胰岛素、胰高血糖素对体外培养脂肪细胞FAS mRNA表达的影响

为阐明胰岛素、胰高血糖素与脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）的关系,在体外培养良好的脂肪细胞中添加不同浓度的胰岛素（INS）、胰高血糖素（GLU）,每个激素设置6个浓度梯度,培养12h后,通过荧光定量PCR技术,观测胰岛素、胰高血糖素对FAS mRNA丰度的影响。结果显示,胰岛素促进了FAS mRNA的表达,而胰高血糖素抑制了FAS mRNA的表达。结果表明,胰岛素和胰高血糖素能直接调控肝细胞中FAS mRNA的表达。     

Mechanism of insulin action on glucose metabolism in ruminants

This review presents a brief overview on the mechanism of insulin action on glucose metabolism at the molecular basis in ruminants. For ruminants, an exact mechanism of insulin on glucose metabolism is still rudimentary, but it is clear that originally, if not all, the mechanism of insulin action in ruminants was the same as in other species. Like non‐ruminants, the insulin‐sensitive glucose transporter GLUT 4 is thought to be a key‐protein in the control of glucose uptake and metabolism in ruminants, and insulin regulates glucose transport by stimulating the translocation of GLUT 4 from an intracellular membrane pool to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and muscles. Moreover, insulin‐induced GLUT 4 translocation is activated through the common intracellular signaling pathway of insulin phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) signaling pathway rather than the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)‐dependent signaling pathway. However, GLUT 4 mRNA and protein, and insulin‐induced GLUT 4 translocation on adipocytes and muscles in ruminants are lower than those in rodents and human subjects. Furthermore, insulin‐induced PI3‐kinase activation is reduced concomitantly with the lower content of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) in ruminants. In spite of normal status, a resistance to the stimulatory action of insulin on glucose metabolism in ruminants as compared to non‐ruminants may be due to, at least in part, the lower content of GLUT 4 and the lower capacity of insulin signal transduction, resulting to the lower glucose transport activity.     

Comparison of insulin signaling gene expression in insulin sensitive tissues between cats and dogs

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease in cats and dogs with increasing prevalence. Type 1 DM appears to be the most common form of diabetes in dogs whereas Type 2 DM prevails for cats. Since insulin resistance is more frequently encountered in cats than dogs, our laboratory was interested in determining whether differences at the insulin signaling pathway level and differences in glucose and lipid metabolism could be observed between cats and dogs. Insulin resistance has been positively correlated to insulin signaling pathway abnormalities. As such, this study measured insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) P-85α mRNA expression levels in classical insulin-responsive sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and abdominal fat) and peripheral leukocytes between cats and dogs by qRT-PCR. Different tissues were sampled because it is currently unknown where insulin-resistance arises from. In addition, enzymes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) were also assessed since glucose and lipid metabolism differs between cats and dogs. Overall, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3-K, MDH, G6DPH, and FAS mRNA tissue expression profiles demonstrated different levels of expression, in various tissues for both canines and felines, which was expected. No distinct expression pattern emerged; however, differences were noted between canines and felines. In addition, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3-K, MDH, G6DPH, and FAS mRNA expression was significantly higher in canine versus feline tissues, including peripheral leukocytes. Remarkable differences in insulin signaling gene expression between felines and canines indicate that cats may have an underlying low insulin sensitivity level due to low IRS-1, IRS-2, and PI3-K P-85α mRNA expression levels which would predispose cats to develop insulin resistance. Moreover, differences in glucose and lipid metabolism related gene expression (MDH, G6DPH, and FAS) demonstrate that felines have an overall lower metabolic rate in various tissues which may be attributed to overall lower insulin signaling gene expression and a lack of physical activity as compared to canines. Therefore, a combination of genetic and environmental factors appears to make felines more prone to suffer from insulin resistance and type 2 DM than canines.     

不同日龄猪腹脂中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因表达规律的研究

从猪腹脂中提取总RNA，用RT-PCR扩增脂肪酸合成酶基因（FAS），获得一条206bp的片段，以pGEM-TEasyvector为载体，将该基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌E.coli DH5α，筛选阳性克隆并测序。测序结果表明，得到的片段为FAS基因的部分序列，与GenBank中登录的猪FAS基因（AY183428）494～699之间序列同源性达到100％。以FAS基因片段的克隆为基础，构建了优化的半定量RT-PCR法，以18S rRNA为内标，研究从1日龄到28周龄杜长大腹脂中FAS基因表达的规律。结果显示，从1日龄到28周龄，FAS基因在腹脂mRNA水平呈逐渐升高的趋势；统计分析发现，1日龄与28周龄FAS在腹脂中mRNA水平存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。     

MAP3K5基因在畜禽剩余采食量表型调控中的研究进展

随着分子遗传学的发展,已经鉴定出了影响剩余采食量(RFI)的大量数量性状位点和候选基因。有丝分裂原活化蛋白3激酶5(MAP3K5),也称凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1),属于MAPK超家族基因之一。目前,已有细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-Jun N-末端激酶(JNK)和p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38-MAPK)这3个MAPK家族成员在哺乳动物细胞中被克隆和鉴定,其主要作用机制是介导3条MAPKs信号通路,从而影响家畜的生长、体型及产奶性状等。课题组在前期对RFI的研究中筛选出与牛剩余采食量相关的MAP3K5基因,但其功能作用尚不明确,笔者在此基础上回顾了该基因的结构、生物学功能,概述了该基因在主要畜禽采食量变异及人类肥胖表型中的功能及作用,并从遗传学的角度重点分析了MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的可能机制。通过对MAP3K5基因在畜禽RFI表型调控中的研究进展进行综述,期望为后期深入开展MAP3K5基因在畜禽采食量性状调控中的分子机制研究提供思路;对于其他可能通过MAP3K5基因影响畜禽表型的因素(如肠道菌群)有待进一步探讨。     

从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中相关基因的表达研究

试验旨在探讨从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中相关基因的表达。采集3日龄从江香猪背最长肌,采用Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离肌内前体脂肪细胞,进行原代和传代培养,并对其进行形态学观察。诱导培养后,利用油红O染色法对其进行鉴定。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测细胞诱导分化0、24、48、72和144 h时脂肪相关基因丙酮酸脱氢酶激4（PDK4）、成纤维细胞生长因子10（FGF10）、脂联素（ADIPOQ）、脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）、脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α（C/EBPα）、脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白4（FABP4）、蛋白激酶B（AKT2）的表达,选择诱导0 h作为对照组。结果显示,分离的肌内前体脂肪细胞5 h开始贴壁,贴壁的细胞呈圆形,胞体透明,经传代后,细胞形态均一,经诱导培养后,油红染色呈红色。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,PDK4、ADIPOQ、C/EBPα、FAS、FABP4和AKT2基因mRNA表达水平在诱导48 h时均呈现较高表达,极显著高于其余各阶段（P<0.01）;FGF10基因mRNA表达水平在诱导24和48 h时均较高;LPL基因mRNA表达水平在诱导72 h时极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,之后明显下降;PDK4、ADIPOQ和FGF10基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;C/EBPα基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;FAS基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;AKT2和LPL基因mRNA表达水平在诱导144 h时与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。本试验成功培养了从江香猪肌内前体脂肪细胞,并检测了不同诱导阶段脂肪相关基因的表达情况,为进一步研究从江香猪脂肪代谢和沉积提供参考依据。     

INS、GLN和LP对体外培养牛脂肪细胞内HSL、LP的mRNA丰度的影响

为了阐明胰岛素（INS）、胰高血糖素（GLN）和瘦蛋白（LP）对牛脂肪细胞内激素敏感酯酶（HSL）、LP的mRNA表达的调控作用，本试验采用体外原代培养牛脂肪细胞的培养液中添加不同浓度的胰岛素（0、5、10、20、50、100mmol／L）、胰高血糖素（O、25、100、200、500、1000pg／mL）和瘦蛋白（O、2．5、5、10、50、100ng／mL），培养12h后，应用建立的实时荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）方法检测牛脂肪细胞内HSL、LP的mRNA丰度。结果表明：胰岛素对牛脂肪细胞内HSL的mRNA表达呈现剂量依赖性抑制作用，对LP的mRNA表达呈现剂量依赖性促进作用。胰高血糖素对牛脂肪细胞内HSL的mRNA表达呈现剂量依赖性促进作用，对牛脂肪细胞内LP的mRNA表达无作用。瘦蛋白对牛脂肪细胞内HSL的mRNA表达先呈现剂量依赖性促进作用，后呈现抑制作用。但对牛脂肪细胞内LP的mRNA表达呈现剂量依赖性抑制作用。     

猪MAP3K5基因CDS序列克隆及生物信息学分析

试验克隆了猪MAP3K5基因cDNA序列,分析了猪MAP3K5基因与MAP3K家族及其他物种MAP3K5基因的序列同源性,并研究了其保守结合域。通过RACE-PCR扩增获得猪MAP3K5基因5 452 bp的序列,并分析其可能的开放阅读框及预测蛋白序列,获得了MAP3K5基因31个外显子结构。通过比对发现,猪MAP3K5基因与MAP3K家族其他成员的mRNA及蛋白质序列的同源性较低,均在50%以下,其中猪MAP3K5与MAP3K6基因序列的同源性相对较高;猪MAP3K5基因与其他物种的MAP3K5基因的mRNA及蛋白质序列的同源性较高,均在78%以上,其中猪MAP3K5基因与牛、绵羊、犬和人的MAP3K5基因序列的同源性较高。对与猪MAP3K5序列同源性更高的蛋白质进行保守结构域分析,发现MAP3K6与MAP3K5的保守域和结合位点类似,其他MAP3K家族成员与MAP3K5的结构域差别较大;而其他物种的MAP3K5与猪MAP3K5相比保守结构域和结合位点相似。结果初步表明了猪MAP3K5序列和结构域特点,可为后续MAP3K5基因的功能研究奠定基础。     

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of MAP3K5 Gene CDS Sequence in Pig

In this study,we cloned MAP3K5 gene cDNA sequence,compared the sequence of MAP3K5 with MAP3K families in pig and other species,and studied their conservative structure domain.Obtained the full-length of MAP3K5 gene (5 452 bp) by RACE-PCR,predicted the open reading frame (ORF) and amino acid (AA) sequence,and obtained the information of 31 exons.The low similarity were found in mRNA and amino acid sequences of MAP3K families in pig (<50%).And MAP3K5 had the comparatively high similarity with MAP3K6 in pig.The comparative analyzed the mRNA and protein sequence of pig MAP3K5 gene with other species MAP3K5 gene,founded that the ten species of MAP3K5 mRNA and protein sequence had the high similarity (>78%),and pig MAP3K5 had the comparatively high similarity with Bos taurus,Ovis aries,Canis lupus and Homo sapiens.Function domain analyzed the high similarity protein with MAP3K5 in pig,this research found that pig MAP3K6 protein had the similar conserved function domain with pig MAP3K5.However,the other pig MAP3K families didn't have the similar conserved function domain with pig MAP3K5.The ten species of MAP3K5 protein had the similar conserved function domain.The results obtained the sequence and molecular structure of MAP3K5 gene,and provided an important foundation for further function research of MAP3K5 gene in pig.     

脐带间充质干细胞通过类胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ介导的Janus激酶/信号转导及转录活化因子信号通路抑制奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡的体外研究

本试验旨在探究Janus激酶/信号转导及转录活化因子(JAK/STAT)信号通路是否参与脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSCs)通过类胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)抑制奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)凋亡的调节。将UC-MSCs和BMECs利用TranswellTM小室双层共培养,以BMECs单纯培养为对照,给予类胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)抑制剂AG1024进行干预,并用信号阻断剂AG490处理细胞,24 h后采用实时荧光定量PCR检测各组细胞B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病基因伴随蛋白x(Bax)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)基因的相对表达丰度,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。结果表明:UC-MSCs和BMECs共培养组BMECs的凋亡率极显著低于其他各组(P0.01);UC-MSCs和BMECs共培养组Bcl-2基因的相对表达丰度较BMECs组极显著上调(P0.01),Caspase-3、Bax基因的相对表达丰度则显著或极显著下调(P0.05或P0.01);AG1024和AG490单独处理或二者共同处理升高了单独培养的BMECs和与UC-MSCs共培养的BMECs的凋亡率,并上调了Bax、Caspase-3基因的相对表达丰度,下调了Bcl-2基因的相对表达丰度,均具有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。由此得出,UC-MSCs能够通过IGF-Ⅰ介导JAK/STAT信号通路调节BMECs凋亡相关基因的表达,降低BMECs的凋亡率。     

猪糖原合酶激酶3β基因的克隆、染色体定位和组织表达谱分析

糖原合酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase 3β, GSK3β)是一种在机体内分布广泛且结构高度保守的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。本研究利用电子克隆的方法克隆了猪GSK3β(sGSK3β)基因的编码区序列;用猪－仓鼠体细胞辐射杂种板(IMpRH)对其进行了染色体定位;用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法,以10个不同组织样品cDNA为模板对sGSK3β的组织表达谱进行了分析。研究结果表明,sGSK3β基因的编码区有1263个核苷酸,编码420个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列与人、大鼠、小鼠和斑马鱼同源性分别为95.6%、98.8%、98.8%、93.3%;sGSK3β基因定位于猪的13q41-46,与标记SW1876紧密连锁。组织表达谱分析结果表明sGSK3β基因在猪的10种组织中存在着表达量的差异,在肝脏和肺脏中高表达,在脂肪、肾脏、脾脏、大脑和小脑中次之,而在心脏、胃和肌肉中只检测到本底表达。     

三黄鸡ST3Gal6基因的半定量RT-PCR及生物信息学分析

本研究旨在对三黄鸡ST3Gal6基因进行组织表达谱和生物信息学分析。参考三黄鸡ST3Gal6基因序列设计引物,采用PCR技术克隆三黄鸡ST3Gal6基因序列,并利用半定量RT-PCR进行组织表达谱分析;同时对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,克隆的三黄鸡ST3Gal6基因全长1169 bp,含有1059 bp的完整CDS编码区,编码352个氨基酸。其CDS编码区的核苷酸序列与人、黑猩猩、牛、大鼠、蟾ST3Gal6基因对应序列的同源性分别为62%、62%、61.9%、59%、54.4%。组织表达谱分析表明,ST3Gal6基因在各组织均不同程度地表达,其中在大脑表达量很高,肺脏中最低。生物信息学预测ST3Gal6蛋白结构发现,三黄鸡的ST3Gal6蛋白存在2个跨膜螺旋结构域,同时预测ST3Gal6存在22个磷酸化位点和1个特异性蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。     

Point mutations in BHV-1 Us3 gene abolish its ability to induce cytoskeletal changes in various cell types

The Us3 gene is conserved among alphaherpesviruses and codes for a protein kinase, a multifunctional protein involved in many phases of virus infection, like nuclear egress, modulation of apoptosis and modification of the cellular cytoskeleton. Bovine herpesvirus (BHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, contains an open reading frame homologous to Us3 of other herpesviruses, which has been identified as a serine/threonine kinase (Takashima, Y., Tamura, H., Xuan, X., Otsuka, H., 1999. Identification of the Us3 gene product of BHV-1 as a protein kinase and characterization of BHV-1 mutants of the Us3 gene. Virus Res. 59, 23–34). To study the activity of BHV-1 Us3, we have cloned its sequence under control of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) promoter/enhancer and introduced it into a recombinant baculovirus (Bac Us3). Confocal microscopy analysis showed profound cytoskeletal modifications in various BHV-1-permissive and non-permissive cells transduced with BacUs3. We observed that Us3 expression changed cellular shape and induced formation of long microtubule-containing cell projections, a phenomenon which had also been observed in cells expressing pseudorabies virus Us3. The intracellular localization of Us3 was mostly nuclear but when the protein accumulated it could be detected in the cytoplasm, cell membranes and projections. Mutated forms of BHV-1 Us3 with point mutations near or within the kinase catalytic domain did not affect cell morphology indicating that kinase activity of BHV-1 Us3 is required for its cytoskeleton remodelling function.     

Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 Genes in Cattle

In this study, the human GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 genes sequences in GenBank were chosen as probes to BLAST and got mRNA,and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of bovine GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 genes. The bovine GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 genes were amplified by sequencing assembling of ESTs and cDNA sequences using RT-PCR. Then,we analyzed encoding proteins of bovine GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 genes with bioinformatics methods. Sequence analysis showed that the bovine GUCY1A3 gene CDS sequence was 2 076 bp,which encoded 691 amino acids, and the bovine SFXN1 gene contained a CDS region of 969 bp, which encoded 322 amino acids. The GUCY1A3 protein contained a CYCc domain, and the phosphorylation sites located in threonine, serine and tyrosine residue. The subcellular localization of GUCY1A3 protein was in the cytoplasm and it did not belong to the secreted protein. The secondary structure of GUCY1A3 protein was mainly composed of alpha helix. The SFXN1 protein contained three transmembrane helical regions and one low complexity sequence, and the phosphorylation sites located in serine, tyrosine and threonine residue. The subcellular localization of SFXN1 protein was in the endoplasmic reticulum and membrane, and it belonged to the transmembrane protein. The secondary structure of SFXN1 was mainly composed of alpha helix. The results laid the foundation for further studies of expression regulation mechanism and function of GUCY1A3 and SFXN1 genes in cattle.     

牛GUCY1A3和SFXN1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

试验以人GUCY1A3和SFXN1基因序列为探针,BLAST获得同源性较高的牛的表达序列标签（ESTs）序列及部分mRNA序列。通过RT-PCR方法从牛肌肉及脑组织克隆cDNA序列与牛表达序列标签进行拼接,获得牛GUCY1A3和SFXN1基因,并对其进行了生物学特性分析。序列分析表明,牛GUCY1A3基因编码区长2 076 bp,编码691个氨基酸;牛SFXN1基因编码区长969 bp,编码322个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析表明,GUCY1A3蛋白磷酸化位点分布于丝氨酸（Ser）、酪氨酸（Tyr）和苏氨酸（Thr）残基上,主要分布在细胞质中,不属于分泌蛋白,二级结构预测以α螺旋为主,保守结构域含1个CYCc功能结构域;SFXN1蛋白磷酸化位点分布于丝氨酸（Ser）、酪氨酸（Tyr）和苏氨酸（Thr）残基上,主要分布在内质网和浆膜上,属于跨膜蛋白,二级结构以α螺旋为主,保守结构域含1段低复杂度序列和3段跨膜螺旋区。试验结果为进一步研究牛GUCY1A3和SFXN1基因的表达调控机制与功能奠定了基础。