RELATIONSHIP OF IRON-MANGANESE TOXICITY DISORDER IN MARIGOLD TO MANGANESE AND MAGNESIUM NUTRITION

The iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) disorder in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is related to high Mn and low magnesium (Mg) in leaves. Three solution-culture experiments with marigold were conducted in a greenhouse. One investigated Mn and the disorder. Based on dry matter production, 4.5 mg Mn/L was the toxicity concentration and gave 880 mg Mn g^?1 dry weight in new leaves and 1200 in old leaves. Manganese above 4.5 mg L^?1 produced bronzed speckles on leaves. A second experiment investigated Mg and the disorder. Based on dry matter production, 10 mg Mg L^?1 was the deficiency concentration and gave 1.5% Mg in the shoots. Symptoms of Mg deficiency did not resemble those of the disorder. A third experiment investigated Mn and Mg. Leaf chlorosis appeared at 2.5 mg Mn L^?1 with the lowest supply of Mg. These experiments suggest that Mn supply is related to the disorder but increasing Mg does not alleviate the problem.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF RICE SEEDLINGS TO COLD,SALT, AND DROUGHT STRESSES

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most sensitive crops to drought, salt and cold stresses, particularly at post germination stage. The effects of these stresses on some physiological responses of two (a salt tolerant and a sensitive) rice cultivars ‘FL478’ and ‘IR29’ were investigated in this study. Two-day seedlings were transferred to MS media complemented with iso-osmotic concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl; 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) or mannitol (0, 100, 180, and 275 mM) at 25°C or four and 15°C for 10 days. Experiments were carried out based on completely randomized design, with at least three replicates. All three stresses decreased shoot growth, chlorophylls, carotenoids and root starch while increased shoot soluble sugars. The effect of exerted cold stress on growth, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malonyldialdehyde levels, electrolyte leakage, chlorophylls and carotenoids contents was more than or comparable with drought, but greater than salinity. The results also indicated higher tolerance of ‘‘FL478’’ not only to salinity but also to drought compared to ‘‘IR29’’. Therefore, a mechanism for osmotic stress adjustment is probable in ‘‘FL478’’ in addition to low sodium (Na⁺) to potassium (K⁺) ratio in shoot tissues under salinity.     

黄棕壤添加重金属的毒性评价及其临界浓度确定

在连续盆栽水稻、小麦的过程中研究了加入黄棕壤的Cu、Cd、Pb的毒性(发光细菌法)。结果表明,当以水提取黄棕壤中三元素,浓度低,不显毒性,这与水提取红壤的结果相反;当以0.1mol L^-1HCI提取黄棕壤中三元素,则浓度明显提高而显示毒性。在相关显著水平P=0.001的基础上建立了土壤金属浓度与剩余发光度(毒性指标)优化拟合方程。规定含金属土壤的临界剩余发光度为90%(EC₁₀)。据此,估算出黄棕壤中Pb、Cu、Cd的临界浓度(μg/g土)分别为:488-587,17.8-25.3,2.11-2.12。     

不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究

铬是一种重要的环境污染物,土壤中过量的铬将抑制作物生长,降低产量;作物中累积的铬又通过食物链富集于人体。因此,铬对粮食、蔬菜作物生长的影响,以及铬在农作物中的累积已为许多研究者所关注。但不同作物对铬毒害耐性的研究尚少见报道。本文采用4种粮食作物(6个品种)、5种牧草和7种蔬菜作物(10个品种)为对象,分析比较作物耐铬性的差异,并从生理生化方面探讨作物耐铬性的实质,以探讨重金属铬的毒害机理。     

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)铝毒害与耐性机制及铝毒害的缓解作用

铝 (Al) 毒是广泛存在于热带亚热带地区酸性土壤上的主要的生产力限制因子之一。水稻Al毒害主要发生在新开垦的旱地酸性土壤上。本文较详细地总结了: (1) 水稻发生Al毒的环境条件,水稻Al毒害的可见症状和Al毒害的部位;(2) 水稻耐Al指标,营养元素的吸收与分配对水稻耐受Al毒害的影响,以及Al胁迫下根系分泌物、根际pH的变化等对水稻耐Al的贡献,水稻耐Al基因的定位等;(3) 水稻Al毒害的缓解作用机理及可能的解决措施。最后对水稻Al毒害和水稻耐Al机制研究中存在问题进行了分析探讨,同时对今后的研究作了展望。     

果园土壤酸化及铝毒矫治的研究

模拟酸雨使得土壤pH下降,土壤酸化加重,土壤pH值分别比CK下降了0.23、0.54、1.22、1.79,活性Al含量分别比CK增加了0.22%、14.33%、41.41%、66.38%,交换性K含量下降了0.01~0.08cmol/kg,交换性Na含量下降了0~0.08cmol/kg、交换性Ca含量下降了0.14~0.31cmol/kg、交换性Mg含量下降了0~0.10cmol/kg,盐基总量下降了6.1%~23.1%。MgSO4、CaCl2、KH2PO4、柠檬酸处理减少了土壤活性Al的溶出和盐基离子的流失,也明显抑制了龙眼幼苗对Al的吸收,当Al胁迫浓度为0.185mmol/L时,2mmol/L.Mg2 、Ca2 、PO43-和柠檬酸根处理下,根、茎、叶的含Al量下降了13.9%~39.2%、16.9%~39.7%、30.1%~41.0%;当Al胁迫浓度为1.850mmol/L时,根、茎、叶的含Al量下降了29.3%~51.3%、15.3%~39.7%、16.5%~42.5%。     

一株耐盐苯酚降解酵母菌的分离及降解特性研究

从化工厂污泥中分离到一株酵母菌 ,初步鉴定为德氏酵母属 (Debaryomycessp ) ,命名为Gb。该菌株可以在 0～ 2 0 %Na2 SO4环境中生长 ,并能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源。其苯酚降解最适浓度为 1 0 0 0mgL-1 ,最适Na2 SO4浓度为 5 %,最适pH和温度分别为 5 5和 30℃ ,在 2 5 0ml三角瓶中最适装液量为 1 0 0ml。当Na2 SO4盐浓度为 5 %、苯酚浓度为 1 0 0 0mgL-1 时 ,最适条件下培养 3天即能降解 95 %的苯酚。本文还对其耐盐机理进行了初步研究 ,发现细胞内海藻糖含量随外界盐浓度增加而增加 ,表明Debaryomycessp 在高盐条件下能以海藻糖作为渗透调节物质。     

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL POTASSIUM RESERVES AVAILABLE TO PLANT ROOTS

Successive extraction with Ca-saturated sulphonated resin is used to remove potassium from soils. The kinetics of K-release are analysed mathematícally to define three simultaneous rate processes by the amounts and rate-functions associated with them. The diffusion coefficient (3 × 10^-19 cm² sec^-1) calculated for the slowest process (suggested to be from the mineral matrix) is of the same magnitude as that for illitic clay minerals. The effect of K manuring on these parameters is evaluated from measurements on soils from the Nil and K-fertilised plots of the Rothamsted Classical Experiments. Based on this analysis, a procedure is suggested for deriving from a smaller number of observations the amount of K a soil would release in a given time, and the contribution of each process to this amount is demonstrated.     

水生植物对125I和3H的吸收、分配及消长

采用水培的方式研究了几种水生植物对＾１２５Ｉ和＾３Ｈ的吸收,结果表明,供试的４种水生植物中,矮慈姑（Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｒｉａ ｐｙｇｍａｅａ Ｍｉｑ）对水体中＾１２５Ｉ的吸收最快,富集系数最大,到试验结束时达８５．７９。螃蜞菊（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｎｔｈｅｒａ ｐｈｉｌｏｘｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ）对＾１２５Ｉ的吸收最慢,富集系数最小,但螃蜞菊对＾３Ｈ的吸收却是４种植物中最快的。植物吸收＾１２５Ｉ后,能运转至地上部,     

STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SPRING CANOLA CULTIVARS TO BORON TOXICITY

Although many states recommend boron (B) fertilizer for many field crops, information about B toxicity of canola is lacking. This experiment was carried out at Central Anatolia, Turkey from 2002 to 2003, to determine genotypic range in B efficiency of eight spring canola cultivars, to identify the B-inefficient cultivars and to identify specific responses. The cultivars were grown under B moderate deficiency (extractable B 0.56 mg kg^?1) and toxic B applied (15 kg B ha^?1) conditions. According to the results, seed yield varied significantly among the cultivars and B application decreased the seed yield by 31% on average. Also, toxic B application reduced protein and oil contents similar to seed yield, and increased leaf B concentration in all varieties. This study has shown that leaf B concentration has increased considerably when B is applied to Pactol and Star cultivars, but seed yield of +B and ?B has not shown significantly a change. It is possible to say that Star and Pactol—which have not been affected by the toxic B application—are genotypes that are tolerant to B toxicity and may be cultivated at B toxic lands.     

硼对棉花叶柄中无机营养、酚、酶活性和激素影响的研究

运用10B径迹蚀刻,X射线能谱测试技术、化学和生物学分析方法研究了硼对棉花叶柄的影响。结果表明:缺硼棉花叶柄中无机元素的运输、分布状况及元素间的平衡关系发生改变;6磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、过氧化物酶活性提高;总酚,脱落酸、乙烯大量增加;生长素大量减少;导致叶柄组织功能衰退,物质运输受到严重影响。     

人参辐照保鲜及毒性试验

γ射线1kGy与2kG扩辐照鲜人参,在室温条件下贮藏6个月,保鲜率分别达86.67％与88.33％,皂甙含量达5.21％,与鲜人参皂甙含量5.25％相比,差异不显著。经毒性试验,辐照保鲜人参无毒、无蓄积性毒性,也没有检查出异常毒性,与对照组鲜人参相比,无显著性差异。     

转基因作物在土壤环境中的残留及其对土壤生物的影响

随着转基因作物的推广和应用,其对农田生态系统造成的潜在危害日益引起人们的重视。本文综述了转基因作物在土壤中的残留及其对土壤动物、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性影响的研究进展,为转基因作物对土壤环境的生态风险性评价提供参考。     

五种水生植物生物量及其对生态沟渠氮、磷吸收效果的研究

为明确水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷吸收效果的影响,本研究以生态沟渠中水生美人蕉、铜钱草、黑三棱、狐尾藻和灯心草为试验植物,对5种水生植物的生物量以及吸收、累积的氮、磷量进行测定。结果表明:不同水生植物生物量有差异,平均总生物量在1.10～2.43kg/m2之间,其中以水生美人蕉的生物量最大,达2.43kg/m2。5种水生植物地上部分的氮、磷浓度分别在8.41～20.67g/kg和1.41～3.40g/kg之间,狐尾藻氮、磷浓度最高;而地下部分的氮、磷浓度分别在4.41～10.47g/kg及1.08～1.90g/kg之间,不同水生植物间差异显著,以狐尾藻氮浓度和铜钱草磷浓度为最高;地上部分氮、磷累积量的变化范围分别7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,其中以水生美人蕉对氮的累积量为最大,狐尾藻对磷的累积量为最大。5种水生植物地上部分氮、磷累积量均高于地下部分。地上部分收割后,5种水生植物单次可带走氮、磷分别在7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,水生美人蕉带走的氮最多;全年可带走的总氮和总磷量分别为20.34～109.12g/m2a和3.41～17.95g/m2a,狐尾藻带走的最多。水生植物地上部分通过收割的方法可有效去除沟渠中的氮磷,还能解决水生植物的二次污染问题。     

辐射接枝共聚物XG-g-NVP溶胀性能及其对苯酚吸附特性的研究

采用共辐射接枝法制备黄原胶-N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮接枝共聚物(XG-g-NVP),研究其溶胀性能及对苯酚的吸附性能.研究表明,XG-g-NVP在接枝率为623%时溶胀性能和吸附苯酚的能力最强,分别为62.1和0.76g/g.红外分析显示,XG-g-NVP与苯酚通过氢键相结合.XG-g-NVP对苯酚吸附符合Freundlic...     

水、沉积物和土壤中重金属生物有效性/毒性的生物配体模型研究进展

重金属以多种化学形态存在于环境介质中,仅根据环境中重金属元素总量已不能对其生物效应进行良好预测,因此在制定重金属环境质量标准和进行环境风险评价时,明确考虑其生物有效性逐渐受到重视。水体重金属的生物有效性和毒性很早就被认识到是水化学性质的函数,并形成了一些机理描述模型,如自由离子活度模型(FIAM)、鱼鳃点位交互作用模型(GSIM)和生物配体模型(BLM)。BLM在FIAM和GSIM的基础上,同时考虑了水中金属离子的化学形态以及阳离子与金属离子在生物配体(BL)上的竞争对其毒性的影响,能成功预测水体金属的生物有效性/毒性,并被用于水质金属基准的制定。本文对BLM在水环境中的概念模型、发展状况及软件应用做了全面介绍,并对BLM在沉积物和陆地环境中的拓展作了综述,重点介绍了针对植物、土壤动物和微生物的陆地生物配体模型(t-BLM),提出了土壤重金属t-BLM的概念模型并对其构建方法学等进行了探讨。联合了土壤理化性质、金属形态及生物积累和毒性效应的t-BLM,将提供一个环境风险评价和制定更合理土壤环境质量标准的新工具。     

水生植物对水体中氮、磷的吸收与抑藻效应的研究

研究了不同水生植物对富营养化水体氮、磷的净化效果及其抑藻效应。结果表明:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、浮萍(Lemna minor)和菹草(Potamogetom crispusLinn)对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷、硝态氮、氨氮都有较好的去除作用,其中以空心菜和金鱼藻效果最好。培养21d后的空心菜对总氮和硝态氮的吸收率分别为76.93%和71.9%;培养21d后的金鱼藻对总磷和氨氮的吸收率分别达到了93.15%和91.2%。水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、金鱼藻、浮萍都具有较好的抑制藻类生长的作用,培养过以上3种水生植物的水体也表现出抑藻效应。     

Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)组织DNA毒性的研究

用非程序DNA的合成作为毒性评价指标研究了混合重金属对鲫鱼 (carassiusauratus)组织DNA的毒性作用 ,结果表明 ,混合重金属的毒性作用靶标器官是鱼脑和鱼的肝脏 ;混合重金属中的主要毒性成分是Zn、Pb和Cd离子 ,混合重金属对鱼脑组织的毒性大小顺序是Pb>Cd >Zn ,对肝脏DNA的毒性顺序为Pb >Zn >Cd;Cu离子能够降低其它 3种离子的毒性作用 ,降低的机制在于竞争作用 ,导致了其它离子的吸收降低