四种除草剂对稻田杂草防除试验

四种除草剂对稻田杂草防除试验陆兆庆（邕宁县四塘镇农技站５３０２１６）化学除草作为降低劳动强度，提高生产效率的主要手段，得到了广泛的推广应用。当前，市场上的稻田除草剂种类较多，为了进一步了解各种除草剂对稻田杂草的防除效果，找出适合本地情况的使用技术，作...     

几种超高效除草剂对移栽稻田杂草防除的比较试验

二苯醚类的果尔、桉树脑类的艾割及磺酰脲类的农得时、草克星均是高活性水田除草剂,且除果尔外,均是八十年代后开发的新品种,对上述四种药剂,国内已先后有不少人作了详细的研究.但尚未见有将四者同时作比较,为了明确上述各药在广西或南亚热带稻区的经济有效剂量、安全性及其特性,我们特将其对移栽稻田杂草的控制效应作了一次比较试验,现将结果整理如下.     

几种除草剂防除抛秧稻田杂草的效果评价

水稻抛秧栽培是近年来推广的一项轻型栽培新技术,具有省工、节本、增产等特点。由于抛秧时苗小,生长慢,前期要求浅水层管理,这有利于杂草萌发和生长。而且抛秧苗易倒伏,根外露,如果按照常规方法进行化学除草,易造成药害。同时由于抛秧使秧苗在田间呈散乱分布,为人...     

新型除草剂ZJ0453防除直播稻田杂草效果

直播稻田杂草由于出苗早、生长空间大、发生数量多,因而危害严重。因缺乏兼治稗草及阔叶草的除草剂,目前生产上需2～3种除草剂混用或复配加以防除,不仅用药量大、成本高,而且对环境影响大。ZJ0453是由国家南方农药创制中心浙江省基地与浙江省农科院合作创制的一种新型除草剂,具有杀草谱广、用药量低等优点。为此,作者于2001年在浙     

省力宝等除草剂防除移栽稻田杂草效果

在浙南地区,移栽稻田主要有稗草、矮慈菇、鸭舌草、四叶萍、水莎草、陌上菜等一年生和多年生单、双子叶杂草,发生量大,危害严重。１９９９年我们在平阳县进行了１０%省力宝等除草剂防除移栽稻田杂草效果及水稻安全性的试验,效果理想,现将结果总结如下。一、材料与方法１．...     

日本稻田用除草剂的现状及发展

日本水稻种植面积为205万公顷,以机械插秧为主。直播稻处于试验和推广阶段。水稻种植人口约占全国人口的15％。日本水稻田杂草有43科191种,恶性杂草30余种。以化学除草为主,占世界稻田使用除草剂金额的65％。1960年日本农药总销额236亿日元,1989年3617亿日元,29年增长15.3倍。其中除草剂1960年占农药8.1％,1989年占农药32.4％(表1)。1989年稻田用农药1506亿日元,其中除草剂648亿日元,占43％,使用面积449万公     

稻思达防除稻田杂草的试验

稻思达（商品名TOPSTAR）是法国罗纳普朗克公司研制开发的新型芽期选择性稻田除草剂。近几年进入国内市场。该除草剂对移栽稻具有杀草谱广、安全性好、施药简便等特点。为了探明该药对本地移栽稻田杂草的防陈效果和对水稻的安全性,我们在早稻上进行了防治试验。1材料与方法1．     

不同除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响

为了明确除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响,2001～2004年,连续4年施用7种稻田除草剂控制移栽稻田杂草,每年调查稻田杂草的种类、密度和鲜重,分析稻田杂草种群的变化.结果表明：连续使用同一除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替影响显著,靶标杂草的优势度值与药剂使用年限存在显著的线性或非线性关系：Y=a＋bx或Y=ax^2＋bx＋c;非靶标杂草优势度值与药剂使用年限呈极显著正相关线性关系.不同药剂处理的杂草群落有一定的差异,连续使用二元复配除草剂,杂草群落的均匀度和多样性指数分别为0.40～0.43和1.57～1.84,明显低于单剂处理和对照区,田间主要杂草是陌上菜、水苋、千金子和水莎草,其杂草的鲜重显著低于其它处理.     

Promising herbicides for weed control in chickpea

Abstract

Chickpea suffers severe competition due to Chenopodium album L. infestation. Two to three hoeings are generally given to check C. album but increasing labour costs and scarcity of farm labour make the manual weeding difficult. Usage of herbicides appears to be a logical solution. Pre‐emergence applications of pendimethalin or ametryn alone at 1.5 kg ai ha^?1 or one handweeding at 35–40 days after seeding following either 1 kg ai ha^?1 of pendimethalin, ametryn or fluchloralin or metribuzin at 0.3 kg ai ha^?1 applied pre‐emergence gave effective control of C. album and seed yields similar to clean‐weeded chickpeas. There was an 84% reduction in seed yield of chickpea without weeding.     

亚麻田化学除草剂药效试验报告

用56％2甲4氯钠盐50g／667m^2 5％精喹禾灵乳油50ml/667m^2、17．5％油草双克乳油100ml/667m^2、50％敌草隆可湿性粉剂50g／667m^2 56％2甲4氯钠盐50g／667m^2、50％扑草净可湿性粉剂50g/667m^2 56％2甲4氯钠盐50g／667m^2，对亚麻生长安全，除草效果好。     

A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces

Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces.     

3种除草剂对水稻旱直播阔叶杂草防效及安全性研究

为明确不同除草剂茎叶处理对旱直播水稻田旱生阔叶杂草防除及安全性的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,选用30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS、84%氯酯磺草胺WG、480 g/L灭草松AS 3种除草剂在水稻4叶期、5叶期施用,施药后每间隔7 d测定杂草株防效、鲜重防效和水稻目测药害,同步测定水稻生长指标和抗逆酶活性。结果表明:30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2在水稻4叶期的杂草防效最佳,第28天杂草株防效及鲜重防效仍可达93.55%和96.42%,且对大龄鸭跖草防效显著,施药后水稻生长与人工除草相比无显著差异。叶片SOD、POD活性和MDA含量均先升后降,至施药后28 d恢复正常。30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2可高效防除阔叶杂草,该药剂在水稻4叶期和5叶期施用对旱直播水稻安全。     

Evaluation of herbicides for selective weed control in grafted watermelons

Grafted watermelon is a combination of two plants, aCucurbita rootstock and a watermelon scion. Therefore, weed control for this crop faces a unique problem: the safety of the selected herbicide has to be tested for both plants that make up the grafted plant. In the current study, we evaluated the usage safety of selected herbicides forCucurbita rootstocks as well as for non-grafted and grafted watermelons, and the control ofAmaranthus retroflexus by the same herbicides. In addition, the residual effect of the herbicides was tested for seeded and transplanted melons representing the next crop following cultivation of the grafted watermelons. The herbicides ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, ethalfluralin, sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were chosen for their potential to controlA. retroflexus. Pendimethalin and trifluralin were less effective than the other herbicides in controllingA. retroflexus; sulfentrazone, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were not safe for use on the tested cucurbits and thus cannot be recommended for weed control in grafted watermelons. Therefore, by eliminating the herbicides that are toxic to cucurbits and those that are ineffective forA. retroflexus control, it was concluded that the herbicides ethalfluralin and oxyfluorfen can be considered effective and safe for weed control in grafted watermelons. It was shown that trifluralin and oxyfluorfen have the potential to be applied effectively through the drip irrigation system. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.     

胡萝卜田苗后杂草化学防除药剂筛选

为探究安全、高效的胡萝卜田苗后杂草化学防除技术,采用盆钵法研究了13种苗后茎叶处理除草剂对胡萝卜的室内安全性,并对筛选得到的苗后除草剂进行了初步的田间药效及安全性试验。结果表明：供试13种除草剂中扑草净对胡萝卜的安全性较好,在225 g（a.i.）/hm²剂量下,胡萝卜苗的鲜重为53.61 g,与对照无显著差异,未出现药害反应;在450、750 g（a.i.）/hm²剂量下分别出现了1级和2级的低级别药害反应;而噁草酮、氰草津、嘧啶肟草醚、双草醚、辛酰溴苯腈、乙氧氟草醚、乙羧氟草醚、咪唑乙烟酸、灭草松、噻吩磺隆、双氟磺草胺和氯吡嘧磺隆在推荐剂量下,对胡萝卜鲜重抑制率为19.30%~100.00%,出现了3~5级的药害反应。扑草净对胡萝卜田杂草有较好的防效,在剂量为450~600 g（a.i.）/hm²时对胡萝卜田杂草总体的株防效和鲜重防效均达到80.56%以上,且对胡萝卜安全,无药害反应。胡萝卜田苗后杂草化学防除建议使用450~600 g（a.i.）/hm²扑草净进行茎叶喷雾处理,可达到对禾本科和阔叶杂草的有效防除,且对胡萝卜安全。     

Interaction between glyphosate and various herbicides for broadleaved weed control

The effects of several herbicides for broadleaved weed control on glyphosate (n-phosphonomethyl glycine) phytotoxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.) were studied in the greenhouse. In tank mixtures, dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid) and bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy benzonitrile) reduced the phytotoxicity of threshold rates of glyphosate on all three species. With increasing rates of the herbicides for broadleaved weed control relative to a fixed rate of glyphosate, there was a general trend towards increased antagonism. Increasing glyphosate rates above the threshold level in mixtures containing a fixed rate of herbicides for broadleaved weed control overcame the antagonism. Both the inert and active ingredients of 2,4-D amine and ester appeared to be involved in the antagonism. There was no reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity on the annual grasses when 2,4-D or bromoxynil were sprayed sequentially at various times in relation to glyphosate. When droplets of bromoxynil and glyphosate were placed side by side on a leaf, glyphosate phytotoxicity was not reduced, whereas when the two herbicides were mixed and applied as one droplet, considerable reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity occurred. These results suggest that the reduction in glyphosate phytotoxicity caused by tank mixing with herbicides such as 2,4-D, bromoxynil and dicamba may be due to a physical or chemical incompatability within the tank mixture rather than to a biological interaction in the plant.     

防除玉米田苗后杂草除草剂的选择

玉米田杂草发生种类较多，危害重，本地区常年使用土壤封闭型除草剂在玉米播种后至出苗前喷雾来防除杂草，但因气候、除草剂特性等因素影响，玉米出苗后仍有许多杂草发生，并造成一定的危害。如何在玉米出苗后应用除草剂防除杂草，是需要解决的问题。     

Constraints in implementing biological weed control: A review

Biological weed control is a selective, environment-friendly process, utilizing host-specific control agents towards targeted weeds that prevent damage to non-target crops or native plants. The objective of biological control for weeds is not to eradicate but, rather, to regulate weed populations below levels that cause economic injury. There has been criticism that biological weed control research efforts aim to substitute one purchased input (a bioherbicide) for another (a chemical herbicide). It is essential to remember that 'bioherbicides' and 'biological weed control' are not synonymous. Biological control of weeds involves using any organism to reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of weed populations, whereas bioherbicides utilize plant pathogens repeatedly. The integration of herbicides, both chemical and biological, into ecologically based weed management is an essential process for the sustainability of agriculture. Throughout this review, the constraints affecting the implementation of biological weed control are described. Greater understanding of the morphology, phenology and genetic diversity of targeted weeds is emphasized and the need to examine all aspects related to biocontrol agents is stressed. Improved technologies, better public support and financial aid, and more scientific interest, will all contribute to the progress of the 'science of biological weed control'.