抑制家禽免疫功能的因素

<正> 免疫是家禽机体的一种特异性生理反应,通过识别和排除抗原性异物维持机体内外环境的稳定。家禽在其生长发育和生产过程中,必然会受到多种应激原刺激,这些应激因素不仅影响家禽的生长、发育、生存及生产性能,而且对家禽的免疫机能也     

夏季散养家禽缓解热应激的喂养策略

夏季环境温度高是引起家禽热应激的重要因素之一,热应激降低家禽的生长性能,增加死亡率,从而影响家禽的高效生产.本文从喂养方面综述了缓解热应激的策略,为生产实践提供理论基础.     

抑制家禽免疫功能的因素

免疫是家家禽机体的一种特异性生理反应，通过识别和排除抗原性异物维持机体内外环境的稳定。家禽在其生长发育和生产过程中，必然会受到多种应激原刺激，这些应激因素不仅影响家禽的生长、发育、生存及生产性能，而且对家禽的免疫机能也会产生一定的影响，其影响程度因应激原的作用强度、持续刺激时间及性质而异，同时也与家禽的品种有关。应激反应是机体对不同刺激的非特异反应的总和，是处于健康和疾病之间的一种过渡状     

热应激对家禽肠道黏膜结构的影响及可能原因北大核心CSCD

热应激是影响家禽生长和健康的重要因素之一。肠道不仅是家禽消化、吸收营养物质的位点,更是抵御外界病源微生物的第一道防线。热应激影响家禽肠道的结构,干扰肠道微生物平衡,影响肠道的免疫功能,导致肠黏膜完整性受损,增加细菌移位的几率,最终影响家禽的生长和健康。本文归纳总结了有关热应激影响家禽肠道结构方面的研究结果,并初步提出热应激影响家禽肠道结构的可能原因,为进一步阐明热应激对家禽肠道健康的影响提供基础。     

热应激对家禽肠道黏膜结构的影响及可能原因

热应激是影响家禽生长和健康的重要因素之一。肠道不仅是家禽消化、吸收营养物质的位点,更是抵御外界病源微生物的第一道防线。热应激影响家禽肠道的结构,干扰肠道微生物平衡,影响肠道的免疫功能,导致肠黏膜完整性受损,增加细菌移位的几率,最终影响家禽的生长和健康。本文归纳总结了有关热应激影响家禽肠道结构方面的研究结果,并初步提出热应激影响家禽肠道结构的可能原因,为进一步阐明热应激对家禽肠道健康的影响提供基础。     

应激因素对家禽免疫功能的影响

免疫是家禽机体的一种特异性生理反应 ,通过识别和排除抗原性异物维持机体内外环境的稳定。家禽在其生长发育和生产过程中 ,必然会受到多种应激原刺激 ,这些应激因素不仅影响家禽的生长、发育、生存及生产性能 ,而且对家禽的免疫机能也会产生一定的影响 ,其影响程度因应激原的作用强度、持续刺激时间及性质而异 ,同时也与家禽的品种有关。常见的应激原有温度、光照、营养、环境、疾病等。1　温度家禽对环境温度有较强的依赖性 ,适宜的温度环境有利于家禽的生长发育和发挥正常的免疫机能。过高或过低的环境温度不仅影响家禽的生长发育和生产…     

家禽生产热应激的营养调控措施

热应激是影响家禽生产的重要环境应激因素之一。热应激对家禽的采食量、生长速度、死亡率、产蛋率、孵化率和其他生产性状有严重的威胁。因此缓解热应激的方法一直是研究的重点。本文介绍了高温对家禽生产的影响,重点讨论了缓解热应激的营养干预措施。     

抑制家禽免疫功能的因素

免疫是家家禽机体的一种特异性生理反应,通过识别和排除抗原性异物维持机体内外环境的稳定。家禽在其生长发育和生产过程中,必然会受到多种应激原刺激,这些应激因素不仅影响家禽的生长、发育、生存及生产性能,而且对家禽的免疫机能也会产生一定的影响,其影响程度因应激原的作用强度、持续刺激时间及性质而异,同时也与家禽的品种有关。应激反应是机体对不同刺激的非特异反应的总和,是处于健康和疾病之间的一种过渡状态。如对应激状态放之任之,它有可能发展为疾病;反之,如果重视它,及时消除,就可以恢复健康。所以说,应激对以预防疫病为主的养…     

鸡热应激的防制措施

环境因素是影响家禽生产能力的重要因素之一，其中温度的影响最大。夏季高温常会导致禽热应激综合征的发生，使禽类新陈代谢和生理机能发生改变，进而影响家禽的生长、发育和饲料利用率。高温潮湿的南方热浪频频袭击，居高不下，对养禽业(尤其鸡)造成巨大的经济损失。本文就鸡热应激的防制措施综述如下。一、加强育种工作选育抗应激品种是减少应激的根本点和出发点。只有对气候应激具有良好的遗传适应性，才有助于家禽在不适气候条件下保持良好的性能。育种工作者可以通过在气候应激条件下进行遗传选择，将表观上抗应激能力强的鸡作为选育对…     

克服应激,提高家禽生产水平

应激是家禽常见的生理或病理反应。正常的应激反应是家禽适应体内外环境的生理调节。而过度应激或病理应激,则影响家禽健康,降低饲料报酬,生产性能下降甚至造成家禽死亡,因此,对引起家禽应激的种种因素必须引起高度重视。1.应激是机体在受到各种内外环境因素刺激时所出现的非特     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.