湿地松板材脱脂技术试验研究

采用正交试验方法研究了湿地松脱脂技术。研究表明 ,影响脱脂综合指标的因素主要有 :脱脂液浓度、温度、处理时间、水与木材的体积比。当浓度为 0 5 %,温度为 80℃ ,处理时间为8h ,水与木材体积比为 4时 ,脱脂处理后综合指标最高。经脱脂处理后力学性能降低较小 ,色泽变化不大 ,也不需另外对湿地松进行脱松节油处理 ,即可作家具或装潢材料使用。     

马尾松板材的脱脂处理

以福建产马尾松为研究对象，探讨了利用碱性药剂对马导松板进行脱脂处理的工艺。通过正交试验分析了温度、浓度，时间以及水与木材体积比对脱脂效果的影响与原因。     

脱脂与未脱脂马尾松胶合板的性能差异研究

采用热压方式对脱脂和未脱脂马尾松胶合板的性能进行研究。结果表明:在马尾松单板水煮脱脂过程中,随着脱脂时间的延长,其脱脂率逐渐加大,但脱脂速度相对降低。马尾松单板水煮脱脂在1~3 h内的脱脂率变化不大,脱脂效果与水煮时间关系不密切;在3~5 h内,单板脱脂率变化较大,脱脂率与水煮时间有密切关系。板坯热压的前3~4 min,未脱脂板坯的升温速度比脱脂板坯升温速度快;4 min后脱脂板坯的升温速度明显快于未脱脂板坯,而未脱脂板坯在较长时间内温度仅呈缓慢升高趋势。脱脂处理的马尾松胶合板在物理力学性能各个指标上都明显优于未脱脂处理的马尾松胶合板。     

高温水热处理对马尾松木材颜色变化的影响

以高温高压水作为传热介质,在水热处理温度为140℃,160℃,180℃,200℃,水热处理时间为1 h,3 h,5h的条件下对40年生马尾松Pinusmassoniana木材进行高温热处理,以饱和蒸气提供高压条件,研究马尾松木材在不同水热处理条件下颜色变化,并分析处理材颜色与化学成分的关系。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高和时间的延长,马尾松木材颜色从明黄色向深褐色转变,木材明度值降低,总体色差增加;木材总体色差与木材三大素变化呈一定相关性,其随纤维素和半纤维素的减少而增加。与热处理时间相比,热处理温度对马尾松木材颜色影响更显著。     

真空热处理改性马尾松木材物理性能研究

文章采用间歇抽真空法及利用木材自身含有的水分对马尾松木材进行热处理,并研究了热处理温度和时间对马尾松木材的尺寸稳定性（ASE值）和力学性能的影响。结果表明：处理温度和时间均显著影响着木材的力学强度和ASE。综合考虑处理温度和处理时间对ASE、顺纹抗压强度和抗弯强度的影响,较佳的真空热处理工艺为：压力-0.09 Mpa、处理温度200℃,处理时间1 h。     

蒸汽热处理马尾松木材工艺初探

以浙江本地的马尾松为试材,采用自制的小型热处理木材实验装置进行高温热处理木材工艺实验.通过对热处理前后马尾松木材力学性能和尺寸稳定性的比较,探讨了热处理温度、热处理时间以及升温速度对其性能的影响.研究结果表明:热处理温度对热处理马尾松木材的抗弯强度有显著影响,经热处理后的马尾松木材与未处理材相比,其顺纹抗压强度下降了1.823%~11.084%,抗弯强度下降了0.259%~34.451%,体积干缩湿胀率也有所降低.经综合分析并考虑到热源损耗及尺寸稳定性,得出马尾松木材的热处理最佳工艺为:热处理温度190℃,热处理时间2h,升温速度15℃/h     

高温水热处理对马尾松木材物理力学性能的影响

以40年生马尾松Pinus massoniana木材为研究对象,采用不同水热处理温度(140,160,180,200℃)和不同时间(1,3,5 h)的热处理工艺,研究处理前后马尾松木材试件的主要物理力学性能变化。结果表明,试件的平衡含水率和失重率随水热处理温度升高和时间的延长呈逐渐降低的趋势;140℃处理的试件的气干密度、全干密度和基本密度随处理时间的增加变化不明显,但160,180,200℃处理下,随着处理温度升高和处理时间的延长,比处理前的试件均有所降低;马尾松木材的抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量均随水热处理温度升高和时间的延长呈逐渐降低的趋势。实验显示,高温水热处理改性马尾松木材物理力学性能的较佳工艺为:处理温度160℃,处理时间3 h。     

湿地松脱脂研究

对汨罗市桃林林场湿地松试样进行脱脂研究。选择适宜的化学试剂，并对反应浓度、温度、时间等工艺条件对脱脂的影响进行了探讨，通过正交设计实验，筛选出较好工艺条件为：浓度1％、温度120℃、时间3h。其脱脂效果良好，木材表面无溢脂现象，达到脱脂要求。     

马尾松锯材常压过热蒸汽干燥脱脂特性研究

以速生马尾松锯材为研究对象,采用常压过热蒸汽对其进行干燥脱脂一体化处理,系统研究了干燥脱脂过程中马尾松木材内部温度及含水率变化规律,讨论了过热蒸汽温度对锯材干燥速率、干燥质量、颜色、表面溢脂及微观构造的影响规律。结果表明:过热蒸汽干燥脱脂过程中,锯材内部温度及含水率变化可分为快速升温加速干燥段、恒温恒速干燥段和升温减速干燥段三个阶段,干燥速率介于0.14~0.26%/min,过热蒸汽温度对干燥速率影响非常显著;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂材可达到锯材干燥质量指标二级以上标准,与常规干燥材相比,发生的表裂缺陷少,140℃时出现内裂缺陷;过热蒸汽干燥脱脂处理对木材颜色的影响不显著;过热蒸汽干燥材表面不发生溢脂,达到一级脱脂松木锯材标准;过热蒸汽干燥处理破坏了树脂道内的薄壁细胞,处理后的树脂道内残存有固态松香。     

湿地松松木板的脱脂

对汨罗市桃林林场湿地松材试样进行脱脂工艺的研究.选择适宜的化学试剂,并以反应浓度、温度、时间等工艺条件对脱脂的影响进行探讨,通过正交设计试验,综合考虑其它几方面因素,筛选出较好的工艺条件为:浓度1%、温度120℃、时间3h.其脱脂效果良好,木材表面无溢脂现象,达到脱脂要求.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.