几种抛秧田除草剂防除水稻免耕抛秧田田间杂草药效对比试验

对几种抛秧田除草剂进行防除水稻免耕抛秧田田间杂草药效对比试验,结果表明,53%苯噻酰.苄可湿性粉剂30g/666.7m2和35%苄.丙草可湿性粉剂60g/666.7m2能较好地防除水稻免耕抛秧田田间稗草、阔叶杂草和莎草,药后40d对杂草的株防效和鲜重防效均在80%以上。在推荐用量下,对水稻安全。     

除草剂防除抛秧稻田杂草的效果

水稻抛秧省工、节本又省水,作为轻型栽培技术的主要方式之一,迅速在我市大面积推广。由于其栽培管理条件不同于常规移栽稻田,因此杂草的种类及其数量明显多于常规稻田。为了进一步明确抛秧稻田杂草的化除技术及其对水稻的影响,1997年我们在金沙镇马北村7组进行了多种除草剂防除抛秧稻田杂草试验。1材料与方法1．1供试材料30％丁·苄WP（如东农药厂产）,60％丁草胺EC南通化工厂产）,36％二氯·苄WF（常州农药厂产）,96％禾大壮EC（捷利康公司产）,36％水旱灵EC（如皋化工厂产）,90％高杀草丹EC（日本住友公司产）,10％苄黄隆…     

中稻抛秧田化学除草剂筛选试验

抛秧作为一种新的栽培方式,以其省种省工增产的优势被广大群众接受,栽培面积不断扩大。但是由于抛秧田秧苗与杂草同步生长,杂交稻秧苗数量少,杂草数量多;秧田前期浅水灌溉,肥料较多,阳光充足,十分有利于杂草萌发生长。本市抛秧田主要杂草是稗草、四叶萍、眼子菜、...     

16%抛秧保防除水稻抛秧田杂草效果及对水稻产量的影响

１６％抛秧保可湿性粉剂的有效成份为苄黄隆和乙草胺。但施用苄·乙除草剂防除水稻抛秧田杂草的试验,报道较少。为此,我们于１９９９年５～７月进行了１６％抛秧保防除早稻抛秧田杂草的效果试验,现将结果总结如下。 １材料与方法 １．１供试药剂 １６％抛秧保可湿性粉剂（浙     

昭平县早稻免耕抛秧田杂草发生特点及防除措施

近年来,昭平县水稻生产围绕高产、优质、提高效益的总目标,大面积推广应用免耕抛秧等栽培技术,大大提高了劳动生产率,促进了水稻生产的高效发展,深受广大农户欢迎。免耕抛秧具有省工节本、简便易行、缓和季节矛盾、减少水土流失、保护土壤结构、保护土壤微生物群落、促进生态平衡等优点;     

小春免耕除草剂的选择及应用技术

稻茬田不经翻耕 ,直接撬窝移栽油菜和播种小麦的免耕栽培方法以其省工省时、节本增效而被广大农户采用。在四川 ,免耕栽培面积不断扩大 ,免耕配套技术也更加科学、规范。怎样正确选择免耕除草剂和掌握好免耕除草剂的应用技术 ,是确保免耕化除效果的关键。现将免耕除草剂的选择原则和应用技术介绍如下 :1　正确选择免耕除草剂的原则1.1　必须是灭生性广谱除草剂　因为免耕田杂草发生早 ,生长快 ,如川西水稻收割约 10d后开始萌发 ,13～ 2 0d为萌发高峰期。到作物播栽前 ,草籽萌发出土达 81%～ 85 % ;密度大 ;种类多 ,常见种类 2 5种以上 ,如果…     

不同栽培方式对水稻主要病虫发生为害的影响

目前,我地水稻栽培方式复杂,习惯人工移栽、小苗机插、旱育免耕抛秧、盘育免耕抛秧、油林直播等。本试验研究了不同的栽插方式水稻主要病虫害发生情况,分析了不同栽插方式的影响,以期指导农业生产。1材料方法1.1试验安排试验地选在沙洋县毛李镇乔院村,供试品种     

助剂在除草剂减量防治玉米田杂草中的应用效果

为研究添加助剂对除草剂减量增效的影响,选择3种助剂与不同用量的硝·烟·莠去津进行组合,开展玉米田除草试验。结果表明,在相同用药量下,添加助剂可提高硝·烟·莠去津的除草效果,在药剂减量20%时,添加助剂哈速腾的处理总草株防效为各处理中最高,达92.33%,较不加助剂的处理高出16.66个百分点,较常量不加助剂的处理高出6.33个百分点;在药剂减量30%时,添加助剂的处理防效仍显著高于不加助剂的处理,与常量不加助剂处理的防效也无显著差异。在与助剂配合使用时,30%硝·烟·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂的制剂用量可较常规用量减少30%,以2 100 mL/hm²进行喷施;在3种供试助剂中,哈速腾的增效作用更明显。     

拜耳开发的04H除草剂在谷类作物中的应用情况

拜耳作物科学公司新开发的杀灭禾本科杂草除草剂04H已用Atlantis WG商品名(Atlantis的有效成份为mesosulfuron iodosulfuron，WG为可湿性粉剂)投入市场，但当Velcourt公司以systemX的程序在2003年谷物中试用时，却得到较差的效果。拜耳公司仍相信此产品能3倍增强其代谢物和耙标点抵抗blackgrass、ryegrass和meadow brome杂草的能力。     

Development of herbicides for paddy rice in Japan

The history of the development of herbicides for mechanized paddy rice production in Japan can be characterized by a combination of products with several ingredients, by large availability in formulation, and by application methods for labor saving in accordance with natural and social conditions of the country, for instance, around 40% of national land located in hilly and mountainous areas, small size paddy fields consolidated in approximately 0.3 ha on average and so on. As for combination products, one‐shot herbicides that can control both annual and perennial weeds, including grasses, sedges and broadleaved weeds, mainly with sulfonylureas have been a major means of rice production since the 1980s. One‐shot herbicides have been improved by using newly developed chemicals with excellent herbicidal efficacy, such as acetolactate synthase (ALS), 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4‐HPPD), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) and very‐long‐chain fatty acid elongase (VLCFAE) inhibitors, and by combining ingredients that are effective against sulfonylurea‐resistant (SU‐R) biotypes of lowland weeds. The latest type of one‐shot herbicides can control noxious species such as Eleocharis kuroguwai as well as other ordinal species. Regarding herbicide formulation, “1 kg granule,” “Jumbo,” “Flowable,” “Diffusion granule” and so on have been developed to save farmers the troubles of applying herbicides. As for application methods, “at‐transplanting application,” “at‐irrigation inlet application” and utilization of radio‐controlled helicopters or boats were put into practical use as labor‐saving technology. As a result, farmers were spared the severe hand‐weeding work under blazing heat during the summer season. Japan Association for Advancement of Phyto‐Regulators (JAPR) have promoted and contributed to the development of herbicides through collaboration with agrochemical companies and research organizations since it was founded in 1964. In this paper, I explain the development progress of herbicide using materials on the mode of action, the trend of one‐shot herbicides, the feature of a labor‐saving formulation and the working hours for weed management in rice production.     

抛秧星等在机插稻田除草的效果及安全性

水稻机插秧是省时、省力、节本、增收的一种先进的栽培方式。然而机插大田杂草危害比较严重。考虑到机插小苗使用除草剂的安全性及对杂草的防除效果，我们承担了南通市农机局下达的关于水稻机插大田化学除草的药剂筛选试验。     

Metabolism and selectivity of rice herbicides in plants

Chemical weed control with effective and highly active herbicides has been very useful and convenient means. It has contributed to stable crop production and is labor saving. Recent herbicides have had characteristics such as high effectiveness without causing environmental pollution or harmful effects, and appropriate herbicides having high activity, low toxicity, high selectivity and being non-persistent have been developed. The metabolism of rice herbicides used mainly in Japan, such as sulfonylurea, chloroacetamide, acylamide, urea, thiocarbamate, pyrazole, triazine, diphenyl ether, phthalimide, phenoxy, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, etc., is reviewed, and its involvement in selectivity is also discussed. The metabolism of herbicides is closely related to their activity and selectivity. Differential herbicide metabolism in plants is a contributing factor of selectivity between crops and weeds. Chemicals that are more detoxified in crops and/or more activated or less detoxified in weeds are considered as being effective and selective herbicides. The metabolism of various types of rice herbicides includes: oxidative reaction (ring and chain hydroxylation, O - and N -dealkylation), hydrolysis and subsequent glucose conjugation, and glutathione conjugation in rice. These detoxicative activities are much higher in rice than weeds in paddies, and this leads to the selectivity of herbicides. Enzymes, oxidase, P-450 mono-oxygenase, esterase, acylamidase, glucosyl transferase, glutathione transferase, etc., play important roles in herbicide metabolism and selectivity.     

Historical review of rice herbicides in Japan

A historical review on rice herbicides in Japan was conducted. Rice cropping patterns (transplantation and flooded or dry‐direct seedings) are described, followed by a comparison of the economics of hand weeding and herbicide use. Changes of herbicide chemicals, formulations and application methods are also described. Weeds resistant even to herbicides designed for use with rice agriculture were found. Mode of action and selectivity mechanism of these herbicides are discussed from the standpoint of fish toxicity, which is especially important in rice culture. Finally, a view for the future is presented.     

氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的残留及消解特性

建立了一种快速、灵敏、可靠的用于分析稻田环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留的方法,同时研究了氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的消解特性。田间样品经液-液分配及优化的Qu ECh ERS方法提取及净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行定性、定量分析。结果表明:添加水平分别在0.002~0.5 mg/kg下,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株空白样品中的平均添加回收率为70%~101%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.7%~9.1%,其在田水、土壤和水稻植株中的最低检测浓度分别为0.002、0.005和0.01 mg/kg。该方法可满足水稻及其环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留量的检测要求。消解动态试验结果表明,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解过程符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为4.8~7.7 d、5.2~8.3 d和1.5~15.4 d,属于易消解农药。     

Development and promotion of laborsaving application technology for paddy herbicides in Japan

Total labor time on paddy rice has been decreasing year by year with the development and introduction of appropriate herbicides, especially ‘one‐shot' herbicides. However, in the case of application of granules, it is still difficult for a farmer to apply herbicides while carrying heavy power backpack sprayers. New formulation recipes and different application technology such as a throw‐in type formulation on jumbo granules or flowable has improved heavy workloads in comparison with granule application by using heavy power backpack sprayers. In addition, other advantageous points such as application volume and elimination of the drift problems of this new application technology were introduced and confirmed. As a result of this introduction, these formulations were used in 830 000 ha and reached 30% of the total treatment area in paddy rice in 2000.     

环戊噁草酮在稻田中的残留及消解动态

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水中环戊草酮残留的分析方法,结合田间试验研究了环戊草酮在稻田中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:在0.01～1 mg/L范围内,环戊草酮的质量浓度与相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系。在0.02、0.05和0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,环戊草酮在糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水样品中的平均回收率在75%～95%之间,相对标准偏差在1.5%～9.5%之间,检出限 (LOD) 为0.01 ng,在糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水中的最低检出浓度 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。浙江、山东和湖南3地2年的田间试验表明:环戊草酮在稻秆和土壤中的半衰期分别为4.2～9.0 d和7.0～11.6 d,其消解规律符合一级反应动力学方程。分别以有效成分含量375(低剂量) 和562.5 g/hm2(高剂量)2个剂量施用90 g/L环戊草酮悬浮剂1次,于收获成熟期采样检测发现,环戊草酮在糙米中的最终残留量均小于0.02 mg/kg,该研究结果可为制定环戊草酮在糙米中的最大残留限量值 (MRL) 提供数据支撑。     

五氟磺草胺在稻田中的消解动态及残留特性

建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中残留的分析方法,结合田间试验研究了五氟磺草胺在稻田环境中的消解及残留特性,并对稻米中五氟磺草胺残留的膳食暴露进行了初步评估。结果表明:在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内,五氟磺草胺的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好线性关系,检出限（LOD）为0.001~0.002 mg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.003~0.005 mg/kg。在0.005~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,五氟磺草胺在水稻植株、稻田土壤、田水和糙米中的平均回收率在89%~106%之间,相对标准偏差在2.8%~8.5%之间。浙江、福建和黑龙江2年3地的田间试验表明:0.025%五氟磺草胺颗粒剂在水稻植株、稻田土壤和田水中的消解半衰期分别为1.5~3.3,3.0~4.7和1.6-3.0 d,说明该药剂在稻田环境中消解速率较快。以五氟磺草胺有效成分含量37.5和56.3 g/hm2分别施药1次,于水稻成熟期采样检测,发现其在糙米中的残留量低于0.005 mg/kg,表明其膳食摄入风险很低,该研究结果可为五氟磺草胺风险评估提供一定参考。     

噁唑酰草胺及其代谢物在水稻上的残留

为探明噁唑酰草胺及其3个代谢物(N-(2-氟苯基)-2-(4-羟基苯氧基)-N-甲基丙酰胺(HPFMPA)、N-(2-氟苯基)-2-羟基-N-甲基丙酰胺(HFMPA)和6-氯-苯并噁唑酮(6-CBO))在水稻上的最终残留量,在我国10个主要水稻产区开展了噁唑酰草胺的田间残留试验.建立了糙米、稻壳和稻秆中噁唑酰草胺及其代...     

不同除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响

为了明确除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响,2001～2004年,连续4年施用7种稻田除草剂控制移栽稻田杂草,每年调查稻田杂草的种类、密度和鲜重,分析稻田杂草种群的变化.结果表明：连续使用同一除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替影响显著,靶标杂草的优势度值与药剂使用年限存在显著的线性或非线性关系：Y=a＋bx或Y=ax^2＋bx＋c;非靶标杂草优势度值与药剂使用年限呈极显著正相关线性关系.不同药剂处理的杂草群落有一定的差异,连续使用二元复配除草剂,杂草群落的均匀度和多样性指数分别为0.40～0.43和1.57～1.84,明显低于单剂处理和对照区,田间主要杂草是陌上菜、水苋、千金子和水莎草,其杂草的鲜重显著低于其它处理.