施用生物质炭对葡萄生长及土壤肥力的影响

酿酒葡萄的品质对酿造高品质的葡萄酒具有举足轻重的作用。以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,研究了小麦秸秆生物质炭及竹炭有机肥的施用对土壤性质、酿酒葡萄植株生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)无论小麦秸秆生物质炭还是竹炭有机肥均显著增加土壤有机碳及土壤养分含量,而施用小麦秸秆生物质炭还可显著降低土壤表层容重、提高土壤p H;(2)小麦秸秆生物质炭与竹炭有机肥可不同程度促进葡萄植株的叶片生长,但两者对"赤霞珠"酿酒葡萄的品质影响不同,竹炭有机肥施用可显著促进葡萄的糖分积累并提高糖酸比,而小麦秸秆生物质炭施用短期内对酿酒葡萄品质无显著作用。因此,本研究表明短期内可通过施用竹炭有机肥改善酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"的品质,但小麦秸秆生物质炭对其品质的长期效应还有待于进一步研究。     

三种硝化抑制剂对小白菜产量及品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,在2种土壤和2个季节条件下研究了3种硝化抑制剂,氢醌(HQ),双氰胺(DCD)和硫脲(TU),对小白菜产量和某些品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,3种硝化抑制剂均能不同程度提高小白菜产量,尤以双氰胺的增产效果最显著,达10%左右;且3种硝化抑制剂在红菜园土上的增产效果均比冲积菜园土上显著。3种硝化抑制剂均不同程度地提高了小白菜对氮和磷的吸收,对钾没有明显影响。3种硝化抑制剂均能明显提高小白菜维生素C(Vc)含量,但只有双氰胺和氢醌能明显提高小白菜的可溶性糖含量。     

腐殖酸与硝化抑制剂配施对油菜生长及品质的影响

腐殖酸与硝化抑制剂在作物生长过程中均会发挥协调养分供应的作用,但是目前针对二者配施对作物生长及品质影响的研究还较为缺乏。因此,采用盆栽试验的方法,探究两种不同来源的腐殖酸(标记为Y 和B)与硝化抑制剂DMPP 配施对油菜生长及品质的影响。试验共设9 个处理,分别为(1)不施肥(CK)、(2)单施氮磷钾(NPK)(U)、(3)NPK 配施DMPP(UD)、(4 ～ 9)NPK 配施DMPP 和3 个浓度梯度腐殖酸Y 和B(UDY1,UDY2,UDY4;UDB1,UDB2,UDB4)。结果发现,与U 处理相比,DMPP 并没有显著影响油菜鲜重和干重等物理指标,但是显著降低了27.5% 的硝酸盐含量(P<0.05),增加了31.1% 的可溶性糖含量(P<0.05),而对油菜体内氮、磷、钾含量并没有显著的影响。与UD 处理相比,腐殖酸Y 和B 的添加可以分别进一步降低油菜硝酸盐含量30.9% 和50.9%,分别增加油菜含氮量6.1% 和12.3%(P<0.05),增加油菜含磷量35.2% 和17.9%(P<0.05);腐殖酸对氮、磷、钾肥的利用效率也具有显著的促进效果,其中最佳的促进效果分别为32.3%(UDB1)、53.2%(UDY4)、34.3%(UDY4)(P<0.05)。综合以上研究结果,可以发现腐殖酸与DMPP 配施可以在单施DMPP 的基础上进一步提高油菜肥料的利用率,改善油菜品质和安全质量。     

配施硝化抑制剂对蜜橘和脐橙产量与品质的影响

通过2年田间试验,探究了不同时期配施硝化抑制剂(2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶)对蜜橘和脐橙产量与品质的影响.分别以8年果龄的南丰蜜橘和6年果龄的纽荷尔脐橙为试验材料,设CK(不施硝化抑制剂)、BF+En(萌芽肥配施硝化抑制剂)、SF+En(稳果肥配施硝化抑制剂)和BF+SF+En(萌芽肥与稳果肥均配施硝化抑制剂)4个处理,...     

添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺对油菜生长及品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了尿素中添加硝化抑制剂DCD为施入纯氮量的1%、2%、3%、4%、5%不同剂量时对油菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明,添加DCD能显著提高油菜产量并降低植株体内硝酸盐含量,其增产幅度为22.77%～33.50%,硝酸盐含量降低14.90%～30.51%,同时不同程度提高了油菜Vc、全氮、全磷含量。植株可溶性糖含量在DCD3%用量范围内呈上升趋势,用量大于4%时呈一定下降趋势。油菜吸氮量和氮素利用率在DCD3%水平达到最高。     

不同硝化抑制剂的复配施用对尿素转化及土壤中氮的影响

通过室外模拟田间培养试验,研究不同硝化抑制剂及其复配后的硝化抑制效果。结果表明:不同硝化抑制剂,明显抑制了NH4+-N向NO3--N的转化。硝化抑制剂1-甲胺酰基-3,5-二甲基吡唑(CMP)有明显的抑制效果,优于4氨基-1,2,4-三唑盐酸盐(ATC)、双氰胺(DCD);硝化抑制剂CMP与DCD复配的抑制效果显著,硝化抑制率为35.6%。为了结合生产实际获得最优性价比,在硝化抑制剂复配比率方面尚需进一步研究。     

土壤pH值和含水量对土壤硝化抑制剂效果的影响

硝化抑制剂如2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡nitrapyrin,通常与氮肥配施来抑制硝化作用提高农田中肥料的利用率,但是其抑制效果会受到土壤理化性质的影响。采用新工艺重新合成后的新型nitrapyrin纯度高达98%,由于杂质减少而具有更好的硝化抑制效果。为了研究土壤pH值和含水量对新型nitrapyrin抑制效果的影响,明确nitrapyrin适合施用的土壤条件,采用室内培养试验,研究了在不同的土壤pH值和含水量下nitrapyrin对无机氮含量动态变化和硝化作用强度的影响,以及其硝化抑制率的变化规律。结果表明:随着土壤pH值的升高,铵态氮含量降低,硝态氮含量和表观硝化率呈现上升的趋势,并且在所有pH值处理下氮肥配施nitrapyrin均显著地降低了矿质氮库铵态氮的转化量,均不同程度地抑制了硝化作用;在培养的第9天,nitrapyrin在pH值7.70处理下对硝化作用抑制效果最好,硝化抑制率达到91.53%,但硝化抑制率的降低速率在高pH值处理上更快;在培养的第45天,当pH值为4.66时,硝化抑制率为36.43%,显著高于其他处理;在整个培养过程中,施用nitrapyrin能显著抑制各处理的硝化作用,硝化抑制率在不同土壤含水量上的表现为:40%WHC60%WHC80%WHC。可见,nitrapyrin更加适合施用在酸性土壤以及旱地土壤上,该研究可以为新型硝化抑制剂nitrapyrin在农田中施用的最优条件提供理论依据。     

不同施用方式下污泥堆肥对土壤性质和草坪生长的影响

为解决城市污泥处理难题,探讨污泥堆肥及其不同施入方式对绿地土壤的改良效果,进行了污泥堆肥绿地土壤改良试验。试验设混合(H)、覆盖(F)、混合+覆盖(HF)3种施入方式,结果表明:不同施入方式均能显著降低绿地土壤容重,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,HF和H的改良效果最好;不同施入方式还均能显著促进草坪生长和分蘖,其中HF,F,H处理的分蘖密度分别比对照高45%,37%,32%;F处理的杂草抑制率在96%以上,HF为78%,H处理未能抑制杂草;各施入方式均能显著提高土壤微生物碳和土壤微生物氮含量,改良1年后,F、H和HF的土壤微生物碳含量分别是对照2.4,3.1,3.4倍,微生物氮含量分别是对照的1.7,3.0,2.8倍;与对照相比,HF处理与H处理的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著提高。     

生物反硝化抑制剂原花青素对土壤氮转化及植物生长的影响

我国农业生产氮肥投入量大,但利用率低,氮素损失严重。其中,由反硝化过程产生的氮素损失占比最高可达50%以上,有效调控土壤反硝化过程对于减少农业生态系统氮素损失、降低氮素环境污染具有重要意义。生物反硝化抑制剂(biodenitrification inhibitors,BDIs)是一类植物分泌的次生代谢产物,其中的原花青素已被证实可促进土壤氮素储存并增加作物产量,有望成为一种高效且绿色的氮素调控物质。本文系统梳理了BDIs的发现及其反硝化抑制机制,总结了目前国内外BDIs研究领域的主要进展,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为BDIs施用技术及产品的开发、农产品质量的提升及现代农业绿色健康发展提供借鉴。     

硝化抑制剂施用对水稻产量与氨挥发的影响

通过田间微区试验,应用~(15)N标记技术研究两个施氮水平下硝化抑制剂CP施用对水稻产量、氮素利用率、氮素土壤残留和氨挥发的影响。结果表明:与推荐施氮处理(240 kg/hm~2)相比,减氮处理(180 kg/hm~2)水稻产量明显降低,但是减氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂CP后增产15.2%,差异显著,并且达到了推荐施氮处理下的产量水平。而推荐施氮处理下施用硝化抑制剂对水稻产量反而没有显著影响。施用硝化抑制剂可显著提高11.1%~25.0%的~(15)N吸收与利用效率,同时~(15)N平衡计算结果表明稻田施用硝化抑制剂减少了21.7%~28.1%的硝化?反硝化、径流等途径~(15)N损失,这可能是CP施用增加水稻产量的机理之一。然而,施用硝化抑制剂会增加54.7%~110.6%的氨挥发排放。因此,在水稻生产过程中施用硝化抑制剂CP时要进一步减施氮肥才有明显的增产效果,同时还需要采取一定的措施来控制氨挥发。     

氮肥中不同硝化抑制剂DCD添加比例对棉花生长发育及产量的影响

  【目的】  棉花生长和品质对氮素施用量十分敏感,研究在氮肥中添加不同比例的硝化抑制剂双氰胺 (DCD) 对棉花生长发育及产量和品质的影响,为棉花生产提供可行的氮肥管理措施。  【方法】  以农大棉601为材料进行了田间试验。在施氮量240 kg/hm2条件下,设置在氮肥中添加双氰胺比例分别为0% (CK)、1.5% (C1.5) 和3% (C3) 的3个处理,研究各处理棉花生长发育指标、产量和纤维品质的变化。  【结果】  与CK相比,C1.5处理显著提高了棉花初花期、盛铃期、吐絮期株高,蕾期、盛铃期、吐絮期茎粗,蕾期、盛铃期叶面积指数,有利于形成良好的棉花形态特征。与CK相比,C1.5处理显著提高了蕾期棉花叶片叶绿素含量,蕾期、初花期和盛花期可溶性糖含量,蕾期和初花期可溶性蛋白质含量,表明氮肥配施适量DCD对棉花蕾期生理特征 (叶绿素含量、可溶性糖以及蛋白质含量) 产生了显著促进作用。与CK相比,C1.5处理显著提高了初花期、盛花期主茎功能叶干物质量,初花期和盛铃期果枝叶干物质量,5个生育时期茎干物质量;蕾期、初花期和盛铃期蕾干物质量,表明氮肥配施适量DCD对棉花干物质 (茎、叶、蕾) 量产生了明显促升作用。但C3与CK相比,以上各指标之间多无显著差异。两年产量结果显示,C1.5处理均显著高于CK,分别增产812和324 kg/hm2;而C3处理理论产量与CK无显著差异。C1.5和C3处理的伏桃、伏前桃和秋桃棉铃纤维品质各项指标与CK均无显著差异。  【结论】  连续两年的田间试验表明,在不增加施氮量的前提下,在氮肥中配施1.5%双氰胺 (DCD) 可以调控氮素养分的供应强度和时间,不仅提高了棉花生育前期和中期株高、茎粗和叶面积指数,还增加了蕾期、花期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖与可溶性蛋白质含量,提高了棉花的干物质积累和产量,对棉花纤维的品质没有显著影响。而当氮肥中DCD添加比例为3%时,有可能过度抑制了氮素的硝化反应,影响了棉花生育后期氮素的供应,削弱了DCD的有益作用。因此,在常规施氮量不变的前提下,添加1.5%双氰胺是促进棉花生长发育和提高产量的有效措施。     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤硝化、反硝化功能菌的影响

[目的]在农业生产中,脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)与硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)常作为氮肥增效剂来提高肥料利用率。本文研究了在我国南方红壤稻田施用脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂后,土壤中氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)以及反硝化细菌的丰度以及群落结构的变化特征,旨在揭示抑制剂的作用机理及其对土壤环境的影响。[方法]试验在我国南方红壤稻田进行,共设5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI),3次重复。脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂分别为NBPT[N-(n-butyl)thiophosphrictriamide,N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺]和DMPP(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate,3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)。通过荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)研究水稻分蘖期与孕穗期抑制剂对三类微生物标记基因拷贝数的影响,并分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮与三种菌群丰度的相关性;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DenaturingGradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)分析抑制剂对土壤AOB、AOA以及反硝化细菌群落结构的影响,并对优势菌群进行系统发育分析。[结果]1)荧光定量PCR结果表明,施用氮肥对两个时期土壤中AOB的amoA基因与反硝化细菌nirK基因的拷贝数均有显著提高,而对AOA的amoA基因始终没有明显影响;AOB与nirK反硝化细菌的丰度与两个时期的铵态氮含量、分蘖期的硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关,与孕穗期的硝态氮含量相关性不显著;DMPP仅在分蘖期显著减少了AOB的amoA基因拷贝数,表明DMPP主要通过限制AOB的生长来抑制稻田土壤硝化过程;NBPT对三类微生物的丰度无明显影响;2)DGGE图谱表明,在分蘖期与孕穗期,施用氮肥均明显增加了图谱中AOB的条带数,而对AOA却没有明显影响;氮肥明显增加了孕穗期反硝化细菌的条带数;与氮肥的影响相比,抑制剂NBPT与DMPP对AOA、AOB以及反硝化菌的群落结构影响甚微;系统发育分析结果表明,与土壤中AOB的优势菌群序列较为接近的有亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺菌。[结论]在南方红壤稻田中,施入氮肥可显著提高AOB与反硝化细菌的丰度,明显影响两种菌群的群落结构,而AOA较为稳定;NBPT对三类微生物的群落结构丰度无明显影响;硝化抑制剂DMPP可抑制AOB的生长但仅表现在分蘖期,这可能是其缓解硝化反应的主要途径;这也说明二者对土壤生态环境均安全可靠。     

硝化抑制剂对海南岛几种野生蔬菜干物质积累的影响

本文探讨了含有硝化抑制剂DMPP的长效肥料ENTEC对三种野生蔬菜(苋菜、闭鞘姜、仙人掌)干物质积累的影响。结果表明:①ENTEC对闭鞘姜干物质积累有显著影响。仙人掌干物质积累较尿素处理提高26%。②三种蔬菜生长过程中均表现为ENTEC处理下的最高生长速率到达时期推迟,干物质积累主要时期延长。     

Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on efficiency of nitrogen utilization by wheat and millet

Abstract

Preliminary soil incubation studies established that the nitrification inhibitor, Dicyandiamide (DCD), could maintain the ratio of NH.‐N to NO₃‐N at predetermined levels. When one part DCD was mixed with 10 parts of the ammonium fertilizer prior to incorporation with the soil, nitrification was inhibited for at least six weeks. In a greenhouse experiment, wheat was grown to maturity and millet to the flowering stage in pots containing nitrate and ammonium fertilizers treated with DCD. Soil analyses during the plant growth period indicated that ammonium oxidation in soil was effectively inhibited. Plants of both species exposed to ammonium only with DCD produced lower yields than those exposed to a mixture of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen with DCD. Plants supplied with nitrate‐only gave somewhat lower yields than the mixtures. The nitrate‐only treatments resulted in the lowest accumulation of reduced nitrogen compounds in shoots of both species. Magnesium uptake by millet and calcium and magnesium uptake by wheat were reduced as the proportion of ammonium in soil was increased.     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on potassium, magnesium and calcium leaching in grazed grassland

Abstract. Leaching of calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) from urine patches in grazed grassland represents a significant loss of valuable nutrients. We studied the effect on cation loss of treating the soil with a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), which was used to reduce nitrate loss by leaching. The soil was a free-draining Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) and the pasture was a mixture of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) and white clover ( Trifolium repens ). The treatment of the soil with DCD reduced Ca²⁺ leaching by the equivalent of 50%, from 213 to 107 kg Ca ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ on a field scale. Potassium leaching was reduced by 65%, from 48 to 17 kg K ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Magnesium leaching was reduced by 52%, from 17 to 8 kg Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. We postulate that the reduced leaching loss of these cations was due to the decreased leaching loss of nitrate under the urine patches, and follows from their reduced requirement as counter ions in the drainage water. The treatment of grazed grassland with DCD thus not only decreases nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions as reported previously, but also decreases the leaching loss of cation nutrients such as Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺.     

Nitrogen fertilization and daminozide effects on growth,yield, and quality of concord grapes

Abstract

Yield and productivity of Concord grapes trained to the Geneva Double Curtain system were examined over a period of three seasons (1986–1988). Factorial rates of N fertilization and the growth regulator, daminozide, were applied. Results showed that daminozide at 750 ppm combined with any N fertilization level in the study increased yield without sacrificing fruit quality or vine growth. Soil N fertilization at the rates applied did not significantly affect growth, yield or quality even though higher N rates increased leaf petiole N contents. During the three year study, no interaction was found between nitrogen and daminozide on yield.

Received for publication 6/15/91. Salaries and research support provided in part by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. Journal Article No. 116–90.     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid on yield-scale nitrous oxide emission in maize fields under hot climatic conditions

Nitrification inhibitors are widely used in agriculture to mitigate nitrous oxide(N₂O)emission and increase crop yield.However,no concrete information on their mitigation of N₂O emission is available under soil and environmental conditions as in Pakistan.A field experiment was established using a silt clay loam soil from Peshawar,Pakistan,to study the effect of urea applied in combination with a nitrification inhibitor,nitrapyrin(2-chloro-6-tri-chloromethyl pyridine),and/or a plant growth regulator,gibberellic acid(GA_3),on N₂O emission and the nitrogen(N)uptake efficiency of maize.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five treatments in four replicates:control with no N(CK),urea(200 kg N ha^-1)alone,urea in combination with nitrapyrin(700 g ha^-1),urea in combination with GA_3(60 g ha^-1),and urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3.The N₂O emission,yield,N response efficiency,and total N uptake were measured during the experimental period.The treatment with urea and nitrapyrin reduced total N₂O emission by 39%–43%and decreased yield-scaled N₂O emission by 47%–52%,relative to the treatment with urea alone.The maize plant biomass,grain yield,and total N uptake increased significantly by 23%,17%,and 15%,respectively,in the treatment with urea and nitrapyrin,relative to the treatment with urea alone,which was possibly due to N saving,lower N loss,and increased N uptake in the form of ammonium;they were further enhanced in the treatment with urea,nitrapyrin,and GA_3 by 27%,36%,and 25%,respectively,probably because of the stimulating effect of GA_3 on plant growth and development and the reduction in biotic and abiotic stresses.These results suggest that applying urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3 has the potential to mitigate N₂O emission,improve N response efficiency,and increase maize yield.