叶面喷施甜菜碱对干旱胁迫下苹果幼树生理指标的影响

以1年生"富士"苹果苗(砧木为"平邑甜茶")为试材,通过盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫过程中叶面喷施甜菜碱对苹果幼树叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、电解质外渗和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫过程中,喷施甜菜碱预处理有效缓解了叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量的下降,增加了脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;改善了苹果的水分状况;抗氧化酶活性也显著增强,膜脂过氧化程度减弱;叶面喷施甜菜碱提高了苹果幼树的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫对苹果光合特性的影响

研究了盆栽山定子和平邑甜茶在中度干旱胁迫下光合参数和光合色素的变化,结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了二者的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO2浓度,山定子的光合速率反而有所增加;干旱胁迫增加了光合色素的含量;中度干旱胁迫提高了山定子和平邑甜茶的水分利用率。     

干旱胁迫下叶面喷施甜菜碱对番茄幼苗生理指标的影响

在干旱胁迫条件下,叶面喷施一定浓度甜菜碱后,与对照相比,番茄幼苗体内的脯氨酸含量增加,丙二醛含量减少,相对电导率变小,干物质的积累增加.这表明叶面喷施甜菜碱可以提高番茄幼苗的抗旱性,并且以50 mg/L浓度处理最好.     

水分胁迫对几种果树甜菜碱含量的影响

以桃、草莓、板栗和苹果4个树种为试材，测定水分胁迫下其叶片、茎以及根中甜菜碱含量，结果表明：在正常供水条件下，各树种的叶片、茎和根中都有一定量的甜菜碱，不同树种、同一树种的不同部位甜菜碱的含量均不同，其中板栗的甜菜碱含量最高，苹果的含量最低；叶片的甜菜碱含量最高，根部的含量最低。水分胁迫下，各树种的甜菜碱含量都显著增加，但变化幅度不同。甜菜碱含量的变化依胁迫程度而不同。     

持续干旱胁迫及复水对3种苹果砧木渗透调节能力的影响

以山定子、扎矮山定子、毛山定子为试材,通过盆栽试验,测定了干旱胁迫以及复水条件下3种苹果砧木叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和淀粉含量的动态变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫过程中,3种苹果砧木叶片的脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势,其中山定子的增幅最大;可溶性糖和淀粉含量均呈波动式变化,但二者变化趋势相反;山定子和扎矮山定子的可溶性蛋白含量呈现出"升高—降低—升高—降低"的变化趋势,毛山定子则呈单峰曲线变化趋势;复水后,除毛山定子的可溶性糖含量外,其余各指标含量均能恢复至对照水平;通过隶属函数法对各生理指标进行综合评价,扎矮山定子抗旱性最强,山定子次之,毛山定子抗旱性最差。     

干旱胁迫下水杨酸、脱落酸和海藻提取物对苹果幼苗抗旱性及养分吸收的影响

以盆栽苹果砧木M9T337矮化幼苗为试材,研究了水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)和海藻提取物(SE)对重度干旱胁迫下苹果幼苗生长、光合色素、抗氧化酶活性、光合特性、渗透调节物质以及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:重度干旱胁迫显著抑制了苹果幼苗的营养生长,降低了叶片抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、光合作用及植株养分含量。喷施SA、ABA和SE均促进了干旱胁迫下幼苗的生长,提高了叶片光合色素含量以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr),同时也提高了苹果叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质的含量,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的伤害。与SA和ABA相比,喷施SE在促进苹果幼苗营养生长、提高叶绿素a含量和叶片SOD和CAT活性、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高植株养分含量方面效果更显著。     

水分胁迫对苹果新根多胺和脯氨酸含量的影响

水分胁迫对苹果新根多胺和脯氨酸含量的影响杨洪强，黄天栋（山东农业大学园艺系，泰安２７１０１８）关键词水分胁迫；苹果；新根；多胺；脯氨酸ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＷａｔｅｒＳｔｒｅｓｓｏｎＰｏｌｙａｍｉｎｅｓａｎｄＰｒｏｌｉｎｅＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎＡｐｐｌｅ...     

水分胁迫下梨、枣和葡萄叶片中甜菜碱含量的变化

 本研究表明, 在水分供应充足的条件下, 梨、枣和葡萄3 种果树叶片中均含有甜菜碱, 其中枣最高, 梨次之, 葡萄最低; 轻度水分胁迫诱导了梨成龄叶中甜菜碱水平增高将近1 倍; 枣和葡萄叶片中的甜菜碱水平对水分胁迫基本没有响应; 梨在水分胁迫下诱导的甜菜碱主要是由叶片独立合成的。     

土壤干旱胁迫对刺梨叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了土壤干旱胁迫对刺梨(RosaroxburghiiTratt.)的10种营养元素含量的影响。结果表明,土壤干旱胁迫降低了刺梨叶中的N、P、K、Ca、Cu、B、Mo元素含量,各胁迫处理与对照相比,叶中P、K、Cu、Mo元素含量都达到了极显著水平,而叶中Ca元素含量随胁迫程度加重呈极显著的降低趋势;轻度胁迫时叶中的Zn元素含量极显著地增加,在中度和重度干旱胁迫下,Zn元素含量又极显著地降低;轻、中度胁迫时叶中Mg元素含量明显增加,当土壤干旱胁迫继续加重叶中Mg元素含量极显著地增加;随土壤干旱胁迫程度的加重,叶中Fe元素含量一直呈极显著增加的趋势。     

甜菜碱对干旱胁迫下茄子幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

为研究甜菜碱对干旱胁迫下茄子幼苗生长的影响,对茄子幼苗喷施不同质量浓度甜菜碱,给予干旱胁迫,测定幼苗的生长指标及生理指标.结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了茄子幼苗正常生长,茄子叶片叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量均表现出干旱胁迫1～5 d上升,在5 d达到最大值,而后下降,MDA含量随干旱处理时间的延...     

NaCl胁迫下苹果幼树叶片膜透性、脯氨酸及矿质营养水平的变化

以2年生盆栽富士苹果树(砧木为平邑甜茶)为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫对其叶片膜透性、脯氨酸及矿质营养含量的影响,结果表明:0.3%盐胁迫处理的电导率在中前期高于对照,1%盐处理中期高于对照;盐胁迫后半期0.3%NaCl处理的脯氨酸含量高于对照。NaCl胁迫下,苹果体内各器官Na+含量大小的顺序是:根>新梢>主干韧皮部>叶>主干木质部,在0.1%NaCl胁迫下,新梢和叶片中的Na+没有明显变化,根、主干韧皮部和主干木质部含量明显提高,在0.3%NaCl胁迫下各器官中Na+含量明显提高,地上部叶片、主干韧皮部和新梢中Na+含量提高幅度最大。NaCl胁迫对各器官的N、P、K+含量没有明显影响,但胁迫下N/Na+、P/Na+和K+/Na+比值不同程度的降低,从而使树体内的元素平衡受到破坏,导致树体受害。N、K+含量在叶片中含量最高,P在新梢中含量最高,N、P、K+在主干木质部中含量均最低。     

盐胁迫对葡萄砧木叶片保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响

以当年葡萄砧木扦插苗为试材,采用土壤含盐量为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的NaCl溶液处理,对4个葡萄砧木品种(系)山河1号、河岸3号、SO4、DogRidge进行耐盐研究。结果表明,随土壤含盐量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后降低。4个葡萄砧木品种(系)对土壤含盐量的反映存在差异,山河1号、河岸3号为耐盐力强的品种(系),DogRidge为中等耐盐品种(系),SO4为耐盐力弱的品种(系)。     

干旱胁迫对杏脂氧合酶活性的影响

为了研究脂氧合酶(LOX)在植物干旱反应中的作用,以抗旱的山杏和抗旱性弱的龙王帽实生苗为试材,观察了自然干旱过程中叶片的生长状况以及测定了土壤含水量、新叶生长率、叶片脱落率、根和叶片的LOX活性。结果表明,在自然干旱过程中随着土壤含水量的降低,山杏和龙王帽的新叶增长率也下降。干旱后期山杏比龙王帽的新叶增长速率下降快、生长停止早。干旱使山杏比龙王帽叶片早脱落,而且落叶比率明显高于龙王帽。自然干旱时杏的LOX活性表现为叶片升高,在根中变化不大。而且山杏叶片的LOX活性增加幅度比龙王帽大,峰值出现比龙王帽早。因此,干旱条件下抗旱的山杏叶片脂氧合酶活性比龙王帽提早增加而且叶片易早脱落。山杏叶片LOX活性急剧升高出现在叶片萎蔫衰老之前,推测LOX活性增强可能与引发衰老有关。     

Osmotic adjustment,proline accumulation and cell membrane stability in leaves of Cocos nucifera submitted to drought stress

The role of drought-induced proline accumulation in coconut leaves is still unclear. With the objective of evaluating the impact of water shortage on leaf osmotic potential, proline accumulation and cell membrane stability in young plants of two Brazilian Green Dwarf coconut ecotypes from contrasting areas (Brazilian Green Dwarf from Una, Bahia, UGD, and from Jiqui, Rio Grande do Norte, JGD), a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Three drought cycles consisting of suspension of irrigation until the net photosynthetic rate (A) approached zero and rewatering until recovery of A to 85% of the irrigated control plants. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_PD) reached −1.2 MPa at the point of maximum stress (PMS). Dry matter production and leaf area were severely reduced by drought treatment in the two ecotypes. Corrected values of osmotic potential were significantly reduced in stressed plants of the two ecotypes. Green dwarf coconut palm showed low osmotic adjustment (from 0.05 to 0.24 MPa) and significant accumulation of proline (from 1.5 to 2.1 times in relation to control) in leaflets in response to water deficit. Considering the growth reduction observed in both ecotypes, proline was not associated to osmoregulation. On the other hand, the absence of membrane damage, as indicated by electrolyte leakage method, suggests that the protective role of proline in this specie can be more important. The two ecotypes of Green dwarf coconut palm behaved similarly in the present experiment for most traits evaluated. Slight differences among the ecotypes were observed with respect to the response to treatments, such as higher proline accumulation in JGD.     

套袋对红富士苹果果实芳香成分的影响

以短枝红富士苹果(Malusdomesticacv.RedFujiSpur)为试材,顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)提取芳香成分,GC-MS定性、定量分析,研究套袋对红富士苹果果实芳香成分的影响。结果表明,未套袋红富士苹果的芳香成分中酯类、醛类和醇类化合物的相对含量均较高,分别为42.18%、29.65%和17.75%,但以酯类化合物含量最高,可将其划为“酯香型”苹果品种。套袋后红富士苹果果实风味变淡,芳香成分总量仅相当于未套袋果的91.38%;而且由于酯类和醇类物质均有不同程度地降低,分别相当于未套袋果的42.75%和82.98%,醛类为未套袋果的1.77倍,使红富士苹果的特有风味有所改变。     

镉对苹果生长发育和矿质元素含量的影响

为了探究镉(Cd)对苹果植株生长发育和各组织矿质元素含量的影响,以2年生烟富3/T337和王林/T337为试材,测定了25mg/kg镉处理下叶片光合参数、解剖结构和各组织矿质元素含量。结果表明,镉胁迫对2个品种叶片光合参数具有明显的抑制作用,‘烟富3’和‘王林’叶片净光合速率分别降低62.46%和46.04%。镉处理下叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均显著低于对照,但‘烟富3’叶片上表皮厚度增加。镉能够抑制苹果叶片氮和钾含量,促进磷的吸收。镉处理对苹果植株不同组织钙、硼、铜、铁和锌含量的影响存在差异,根系钙、硼和锌含量均显著低于对照,铜含量显著高于对照。叶片铜、铁和锌含量均显著低于对照,‘烟富3’叶片钙含量显著高于对照,而‘王林’叶片钙含量低于对照。综上所述,镉能够抑制苹果植株生长发育,降低植株根系氮、钾、钙、硼、锌含量,以及叶片铜、铁、锌含量。     

Changes in chlorophyll,ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase,glycine betaine content,photosynthesis and transpiration in Amaranthus tricolor leaves during salt stress

Summary

We examined changes in leaf growth and chemical composition, including chlorophyll content, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), and glycine betaine (GB) in relation to photosynthesis and transpiration responses to salt stress in Amaranthus tricolor leaves. To induce salt stress, plants were transferred to a growth medium containing 300 mM NaCl for 7 d followed by 7 d of relief from salinity. A decrease in leaf enlargement began 3 d after salt stress, and leaves subsequently showed the same degree of regrowth as controls after relief in non-salt medium. Chlorophyll content expressed on a leaf-area basis increased under conditions of salinity due to a reduction in leaf tissue water content. The decrease in chlorophyll content continued throughout the 7 d of relief from salinity. The RuBisCO and soluble protein contents when expressed on a leaf dry-weight basis decreased in response to salinity, and then gradually increased during the relief period. GB content increased slightly up to 3 d of salt stress, and showed typical accumulation during salt stress. GB content decreased sharply immediately after plants were transferred to non-stress medium, but remained at a higher level throughout the relief period. A decrease in photosynthetic activity and transpiration rate preceded any changes in leaf area, RuBisCO or GB content. During relief from salinity, photosynthesis and transpiration rates gradually recovered to control levels with restoration of stomatal conductance. The above findings suggest that the increase in GB content is important in adaptation to salt stress in Amaranthus plants, although photosynthesis and transpiration responses occurred immediately after salt-stress.     

苹果离体叶片再生体系两步培养法的研究

通过对苹果离体叶片两步再生法的研究,建立了乔纳金苹果试管苗的叶片再生体系。试验表明,2, 4-D能促进愈伤组织的形成和增殖,影响外植体脱分化和再分化的趋向。BA影响外植体形成愈伤组织的能力,对不定芽再生具有显著影响。IAA对愈伤组织的形成几乎无影响,但对再生不定芽的生长影响较大。诱导愈伤组织的培养基为MS+BA 1 0mg·L-1 +IAA 0 2mg·L-1 +2, 4 -D 0 8mg·L-1时诱导率可达100%;分化不定芽的培养基为MS+BA4 0mg·L-1 +IAA0 2mg·L-1时最高分化率也达 100%。暗培养 1月左右即可得到再分化的不定芽。     

Water stress induces in pear leaves the rise of betaine level that is associated with drought tolerance in pear

Summary

Mild water stress signi®cantly induced the accumulation of betaine in the leaves of young pear plants (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. `Suly'). The betaine induced by water stress in mature leaves was maintained for about two weeks of re-watering after water stress, and gradually declined two weeks after the relief of water stress, dropping to the normal level one month later. Exogenously foliar-applied betaine slightly improved the shoot growth and the ability of the leaves to resist dehydration, alleviated wilting of leaves under water stress, and promoted recovery of leaves from wilting after re-watering. These ®ndings indicate that the accumulated betaine induced by water stress was associated with drought tolerance in pear.     

外源甜菜碱对葡萄幼苗抗高温胁迫能力的影响

以1a生酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠扦插苗为试材,研究了不同浓度的外源甜菜碱(GB)对提高葡萄幼苗抗热性的影响。结果表明,在高温胁迫下,叶面喷施不同浓度的GB均能显著降低葡萄幼苗叶片脯氨酸的含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量,维持较低的膜透性,提高葡萄幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,从而提高了葡萄幼苗的抗高温胁迫能力。证明GB对减轻高温胁迫引起的伤害,提高葡萄幼苗的抗热能力具有积极的作用。在所设4种GB浓度中以5.0mmol/L处理效果为佳。