气候因子对母猪繁殖性能的影响

对长白母猪两年533胎次4个繁殖性能指标与主要气候因子（月平均气温和相对湿度）的相关和曲线回归分析表明，母猪受胎率与月平均气温，相对湿度存在着显著的负相关关系（－0．505，－0．49，P＜0．05），且母猪的受胎率与月平均气温之间的相关性与相对湿度有关，月平均气温与窝产仔数，21日龄窝重呈负相关（－0．387，0-0.363)，而与仔猪的成活率呈正相关（0．352），但它们之间的相关关系均不显著（P＞0．05），母猪的受胎率与月平均气温之间存在着显著的曲线回归关系（P＜0．05），而与相对湿度的曲线回归方程无意义，母猪的窝产仔数，仔猪的成活率和21日龄窝重与月平均气温和相对湿度之间的曲线回归关系不显著（P＞0．05），在气温为2．4－36．6℃，相对湿度为61％－89％，的范围内，母猪的受胎率与月平均气8温之间的回归方程为：Y＝118．635e-^-0.0173x。     

不同繁殖季节对母猪产仔状况的影响

对广东省惠阳市某集约化养猪场1999年～2000年度的繁殖母猪(长白×大约克)窝产仔数进行调查分析，着重讨论不同繁殖季节对母猪窝产仔数的影响。924窝不同季节配种的母猪平均窝产仔数10．04头，第四季度配种的母猪(n=265)平均窝产仔数最高，为10．38头，第二季度配种的母猪(n=181)平均窝产仔数最低，为9．68头，两者差异显著(P<0．05)。510窝不同季节分娩的母猪平均窝产仔数为10．13头，第二季度分娩母猪(n=141)平均窝产仔数最高，为10．44头：第一季度分娩的母猪(n=109)最低，为9．72头，两者差异极显著(P<0、01)。母猪不同分娩季节对初生仔猪24小时成活率的影响明显，第四季度初生仔猪成活率最高，为95．45％；第二季度最低，为85．88％，两者差异显著(P<0．05)。结果表明，不同繁殖季节对母猪窝产仔数、初生仔猪成活率影响显著。     

猪骨调素基因多态性对产仔性状的影响

本文研究了骨调素基因对苏钟猪和二花脸猪繁殖性能的影响.93头母猪660多窝产仔数记录被用来分析骨调素基因型与总产仔数和产活仔数的关系.结果表明,二花脸猪经产总产仔数基因型158/142和170/152、168/140之间差异显著(P<0.05),产活仔数基因型158/142和170/152之间差异显著(P<0.05).苏钟猪头胎产活仔数基因型164/168和140/152、142/168、152/170之间差异显著(P<0.05),经产总产仔数基因型152/170和130/142之间差异显著(P<0.05).     

雌激素受体基因和骨调素基因对苏钟猪初生重和乳头数量的影响

本文研究了雌激素受体基因和骨调素基因对苏钟猪生长繁殖性能的影响.41头母猪120多窝产仔数记录用来分析雌激素受体和骨调素基因型对仔猪初生重、母猪乳头个数和仔猪乳头个数的影响.在母猪乳头个数方面,骨调素142/152和168/170、142/168基因型之间差异显著(P<0.05);在经产胎次中,仔猪初生重140/152和168/170、164/168、142/168、142/152基因型之间差异显著(P<0.05).母猪乳头个数雌激素受体AA型和AB型之间差异显著(P<0.05).     

LRH-A3对母猪繁殖性能的作用

应用LRH-A3对发情母猪进行处理,观察发情母猪的受胎率、产仔数及断奶时的成活率,与不使用激素处理的发情母猪进行比较。结果:对地方性品种(如东山猪、陆川猪等)母猪,应用LRH-A3处理无现实意义,与不使用激素的对照组相比,平均产仔数14.6头,差异显著(p<0.01);受胎率无显著差异(p>0.05),仔猪成活率比对照组低4.6个百分点,效果不理想。对经产的瘦肉型母猪,应用LRH-A3处理后,与对照组相比,平均产仔数12.3头,具有显著的差异性(p<0.01);受胎率86.7%,仔猪成活率93.8%,无显著差异(p>0.05),效果理想。对青年瘦肉型母猪,应用LRH-A3处理后,与对照组相比,平均产仔数10.6头,具有显著的差异性(p<0.01);受胎率83.3%,具有显著的差异性(p<0.01);仔猪成活率94.5%,差异不显著(p>0.05),效果最理想。     

得米先提高哺乳仔猪成活率的药效试验

选择46窝仔猪,每窝随机分为2组,试验组仔猪1日龄和7日龄分别肌注得米先0.5 mL/头,对照组则肌注生理盐水0.5 mL/头.结果试验组仔猪日增重与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),试验组仔猪发病及死亡率与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).表明得米先对仔猪的日增重影响不明显,但能有效提高仔猪的成活率,提高经济效益.     

不同繁殖季节对母猪产仔状况的影响

对广东省惠阳市某集约化养猪场1999-2000年度的繁殖母猪(长白×大约克)窝产仔数进行调查分析,着重讨论不同繁殖季节对母猪窝产仔数的影响。924窝不同季节配种的母猪平均窝产仔数10.04头,第四季度配种的母猪(n=265)平均窝产仔数最高,为10.38头;第二季度配种的母猪(n=181)平均窝产仔数最低,为9.68头,两者差异显著(p<0.05)。510窝不同季节分娩的母猪平均窝产仔数为10.13头,第二季度分娩的母猪(n=141)平均窝产仔数最高,为10.44头;第一季度分娩的母猪(n=109)最低,为9.72头,两者差异极显著(p<0.01)。母猪不同分娩季节对初生仔猪24 h成活率的影响明显,第四季度初生仔猪成活率最高,为95.45％;第二季度最低,为85.88％,两者差异显著(p<0.05)。结果表明,不同繁殖季节对母猪窝产仔数、初生仔猪成活率影响显著。     

不同配种方式对母猪受胎率产仔率的影响

本文对广东省某大型猪场1996-2000年大白、长白(长白占10％)纯繁母猪受胎率、分娩率资料，运用SPSS数据统计分析软件对资料进行分析、处理。结果表明，交配方式对母猪的受胎率影响不明显(P&gt;0.05)。但对母猪的分娩率有极显著(P&lt;0．01)的影响。     

LRH-A3对母猪繁殖性能的作用及效果观察

为了观察促排卵素3号（LRH-A3）对母猪繁殖性能的作用和效果，发情母猪配种前4—6h，用LRH-A3进行处理，并与不使用激素的发情母猪进行比较。结果地方品种母猪的受胎率、平均产仔数、仔猪成活率分别为93．3％、14．6头和89．5％。与对照组相比，母猪受胎率无显著差异（P〉0．05），平均产仔数显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），仔猪成活率比对照组低4．6％，差异显著（P〈0．01）。经产瘦肉型母猪的配种受胎率、平均产仔数、仔猪成活率分别为86．7％，12．3头和93．8％，与对照组相比，配种受胎率、仔猪成活率无显著性差异（P〉0．05），母猪平均产仔数显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。青年瘦肉型母猪的配种受胎率、平均产仔数、仔猪成活率分别为83．3％、10．6头和94．5％，与对照组相比，母猪的配种受胎率、平均产仔数均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），仔猪成活率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明，发情母猪配种前肌注LRH-A3后，青年瘦肉型母猪繁殖效果最理想，经产瘦肉型母猪次之，地方品种母猪不理想。     

山花黄芩提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

为了研究山花黄芩提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能及哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响,试验将320头长白×大白二元杂交母猪随机分为两组,每组80个重复,每个重复2头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加山花黄芩提取物,其中妊娠期添加150 g/t,哺乳期添加500 g/t,试验期为136 d(其中妊娠期115 d,哺乳期21 d),测定母猪繁殖性能指标(窝均产仔数、窝均健仔数、初生窝重、初生均重、窝均死胎数、窝均木乃伊数、窝均产无效仔数)、哺乳仔猪生长性能指标(窝均断奶仔猪数、窝均断奶成活率、21日龄断奶窝重、21日龄断奶仔猪均重、哺乳期窝均增重)、母猪采食量指标(母猪平均采食量、21日均采食量)、体况指标(母猪分娩背膘厚、母猪断奶背膘厚、背膘损失)、发情指标(断配间隔、断奶7 d发情率)。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组窝均健仔数显著增加(P<0.05),初生窝重极显著增加(P<0.01),窝均死胎数显著减少(P<0.05);窝均断奶仔猪数极显著增加(P<0.01);母猪平均采食量、21日均采食量、母猪断奶背膘厚均极显著增加(P<0.01),母猪背膘损失显著降低(P&l...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.