Seasonal fluctuation of groundwater in an evergreen forest, central Cambodia: experiments and two-dimensional numerical analysis

This study of a water cycle was conducted in an evergreen forest located in the Mekong River Basin in central Cambodia. At the observation site, we measured the dynamics of the spatial distribution of groundwater levels. The groundwater movement was analyzed two-dimensionally using boundary conditions and parameters that had been observed in the field. The climate in the research area is dominated by two seasons, which occur annually: a rainy and a dry season. The groundwater levels are generally high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. Groundwater levels were measured along a stream, which flowed through the study site. The streambed was visible at the head of the stream in January. At the next downriver well point, the streambed appeared in March. Finally, it became visible at all well points in April, meaning that surface runoff had disappeared temporarily and instead flowed underground during the ensuing dry period. Groundwater levels of the studied lateral flow perpendicular to the stream that seeped and infiltrated into the stream were 1.2–2.5 m deep (in April), which was the lowest level recorded for the year. During that period, the depth of the groundwater of the studied lateral flow fell by as much as 56 mm per month. In addition, the lateral flow groundwater infiltrated into groundwater of the stream during that period. The groundwater level fluctuation was estimated based on a two-dimensional analysis of lateral flow perpendicular to the stream using a numerical simulation model with soil physical parameters and observed boundary conditions. The observations of ground water fluctuations were well reproduced. Deep seepage of groundwater was estimated using a uniform boundary condition that allowed efflux through the bottom, estimated as being approximately 30 mm per year. The simulated deep seepage rate was considered plausible considering other hydrological components such as soil water storage fluctuation.     

闽北不同类型毛竹林生态系统植被状况对地表径流的影响

以中亚热带杉木纯林（Ⅰ）和常绿阔叶林（Ⅴ）为对照，运用灰色关联法对闽北地区竹杉混交林（Ⅱ）、毛竹纯林（Ⅲ）、竹阔混交林（Ⅳ）3种不同类型毛竹林的生态系统植被状况影响地表径流系数进行了定量分析。结果表明，植被状况参数对地表径流系数影响的大小顺序是：草本层盖度＞凋落物层有效持水量＞物种丰富度＞林分高度＞凋落物总储量＞土壤稳渗速率＞灌木层盖度＞乔木层郁闭度＞土壤层有效持水量=土壤孔隙度；5种林分的植被状况对地表径流系数的影响以常绿阔叶林最大，竹杉混交林对地表径流的影响最小，灰关联度排序为：常绿阔叶林（0.763）＞杉木纯林（0.756）＞竹阔混交林（0.697）＞毛竹纯林（0.621）＞竹杉混交林（0.529）。     

海南儋州橡胶林与热带次生林土壤微生物区系研究

采用时空替代法,选取5 a(幼龄林)、10 a(中龄林)、30 a(老龄林)3个年龄的橡胶林,30 a桉树林和热带次生林,研究不同林型下不同微生物类群数量的差异及其随季节的变化。结果表明:不同微生物类群数量大小顺序为细菌﹥放线菌﹥真菌,细菌占微生物总量为93.17%~98.56%,土壤微生物总量大小顺序为幼龄林﹥中龄林﹥次生林﹥老龄林﹥桉树林;不同林型下土壤微生物数量随季节变化差异明显,旱季到雨季,细菌和放线菌数量先减小后增大,不同林型下土壤真菌数量变化不尽相同;在0~30 cm深土壤层内,5种林型下土壤微生物随土壤深度变化不明显;三大土壤微生物类群数量与土壤含水率、土壤p H值之间呈负相关,与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。     

Effects of Soil Type,Vertical Root Distribution and Precipitation on Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

Abstract

In Abashiri in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, grain yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hokushin) in the western area, with umbric andosol or dystric cambisol soil types, are lower and unstable compared to those in the eastern area, with mostly haplic andosol soil type. The aim of this study was to evaluate yield differences between the eastern and western areas. The vertical root distribution of wheat plants was examined over two seasons in farmers’ fields in both areas by a wall profile method. Plants grown in the western area had shallower root systems than those grown in the eastern area. Poor soil porosity and high soil penetration resistance suppressed the vertical distribution of root systems in umbric andosol and dystric cambisol. Grain yields were not always correlated with the amount and distribution of the root system. Grain yield in the 2004/2005 season was not correlated with root depth index, whereas it was positively correlated in the 2005/2006 season. During the period from heading to maturity (mid June to late July) over the two seasons, grain yield was associated with precipitation more than with temperature and total solar radiation. In the 2005/2006 season, during the late growing stage of wheat, precipitation was extremely low and soils were very dry. The difference in grain yield between the eastern and western areas was significant and negatively related to precipitation during the period from heading to maturity. Significant correlations of yield with sunshine duration and solar radiation from the heading stage to maturity were observed only on haplic andosol. The results suggest that the major factor controlling yearly changes in the difference in grain yield of winter wheat between the eastern and western areas is the difference in photosynthetic ability, which is based on rooting depth and water supply in response to solar radiation during the late growing stage.     

耕作方式对双季稻田土壤剖面CH4和N2O分布特征的影响

目的 探明双季稻稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O的时空分布特征,有利于揭示农艺措施对稻田土壤温室气体产生和排放过程的作用机制。方法通过小区试验,研究了旋耕（RT）和免耕（NT）在不同培肥措施[不施肥（CK）、仅施化肥（F）、化肥+秸秆还田（FS）]下对双季稻主要生育期田面水和土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O分布特征的影响。结果 早晚稻季田面水CH₄浓度显著低于土壤剖面CH₄浓度;而田面水N₂O浓度高于土壤剖面N₂O浓度。土壤剖面CH₄浓度随深度增加而下降;而N₂O浓度在土壤剖面中无显著变化。耕作方式对土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O浓度存在显著效应。与NT相比,RT显著增加了土壤剖面CH₄浓度,尤其是0-5 cm和5-10 cm土层;而在部分生育期显著降低土壤剖面N₂O浓度。早晚稻季CH₄净排放通量与上层土壤CH₄浓度相关性高于下层土壤和田面水。表层土壤是影响早稻季N₂O排放的主要因素,而中下层土壤是影响晚稻季N₂O排放的主要因素。结论 双季稻田土壤剖面CH₄和N₂O具有明显的时空变化特征,而耕作方式对其浓度具有显著影响。     

Comparison of Different Methods of Rice Establishment and Nitrogen Management Strategies for Lowland Rice

Abstract

Shortage of labor and water are forcing farmers to explore the alternatives of transplanting. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines during the 2003 wet season and the 2004 dry season to (1) evaluate the effects of different crop-establishment methods and N management on yield and yield parameters of rice; (2) determine N-use efficiency and water-use efficiency under different methods of rice establishment; and (3) analyze the economics of different crop-establishment methods. Crop-establishment method did not influence grain yield during the wet or dry seasons, indicating the potential of the three variants of direct seeding as alternative methods of establishing lowland rice. Direct-seeded rice had shorter crop duration, required less water and therefore had higher water-use efficiency than the transplanting method. Crop establishment did not influence the various indices of nitrogen-utilization efficiency except partial factor productivity of N (PFPN) during the wet season. During the dry season, dry-seeded rice had the lowest recovery efficiency. In contrast, agronomic-use efficiency and recovery efficiency were significantly higher in the SPAD-based (soil plant analyses development) N management strategy during the dry season. PFPN was significantly higher in the SPAD-based N management strategy during the wet and dry seasons. The interaction effect of crop establishment and N management indicated that for smaller N input and higher efficiency of N usage, N requirement for direct-seeded rice should be based on SPAD N technique. The cost-and-return analysis showed that benefit-cost ratio was consistently higher in dry seeding rice than transplanted rice using a SPAD-based N management.     

杉木纯林及杉桐混交林土壤酶活性研究

以3~5 a生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)—千年桐(Aleurites montana)混交林与杉木纯林2种营造模式下不同土层(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm)土壤作为研究对象,探讨杉木纯林和杉桐混交林(Cunninghamia lanceolataAleurites montana mixed forest)的土壤脲酶(URE)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和蔗糖酶(INV)活性变化规律。结果表明:(1)在同一造林模式同一林龄不同土层间,4种酶在土壤表层含量最高,随着土层加深,各林下土壤ACP、URE和INV均呈明显下降趋势,CAT活性无差异性。(2)同一造林模式同一土层不同林龄间,杉木纯林和杉桐混交林土壤酶活性均随林龄的增大而变大,但不同酶的变化趋势不同。(3)同一林龄同一土层不同造林模式间,杉桐混交林的土壤ACP、URE及INV活性总体高于杉木纯林。(4)不同林地和土层的土壤酶活性之间存在着极显著的相关性(p<0.01)。混交模式下的林地土壤酶活性均高于杉木纯林模式,土壤生物学性质更加完善。     

Effect of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on the processing quality of potato tubers for French fry production

Summary The effects of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on processing quality parameters in the cultivars, Maris Piper and Rooster were investigated over four seasons. Tuber dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugar concentrations and fry colour were measured. Seed source did not affect sucrose concentrations, significantly affected tuber dry matter in three of the four seasons and had no effect on reducing sugar concentrations or fry colour. Presprouting seed, reduced sucrose concentrations during two seasons from four and increased dry matter concentration of cv. Maris Piper during one season from four and in cv. Rooster during two seasons from four; lowered reducing sugar concentrations following storage in one season from three and did not affect fry colour. Delaying the desiccation date decreased sucrose concentration in all seasons, increased tuber dry matter concentration during two seasons and induced higher reducing sugar concentrations and darker fry colours.     

GIS analysis of conjunctive water resource use in Nganjuk district, east Java, Indonesia

Water shortages during the dry season threaten sustainable agricultural production in Nganjuk District, East Java, Indonesia. To mitigate this problem, farmers adopted conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, but the sustainability of this practice has not been investigated. This study temporally and spatially assessed water allocation in Nganjuk District when conjunctive irrigation was used. In particular, the land cover, water balance, and irrigation well density (IWD) were analyzed using time series GIS and remote sensing data to obtain their temporal and spatial distributions. First, the land cover was analyzed to determine cropping intensity, and the water balance was analyzed temporally and spatially. IWD was introduced to facilitate the water balance analysis. Second, the land cover, water balance, and IWD results were overlaid. Third, the effectiveness of the IWD method, the magnitude of water shortages, and the sustainability of groundwater resources were considered. Temporal and spatial water shortages in irrigation blocks were observed during the dry season. The change of storage showed a surplus during the wet and early dry seasons and a shortage during the late dry season. The annual water balances indicated that the southern part had a surplus, and the northern part experienced water shortages, especially downstream of the Widas River. Conjunctive use during the late dry season was predominant and concentrated in the southern part (83% of southern blocks). IWD was appropriate for examining groundwater use trends and was effective for expressing average withdrawal data (R ² = 0.87).     

Multiyear analysis of the dependency of the planting date on rainfall and soil moisture in paddy fields in Cambodia, 2003–2019

The dependencies of the planting date on rainfall and soil moisture in paddy fields in Cambodia were analyzed to quantify farmers’ empirical knowledge regarding their decision of the planting date. Remote sensing data from multiple satellites covering the 2003–2019 period were analyzed. The planting dates in rain-fed paddies ranged from April to August, with large spatial variations and year-to-year fluctuations. In years when planting was suppressed in April and May, planting was extensively enhanced in June and August compared to normal years, and vice versa. Over the northeastern side of Tonle Sap Lake and south of Phnom Penh city, the areas planted in April and May were found to have positive correlations with rainfall and soil moisture, suggesting that wetter-than-average conditions encouraged farmers to plant earlier in the season. In contrast, this relationship was unclear on the western side of Tonle Sap Lake, where the rainfall amounts were larger throughout the year than in other areas in Cambodia. In this region, the relationship between the planting area and soil water availability was either unclear or was even slightly negative from June to August. Since more frequent dry spells have been detected after the onset of the rainy season in recent years, further studies and disseminations of potential changes in dry spells are important for the agronomic adaptation of planting dates under climate change.

     

不同管理方式下山地胶园土壤物理和水热特性

为研究不同管理方式下山地胶园土壤物理和水热特性的变化情况,本研究在田间布置了喷除草剂（S）、人工净除（A）、绿肥覆盖（G）、地膜覆盖（F）、壕沟截流（T）、综合措施（M）和常规管理（CK）共7种管理方式处理的对比试验,定期测定各处理的土壤物理性质和水热特性指标。结果表明:G、F和M处理下的土壤水分含量（SWC）、原位土壤含水量（SMC）、土壤容重（SBD）、土壤孔隙度（SP）、土壤密度（SD）、土壤pH等参数均优于T、S、A和CK;F和M处理下的原位土壤温度（ST）均高于其他处理,而G处理ST最低;各处理原位的土壤电导率（SC）变化趋势不一,M、F和G的SC从干季的较低转变成雨季的较高,但两季间无显著差异,干季的S、A、T和CK处理的SC均显著高于雨季。总体来看,采取多种覆盖模式能有效地抑制土壤蒸发,提高土壤持水能力,有利于改善土壤结构,具有较好的土壤保墒作用。因此,覆盖处理可作为山地胶园主要推广的土壤优化管理方式。     

The growing and grazing season in the United Kingdom

The definitions of the grass growing and grazing seasons as climatic parameters are investigated using a grass growth model. Taking a mean air temperature of 6°C to define the start and end of the growing season at nine UK stations, the model indicates the following: (1) dry matter growth rates at the start are 6 to 9 times greater than those at the end; (2) growth rates at the start of the growing season are higher in those areas where it begins late (i.e. late March/ early April) than in areas where it begins earlier (i.e. late February/ early March). When defining the grazing season in terms of a delay after the start of the growing season, the model indicates that (3) growth rates at the start of the grazing season are higher in upland areas and in areas where the growing season begins late than in lowland areas and in areas where the growing season begins early.
A definition of growing season in terms of growth rates shows that 5 and 8°C are more suitable temperatures to define the start and end than 6°C.
Grazing season was more adequately described using growth rates than in terms of a delay after the start of the growing season.     

Integrating the effects of climate and plant available soil water holding capacity on wheat yield

In the Mediterranean farming systems of the Western Australian wheatbelt, crop yields are influenced primarily by the amount and distribution of rainfall and the soil's capacity to hold moisture. The wheatbelt's growing season rainfall varies in the range of 200–400 mm (average) and the plant available water holding capacity (PAWC) of soils is generally in the 40–140 mm range. The grain yield of wheat is sensitive to this combination of small rainfall and small storage capacity.In this study, we explore the relationship between yield and PAWC using a combination of simulation modelling and analysis of field data. Crop yields and soil properties were monitored in detail at 17 locations (PAWCs 43–131 mm) across six seasons (1997–2005). Crop yields were also simulated using the APSIM crop simulator (RMSE = 311 kg/ha) to evaluate the long-term relationship between crop yield and plant available water capacity using 106 years of historical climate data.The relationship between crop yield and PAWC varied with season, and two important factors emerged: (1) for PAWC < 65 mm, there was a linear relationship with crop yields that ranged from 17 kg/ha/mm to 58 kg/ha/mm of PAWC across seasons; (2) for PAWC 65–131 mm the crop yield response to PAWC ranged from 11.5 kg/ha/mm in 45% of seasons to no response.The impact of PAWC on crop yield was reduced in seasons with late rainfall, and magnified in seasons with reduced rainfall late in the growing season. Six distinct season types with different yield–PAWC relationships are identified and season-specific management strategies that exploit within-field variation in PAWC are developed to manage the spatial variation of PAWC in a field.     

Transpiration efficiencies of maize and beans in semi-arid Kenya

Maize and bean were grown under varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population, and irrigation at Kiboko, Kenya in the short rains 1990, 1991, 1992 and the long rains 1991. The production of dry matter was not affected significantly by any treatment, because treatments only had a small impact on the balance between evaporation and transpiration. In all seasons the greatest loss of water from the profile was through direct evaporation from the soil surface. Transpiration was always less than 25% of rainfall. The ratio of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (E + T) was small (0.23), but increased from 0.15 to 0.40 as rainfall increased from 158 mm in the long rains 1991 to 470 mm in the short rains 1992. Treatments had little impact on the balance between transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface. The average transpiration efficiencies for maize and bean were 89 and 29 kg shoot dry matter ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, respectively. For each crop there was a 60% change in transpiration efficiency between the short and the long rain season which could be accounted for by differences in saturation vapour pressure deficit.     

Biplot Analysis of Lovegrass Hybrid Performances in the Semi-Arid Region of Argentina

Abstract

Weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) has increased meat production in cattle-fattening systems of the central semi-arid rangeland of Argentina. New apomictic lovegrass hybrids are usually tested in multi-environment trials (MET). The objective of this paper was to investigate the relative magnitudes of the effects of genotype (G), environments (E), and genotype-by-environment interaction (GE) in weeping lovegrass MET. Variability in forage yield and other agronomic traits was analyzed via biplot analysis of data from 19 weeping lovegrass genotypes grown at three locations of the central Argentinean crop area for two consecutive growing seasons. The proportion of GE relative G was relatively small, and season-to-season performance of hybrids and differences across locations were predictable. Genotype-by-trait biplots suggested that selection based on dry matter and panicle number could be a good strategy of indirect selection for high forage yield and seed production in lovegrass. The analysis of environment-by-trait biplot showed the highest selection values of panicle number and dry matter in the first growing season, and the highest values of panicle length, crown diameter and leaf length in the second growing season.     

海南岛不同类型滨海林地禁伐后的植被与土壤养分变化

滨海防护林及半自然次生林禁伐后的植被结构、土壤养分特征的变化,是认识林地演替生态过程和盐碱地生态恢复的核心内容,对生物多样性保护和生态系统服务功能提升具有重要意义。本研究针对海南岛北部低海拔滨海地区1994年开始禁伐的人工林与次生林,采用典型样地法,比较研究3类人工林（大叶相思林、木麻黄林、桉树林）和邻近的次生林、混交林（对照）等5个森林类型的植被与土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）5种森林群落内主要植被共计34科54属57种,次生林和混交林群落物种组成较其他纯林物种丰富,木麻黄林内无灌木生长,除次生林外,其他森林类型草本层物种最丰富;（2）5种森林的土壤皆呈酸性,桉树林、次生林和混交林的土壤有机质和全氮含量较高,但土壤有效磷含量显著低于木麻黄林和大叶相思林（P<0.05）;（3）混交林土壤速效钾最高为11.27 mg/kg,其他森林类型均很低甚至未检出;（4）次生林土壤有机质含量、混交林土壤速效钾含量与群落物种组成呈正相关;土壤全氮含量与树龄、树高等呈正相关。因此,土壤养分随着禁伐时间增长而增加;桉树林具有较高的有机质和氮含量,但木麻黄林和大叶相思林的磷含量较高,次生混交林则有着较高的钾含量。     

Morpho-Physiological Response of Oryza glaberrima to Gradual Soil Drying

Soil drought occurrence during dry season has been the main constraint, besides prolonged flooding during rainy season, in increasing cropping intensity and rice productivity in tropical riparian wetland. Use of drought tolerant rice genotype might be a suitable option for overcoming such problem. This study focused on the effects of gradual soil drying during early vegetative growth stage on morphological and physiological traits of five Oryza glaberrima genotypes, namely RAM12, RAM14, RAM59, RAM97 and RAM101, and two Oryza sativa subsp japonica genotypes, i.e. Koshihikari and Minamihatamochi. The plants were subjected to 6 d of gradual soil drying condition from 15 days after transplanting (DAT) to 20 DAT, and were allowed to recover until 22 DAT. Gradual soil drying reduced plant growth as indicated by dry mass accumulation. Drought reduced stomatal conductance and increased leaf rolling score of all the genotypes. All the genotypes showed comparable response on stomatal conductance, but O. glaberrima genotypes performed higher in leaf rolling recovery. Meanwhile, O. sativa genotypes decreased total leaf area and specific leaf area, but increased specific leaf weight in order to avoid further damages due to drought stress. Drought tolerance mechanisms in RAM101, RAM12, RAM59 and RAM14 were associated with leaf morpho-physiological responses, root traits and dry biomass accumulation.     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗对土壤呼吸的影响

研究林窗对土壤呼吸的影响及其机制,可为热带森林生态系统土壤呼吸的准确估算和森林土壤有机碳管理提供科学依据。以海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗（台风干扰形成）样地为研究对象,通过开展林窗内和林窗外（林内）土壤呼吸的原位观测试验,并设置去除/保留凋落物处理来分析凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响;结合林窗内外土壤的理化性质及气象要素,研究土壤呼吸的排放与环境因子的关系。结果表明：林窗的空气相对湿度、土壤温度和土壤含水量与林内均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;林窗的空气温度与林内的差异不显著（P>0.05）;林窗内外的平均土壤呼吸分别为(3.29±0.54)μmol/(m²·s)和(2.38±0.51)μmol/(m²·s)。在月尺度上,林窗内外的土壤呼吸的排放速率呈现多峰型曲线变化规律,排放趋势大致相同,整体呈现出雨季大于旱季的变化规律。林窗和林内的土壤呼吸速率存在显著差异（P<0.05）。影响林内和林窗土壤呼吸的最主要因素分别是有机碳和地下5 cm温度。     

Nitrogen Dynamics in Lowland Rice as Affected by Crop Establishment and Nitrogen Management

Abstract

Information on the dynamics of nitrogen as influenced by crop establishment method and N management strategy is meager, but such information is necessary in optimizing nitrogen input for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, during the wet and dry seasons of 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of crop establishment and nitrogen management strategies for lowland rice on the dynamics of mineral N. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four crop establishment methods as main plots and two N management techniques as subplots with three replications. Zero-N fertilizer (N-omission) micro-plots were embedded in each plot. Crop establishment method did not significantly influence uptake of indigenous mineral N during the wet (44-55 kg ha-1) and dry (43-50 kg ha-1) seasons. Apparently, NH4+-N and NO3～-N accumulated in the top 20-cm layer of the soil during the wet season, resulting in relatively high initial N during the dry season. Crop establishment and N management strategies did not influence crop removal of N during a one-year period. Actual N balance across crop establishment methods during the one-year period ranged from 10 to 16 kg ha-1, whereas the apparent N balance ranged from 45 to 99 kg ha-1. A fertilizer recommendation should be developed based on the actual N balance along with the assessment of crop N requirement for a given yield potential.     

Seasonal distribution of herbage mass and nutritive value of Prairiegrass (Bromus catharticus Vahl)

A reliable supply of herbage is a crucial feature of forage‐based livestock systems. Forage resources with winter‐active growth habits can help extend the growing season in early spring and late autumn in regions with mild‐winter conditions while drought‐ and heat‐tolerant plants help meet herbage needs during summer in humid temperate regions. The prairiegrass (Bromus catharticus, Vahl) cultivars, Grassland Dixon and Grasslands Lakota, provide resistance to foliar disease and cold in addition to sustained productivity when soil moisture is low, and could be useful over a wide range of growing conditions. The cultivars were sown in spring or summer to determine seasonal distribution of productivity and nutritive value of herbage grown in a cool‐temperate region. Stands established rapidly regardless of sowing time or cultivar and were virtually pure prairiegrass once plants were well‐established. Stand composition of broadcast sowings tended to be stable in subsequent growing seasons, whereas the amount of prairiegrass varied in no‐till stands. In the growing seasons after establishment, cumulative dry matter (DM) yield of Lakota was similar regardless of when it was sown, whereas DM yield of Dixon differed with sowing time and was less in spring‐ than summer‐planted stands. Rapid stand establishment, significant late‐season yield, consistent concentrations of crude protein, non‐structural carbohydrate and total digestible nutrients in herbage, and dominance of sward composition, suggest that prairiegrass cultivars, Dixon and Lakota, are excellent resources for forage‐based livestock production systems in humid temperate conditions.