利用太赫兹光谱技术构建番茄水分胁迫状态检测模型

快速检测番茄水分胁迫状态,对于科学有效地进行番茄的水肥管理,保障和提高番茄的产量和品质具有重要意义。该文利用太赫兹光谱对水分极为敏感的特性,提出了基于太赫兹光谱技术的番茄水分胁迫状态的快速检测方法。试验利用太赫兹光谱系统获取不同水分胁迫番茄叶片的功率谱、吸光度及透射率频谱数据。采用（Savitzky-Golay, SG）算法对数据进行降噪,利用稳定性竞争自适应重加权（Stability Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling, SCARS）算法进行了多维特征频段的提取;在此基础上,建立了叶片含水率功率谱、吸光度及透射率等单一维度下的多元线性回归（Multiple Linear Regression, MLR）模型。结果表明,太赫兹功率谱和吸光度与叶片含水率之间呈负相关;而透射率则随水分胁迫程度的提高逐渐升高,呈正相关。为了进一步提高模型的精度,使用支持向量机（Support Vector Machines, SVM）在融合3种维度太赫兹特征的基础上,建立了番茄含水率的融合预测模型,结果表明,预测集R2达到0.951 4,RMSE为0.366 8,均高于单一维度检测模型,实现了番茄水分的快速检测。     

秸秆或粉煤灰添加对砂姜黑土持水性及小麦抗干旱胁迫的影响

针对黄淮海平原典型中低产土壤砂姜黑土黏粒含量较高,土壤有效水分库容较低,严重限制作物生产的现状,该文采用盆栽试验,研究了不同外源改性物料的添加对土壤持水性能及小麦生理的影响,以期获得农田水分管理过程中的关键参数。盆栽试验设置常规氮磷钾(control,CK),常规氮磷钾配施下的添加秸秆(straw returning,SR)、秸秆碳(straw carbon,SC)和粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)处理,维持土壤相对含水率在80%,培育小麦至抽穗期,开展为期10 d的干旱胁迫试验。结果显示SR和SC处理提高了土壤持水能力,且处理间的差异较小;FA处理因其表面富含大量疏水性结晶矿物,土壤相对含水率下降较快,迟效水含量显著低于其余处理,但土壤速效水含量显著提高。不同改性措施均有提高小麦叶片相对含水率,减轻干旱胁迫的趋势,但在极端干旱胁迫下,FA处理叶片相对含水率不仅明显低于其余处理,且作物体内积累大量丙二醛、过氧化氢等有害物质。田间管理中砂姜黑土相对含水率应维持在38%(SR)、36.5%(SC)和24.5%(FA)以上,当土壤相对含水率低于30.78%(SC)、28.43%(SR)和22.5%(FA)时将会对作物生理产生不可逆的伤害。鉴于秸秆优良的保水性能,粉煤灰“富水,不保水”的特性,秸秆与粉煤灰的配合施用将利于砂姜黑土的改良。相关机制值得进一步研究。     

科尔沁沙地土壤水分特征曲线传递函数的构建与评估

为了快速准确的获取某一区域的水力性质,该文以科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区为研究区,在对该区49个不同地貌类型采样点土壤水分特征曲线与土壤基本物理化学特性参数测试分析的基础上,采用函数参数非线性规划法构建了土壤干容重、粒径分布、有机质、pH值、电导率值等基本参数与水分特征曲线之间的传递函数,并进行了精度评估与分析。结果表明:1)研究区土壤水分特征曲线的坡度陡峭,不同地貌类型与土地利用方式下,土壤水分特征曲线有较大差异,相同负压下,土壤持水量按照流动沙丘-半固定沙丘-固定沙丘-农田-草甸的顺序递增;土壤的供水能力按照流动沙丘-半固定沙丘-固定沙丘-草甸-农田的顺序递减;2)利用土壤基本物化特性参数通过函数参数非线性规划法建立了研究区土壤水分特征曲线的传递函数,干容重和砂粒含量是预测土壤水分特征曲线模型参数的主要变量,增加土壤的理化指标可以提高预测精度,然而有机质含量、pH值、电导率值对本区土壤水分常数的影响并不大,对水分特征曲线模型3个参数的影响略微增加;3)通过对传递函数的检验与精度评估分析,各参数的平均误差均在0附近;饱和含水率、残余含水率的均方根误差分别为0.017、0.023;土壤水分常数的相关系数在0.95附近,饱和含水率、残余含水率的误差比的几何标准偏分别为1.04、1.27。表明所建土壤水分特征曲线传递函数的精度较高,可用于该区土壤水分特性研究。该研究可为该区水分、溶质运移、水-热-盐耦合运移模拟提供技术支持和理论保证。     

基于小麦模型算法集成平台的三种水分胁迫算法比较

准确模拟水分胁迫并揭示其对作物生长发育过程的影响,是作物模型应用于田间研究和干旱影响评估的关键。该研究将3种主流水分胁迫算法整合到一个标准平台中,组成土壤含水率模型(average Soil Water Content,SWC)、土壤水分供需比模型(Water Supply to Demand ratio,WS/WD)和相对蒸腾模型(Actual to Potential Transpiration ratio,AT/PT)共3种水分胁迫模拟模型。利用河北吴桥2017—2019年冬小麦水分试验田间观测数据结合2008—2009和2013—2016年水分试验文献资料对模型平台进行参数校准与验证。结果表明,3种模型的模拟结果与实测值均吻合良好,地上部生物量、土壤含水率和产量的归一化均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Squared Error,NRMSE)分别为14.0%～16.5%、5.1%～8.8%和5.4%～7.7%。3种水分胁迫模型模拟的生长季水分亏缺出现的时间和严重程度不同,但模拟的水分胁迫因子年际间变化一致。雨养条件下,生长季降水量分别决定了SWC、WS/WD和AT/PT模型模拟的年际间水分胁迫因子变异的56%、56%和39%。灌水对产量具有促进作用,但灌水量增加会导致灌水利用效率下降。SWC、WS/WD和AT/PT模型模拟枯水年灌四水(底墒水+起身水+孕穗水+开花水)处理的产量较不灌水分别高163%、132%和92%,灌四水处理的灌水利用效率较灌一水(底墒水)处理分别低26.8%、12.3%和40.0%。在吴桥县冬小麦水分管理决策中,WS/WD模型最优,SWC模型次之,AP/TP模型较差。研究结果可为提升作物模型在冬小麦干旱影响评估和水分管理方面的可信度提供参考。     

利用高光谱估测干旱胁迫下接菌根菌大豆叶绿素含量

该研究旨在利用高光谱遥感动态监测干旱胁迫下接种菌根植物生长状况,为菌根技术在旱区农业中的推广提供一定的理论基础。以盆栽大豆为对象,在不同接种丛枝菌根时期采用高光谱遥感技术监测不同干旱胁迫下接菌和不接菌处理大豆叶片的叶绿素含量变化,对比分析了3个水分梯度下及同一水分梯度下接菌和不接菌处理的大豆地上部分干质量、叶绿素含量和叶片光谱在可见光和近红外区域的响应特征差异,建立了大豆叶绿素含量与多个光谱变量的估测模型。研究结果表明:接菌第45天和第64天,同一水分梯度下接菌大豆地上部分干质量优于不接菌处理,且其叶绿素含量也高于不接菌,这些差异在叶片光谱曲线特征中同样得以反映,接种菌根在一定程度上可以缓解干旱胁迫对植物生长的影响;基于多元线性逐步回归方法建立的一阶微分模型能较准确地估测干旱胁迫下接菌大豆的叶绿素含量,其模型决定系数和预测检验决定系数分别为0.90和0.84,具有较高的精度和良好的预测能力。     

基于无人机遥感影像的玉米冠层温度提取及作物水分胁迫监测

针对当前无人机热红外遥感提取冠层温度不准确、监测作物水分胁迫状况精度不高的问题,该研究以不同水分处理的拔节期夏玉米为研究对象,利用无人机获取试验区域热红外和可见光图像资料,分别采用Otsu算法、EXG-Kmeans算法和Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法获取冠层区域图像,并对提取结果进行精度评价,而后采用最优算法求得对应作物水分胁迫指数（Crop Water Stress Index,CWSI）,通过分析CWSI同土壤含水率相关关系以及CWSI日平均变化趋势来监测玉米水分亏缺状况。结果表明：1）相比于其他方法,Otsu-EXG-Kmeans算法对冠层温度提取精度更高（用户精度为95.9%）,提取的冠层温度更接近实测温度（r=0.788）,可以准确获取图像冠层温度。2）相比于冠层温度,CWSI与土壤含水率的相关性更高（r= -0.738）,CWSI日平均变化趋势更符合实际情况,可更加精确地监测玉米缺水状况。该研究为无人机遥感精准监测作物水分胁迫状况提供参考。     

时段划分对棉花作物水模型的影响与改进

为了改善时段划分对作物水模型模拟精度的影响,依据山西水利职业技术学院试验基地2006和2008年棉花田间试验资料,将棉花全生育期等间隔地划分为不同时段,用非线性优化方法求得了不同时段数条件下的作物水模型参数,分析研究了模型参数与时段数的关系,据此在作物水模型的水分敏感指数累积函数中引入了时段数,并与现有的作物水模型进行了比较。结果表明,引入时段数的作物水模型模拟产量的相对误差随时段数的增加而减小,当时段数大于11时,相对误差平均值和最大值分别减小到7%和15%以下,与现有的作物水模型比较,模拟精度有所提高,但参数个数未增加。该模型更多地反映了水分胁迫时间对作物产量影响的信息。     

基于改进离散粒子群算法的青贮玉米原料含水率高光谱检测

快速、无损和准确检测青贮玉米原料含水率,对确保青贮玉米发酵品质、推动青贮产业健康快速发展有重要现实意义。为探究高光谱技术在青贮玉米原料含水率检测方面的可行性,研究通过高光谱成像系统获取青贮玉米原料高光谱图像并利用烘箱加热法测定实际含水率。在粒子更新方式和惯性权重2个方面对传统离散粒子群算法(discretebinary particle swarm optimization,DBPSO)进行优化,提出基于改进型离散粒子群算法(modified discrete binary particle swarm optimization,MDBPSO)的特征波段优选方法,并利用相关系数分析法(correlation coefficient,CC)、DBPSO和MDBPSO法提取原料含水率高光谱特征变量,基于全波段反射光谱(total spectral reflectance,TSR)和特征波段反射光谱建立青贮玉米原料含水率预测模型。结果表明,MDBPSO优选特征波段适应度函数的收敛精度和收敛效率较DBPSO法均有明显改善,最优适应度值由0.761 6提高至0.812 3,函数收敛迭代次数由280次降低至79次。MDBPSO-PLSR预测模型的建模精度和预测精度均高于CC-PLSR、DBPSO-PLSR和TSR-PLSR预测模型,其校正集决定系数Rc2和均方根误差RMSEC(root mean square error of calibration)分别为0.81和0.032,预测集决定系数Rp2和均方根误差RMSEP(root mean square error of prediction)分别为0.80和0.045。该研究表明,利用高光谱图像技术检测青贮玉米原料含水率具有较高的精度,研究可为后续开发青贮玉米原料水分快速检测仪器提供借鉴方法。     

负压控水下不同株型玉米水分利用效率和产量的盆栽试验

干旱胁迫研究中的难点之一在于减少土壤水分波动对试验结果的影响。该研究采用负压供水盆栽装置,通过调节供水负压值精确控制土壤含水率,模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究比较3种胁迫程度(无胁迫CK、轻度和重度胁迫)、2个胁迫时期(苗期、吐丝期)对不同株型玉米(小株型CF1002和大株型CF3330)的水分利用效率、生物量和产量的影响,旨在分析2种株型夏玉米对不同时期、程度干旱胁迫的响应差异。结果表明:随着苗期胁迫程度加重,CF1002的水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)从3.24增至3.43,而CF3330的WUE从3.70降至3.25。吐丝期轻度干旱胁迫后CF1002和CF3330的WUE较CK分别降低2.7%和24.4%,吐丝期重度胁迫后,CF1002和CF3330的WUE较CK分别降低17.4%和57.1%。与CK相比,吐丝期轻度和重度干旱胁迫使小株型和大株型玉米胁迫期耗水量下降61.3%和62.5%,灌浆中期光合速率下降22.9%和54.3%,成熟期地上部干物质质量减少24.8%和38.0%,最终减产47.9%和71.5%,以上指标大株型玉米的降幅大于小株型玉米。在生育中后期,大株型玉米光合生产和蒸腾作用更易受干旱胁迫抑制,使物质生产和积累减少,水分消耗大幅下降。针对不同株型玉米在生育后期采用不同的水分管理策略有助于降低干旱造成的损失。     

容重对铁尾矿水分运移特征的影响

[目的]探究紧实度对铁尾矿水分运移特性的影响,为铁矿区水土保持及植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内一维土柱试验和张力计法,分别测定1.50,1.55,1.60,1.65,1.70g/cm~3这5个容重水平下的入渗过程及水分特征曲线。[结果](1)随着容重增加,铁尾矿入渗能力降低,容重与稳渗率、湿润峰距离、累积入渗量呈显著线性负相关关系(p0.05);(2)铁尾矿剖面水分含量随土层深度的增加而下降,1.50～1.60g/cm~3含水量在不同深度上分层明显,1.65和1.70g/cm~3尾矿砂剖面含水量分异性较小;(3)Green-Ampt模型拟合铁尾饱和导水率与实测值相关系数为0.886,计算精度较高,Kostiakov模型拟合不同容重铁尾矿入渗过程效果最佳(R~2=0.989);(4)铁尾矿在脱湿过程中,高容重下持水能力明显下降,1.60g/cm~3持水保水性最好,van Genuchten模型拟合水分特征曲线表明,饱和含水率(θ_s)、残余含水率(θ_r)、进气值(α)、形状系数(n)等参数随容重增大而减小。[结论]高度压实严重抑制铁尾矿水分入渗和持水能力,因此复垦修复中应以疏松尾矿基质改善结构特性为主。     

基于土壤传递函数的土壤持水特性间接估计及其空间变异性研究

A total of 107 soil samples were taken from the city of Qingdao,Shandong Province,China.Soil water retention data at 2.5,6,10,33,100,300,and 1 500 kPa matric potentials were measured using a pressure membrane apparatus.Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for single point estimation and van Genuchten parameter estimation based on readily measurable soil properties,i.e.,MLR-based point (MLRP) PTF and MLR-based parametric (MLRV) PTF.The double cross-validation method was used to evaluate the accuracy of PTF estimates and the stability of the PTFs developed in this study.The performance of MLRP and MLRV PTFs in estimating water contents at matric potentials of 10,33,and 1 500 kPa was compared with that of two existing PTFs,the Rawls PTF and the Vereecken PTF.In addition,geostatistical analyses were conducted to assess the capabilities of these PTFs in describing the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Results showed that among all PTFs only the Vereecken PTF failed to accurately estimate water retention characteristics.Although the MLRP PTF can be used to predict retention characteristics through traditional statistical analyses,it failed to describe the spatial variability of soil water retention characteristics.Although the MLRV and Rawls PTFs failed to describe the spatial variability of water contents at a matric potential of 10 kPa,they can be used to quantify the spatial variability of water contents at matric potentials of 33 and 1 500 kPa.     

Improvement in estimation of soil water retention using fractal parameters and multiobjective group method of data handling

Soil water retention characteristic is required for modeling of water and substance movement in unsaturated soils and need to be estimated using indirect methods. Point pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for prediction of soil water content at matric suctions of 1, 5, 25, 50, and 1500 kPa were developed and validated using a data-set of 148 soil samples from Hamedan and Guilan provinces, Iran, by multiobjective group method of data handling (mGMDH). In addition to textural and structural properties, fractal parameters of the power-law fractal models for both particles and aggregates distributions were also included as predictors. Their inclusion significantly improved the PTFs’ accuracy and reliability. The aggregate size distribution fractal parameters ranked next to the particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of prediction accuracy. The mGMDH-derived PTFs were significantly more reliable than those by artificial neural networks but their accuracies were practically the same. Similarity between the fractal behavior of particle and void size distributions may contribute to the improvement of the derived PTFs using PSD fractal parameters. It means that both distributions of the pore and particle size represent the fractal behavior and can be described by fractal models.     

Performance of pedotransfer functions in predicting soil water characteristics of soils in Norway

Abstract

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs), predicting the soil water retention curve (SWRC) from basic soil physical properties, need to be validated on arable soils in Norway. In this study we compared the performance of PTFs developed by Riley (1996), Rawls and Brakensiek (1989), Vereecken et al. (1989), Wösten et al. (1999) and Schaap et al. (2001). We compared SWRCs calculated using textural composition, organic matter content (SOM) and bulk density as input to these PTFs to pairs of measured water content and matric potential. The measured SWRCs and PTF input data were from 540 soil horizons on agricultural land in Norway. We used various statistical indicators to evaluate the PTFs, including an integrated index by Donatelli et al. (2004). The Riley PTFs showed good overall performance. The soil specific version of Riley is preferred over the layer specific, as the latter may introduce a negative change in water content with increasing matric potential (h). Among the parameter PTFs, Wösten's continuous PTF showed the overall best performance, closely followed by Rawls&B and Vereecken. The ANN-based continuous PTF of Schaap showed poorer performance than its regression based counterparts. Systematic errors related to both particle size and SOM caused the class PTFs to perform poorly; these PTFs do not use SOM as input, and are therefore inappropriate for soils in Norway, being highly variable in SOM. The PTF performance showed little difference between soil groups. Water contents in the dry range of the SWRC were generally better predicted than water contents in the wet range. Pedotransfer functions that included both SOM and measured bulk density as input, i.e. Wösten, Vereecken and Rawls&B, performed best in the wet range.     

青海三江源地区土壤容重转换函数的建立与比较

Bulk density (BD) is an important soil physical property and has significant effect on soil water conservation function. Indirect methods, which are called pedotransfer functions (PTFs), have replaced direct measurement and can acquire the missing data of BD during routine soil surveys. In this study, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neuron network (ANN) methods were used to develop PTFs for predicting BD from soil organic carbon (OC), texture and depth in the Three-River Headwater region of Qinghai Province, China. The performances of the developed PTFs were compared with 14 published PTFs using four indexes, the mean error (ME), standard deviation error (SDE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²). Results showed that the performances of published PTFs developed using exponential regression were better than those developed using linear regression from OC. Alexander (1980)-B, Alexander (1980)-A and Manrique and Jones (1991)-B PTFs, which had good predictions, could be applied for the soils in the study area. The PTFs developed using MLR (MLR-PTFs) and ANN (ANN-PTFs) had better soil BD predictions than most of published PTFs. The ANN-PTFs had better performances than the MLR-PTFs and their performances could be improved when soil texture and depth were added as predictor variables. The idea of developing PTFs or predicting soil BD in the study area could provide reference for other areas and the results could lay foundation for the estimation of soil water retention and carbon pool.     

陕西省洛川县第3-4层黄土和古土壤水分特征研究

通过对陕西省洛川县第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤层的原状土进行水分特征曲线、田间持水量等项目的实验测定,分析计算了各层土壤的供水储水性能及有效水分含量。结果表明,洛川第3—4黄土层和第3—4红色古土壤土层的水分特征曲线与Van Genuchten模型非常符合,相关系数R2均达0.99以上,说明采用Van Genuchten模型对这4个土层的水分含量和能量之间的关系进行描述是比较准确的。0～30kPa吸力条件下,第3—4黄土层比第3—4红色古土壤层持水量高,黄土层的供水(释水)性能和储水性能强于古土壤。这4个土层随着吸力的增加,在较低吸力段供水性能和储水性能减弱幅度较大,在较高吸力段减弱幅度较小。黄土层所能容纳的有效水含量、饱和含水量与田间持水量均大于红色古土壤层,黄土层的稳定凋萎湿度一般小于红色古土壤的稳定凋萎湿度。     

非饱和土双应力变量广义土水特征曲线理论模型构建

土水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC)方程是非饱和土力学中最重要的土性表征手段之一。该文评价当前经典的SWCC方程,指出其未具有包容复杂因素的能力,具有灵活性的优点但却同时具有对试验数据量依赖性高的缺点,不能处理多孔隙尺度集群土体固-液-气共同运动及作用的水力-力学耦合效应问题。建立双应力变量广义SWCC概念图示并定义相对体积含水比,基于Fredlund双应力变量理论及van Genuchten土-水表征方程,构建考虑土体变形及多孔隙分布形态的双应力状态变量的广义SWCC方程。相较于2个参数的Brooks等的方程、3个参数的van Genuchten方程以及4个参数的Fredlund等的方程,广义SWCC方程仅3个参数,其中2个参数在双对数坐标系的"相对体积含水比-吸力"平面中进行最小二乘法线性拟合得到,仅1个参数需非线性最小二乘法拟合得到。该模型可利用不同应力状态下的至少3个土水试验数据点,绘制出1条具有适宜精度的单峰SWCC;方程考虑了多峰孔隙概率密度函数分布及土体变形因素,实现了从应力历史推广到应力状态的广义情况,为定量描述不同孔隙结构土体双应力状态下的持水特性、渗透特性和强度特性提供了一条途径。     

Applicability of site-specific pedotransfer functions and rosetta model for the estimation of dynamic soil hydraulic properties under different vegetation covers

Background, Aims, and Scope  During the last decades, different methods have been developed to determine soil hydraulic properties in the field and laboratory. These methodologies are frequently time-consuming and/or expensive. An indirect method, named Pedotransfer Functions (PTFs), was developed to predict soil hydraulic properties using other easily measurable soil (physical and chemical) parameters. This work evaluates the use of the PTFs included in the Rosetta model (Schaap et al. 2001) and compares them with PTFs obtained specifically for soils under two different vegetation covers. Methods  Rosetta software includes two basic types of pedotransfer functions (Class PTF and Continuous PTF), allowing the estimation of van Genuchten water retention parameters using limited (textural classes only) or more extensive (texture, bulk density and one or two water retention measurements) input data. We obtained water retention curves from undisturbed samples using the ‘sand box’ method for potentials between saturation and 20 kPa, and the pressure membrane method for potentials between 100 and 1500 kPa. Physical properties of sampled soils were used as input variables for the Rosetta model and to determine site-specific PTFs. Results  The Rosetta model accurately predicts water content at field capacity, but clearly underestimates it at saturation. Poor agreement between observed and estimated values in terms of root mean square error were obtained for the Rosetta model in comparison with specific PTFs. Discrepancies between both methods are comparable to results obtained by other authors. Conclusions  Site-specific PTFs predicted the van Genuchten parameters better than Rosetta model. Pedotransfers functions have been a useful tool to solve the water retention capacity for soils located in the southern Pyrenees, where the fine particle size and organic matter content are higher. The Rosetta model showed good predictions for the curve parameters, even though the uncertainty of the data predicted was higher than for the site-specific PTFs. Recommendations and Perspectives  The Rosetta model accurately predicts the retention curve parameters when the use is related with wide soil types; nevertheless, if we want to obtain good predictors using a homogenous soil database, specific PTFs are required. ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Zhihong Xu, PhD (zhihong.xu@griffith.edu.au)     

Use of class pedotransfer functions based on texture and bulk density of clods to generate water retention curves

Abstract. Water retention properties of 219 horizons were measured in Cambisols, Luvisols and Fluvisols, mainly from the Paris basin. We derived class pedotransfer functions (class PTFs) based on texture alone and in a second stage class PTFs based on classes combining texture and clod bulk density. The performance of these two types of PTFs were discussed at −330 and −15000 hPa water potential on an independent set of 221 horizons. Results showed that PTFs based on sets grouped by texture and clod bulk density provide estimates with an accuracy that is (i) greater than with class PTFs based on texture alone, and (ii) similar to the estimation accuracy recorded with continuous PTFs. As a consequence, the lack of interest in class PTFs should be reconsidered to bridge the gap between the available basic soil data and hydraulic properties which are generally missing, particularly when pertinent soil characteristics can be derived from the data available in soil databases. The two types of class PTFs providing gravimetric water contents at seven water potentials ranging from −10 to −15 000 hPa were converted to volumetric water content using the soil bulk density. Finally, the parameters of van Genuchten's water retention curve model were computed for every class PTF.