和混交林, 以及单层混交林和复层混交林等。同时, 森林植被模型能够模拟大多数主要森林树种、森林类型和林分条件在不同森林培育措施(包括疏伐、施肥等)下的变化状况。森林植被模拟体系还能够评价和预测病虫害和火灾等干扰因子对林分状况的影响。目前这个模型已经成为一个高度综合的分析工具体系。     

Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop trees in a tropical dry forest

Silvicultural treatments are often needed in selectively logged tropical forest to enhance the growth rates of many commercial tree species and, consequently, for recovering a larger proportion of the initial volume harvested over the next cutting cycle. The available data in the literature suggest, however, that the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree growth is smaller in dry forests than in humid forest tree species. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates of future crop trees (FCTs; i.e., trees of current and potentially commercial timber species with adequate form and apparent growth potential). The study was carried out in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia where a set of 21.25-ha plots were monitored for 4 years post-logging. Plots received one of four treatments that varied in intensity of both logging and silvicultural treatments as follows: normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture; and, unlogged controls. The silvicultural treatments applied to FCTs involved liberation from lianas and overtopping trees. Results showed that rates of FCT stem diameter growth increased with light availability, logging intensity, and intensity of silvicultural treatments, and decrease with liana infestation degree. Growth rate increment was larger in the light and intensive silvicultural treatment (22–27%). Long-lived pioneer species showed the strongest response to intensive silviculture (50% increase) followed by total shade-tolerant species (24%) and partial shade-tolerant species (10%). While reduced-impact logging is often not sufficient to guarantee the sustainability of timber yields, application of silvicultural treatments that substantially enhanced the growth rates of FCTs will help move the management of these forests closer to the goal of sustained yield.