"湘珠牌"苎麻专用肥施用效果初探

2001年在沅江和安乡进行了苎麻专用配方肥的施肥试验，结果表明两种配方肥料对增加苎麻株高和单株干麻重有显著效果，产量增加11．8％～26．3％，效益提高17．4％～20．2％。     

大豆"绿色食品"肥料肥效试验与示范

对黑龙江省大豆生产上示范应用的4种“绿色食品”肥料进行了筛选，选出惠满丰颗粒肥和桦羽磁化肥有较明显的增产、增收作用。惠满丰颗粒肥比常规农肥增产9．7％，桦羽磁化肥比常规农肥增产8．3％。两年的大面积示范也得到相似的结果，惠满丰颗粒肥肥效较好，比无肥区增产15．4％，比常规农肥增产6．6％。     

"绿神"植物光合促进素在大豆生产上的应用

本文对植物光合促进素在大豆上应用效果进行研究，明确了不同浓度及不同喷肥时期对大豆光合生理性状及产量的影响。结果表明：喷肥的各处理光合生理性状及产量均好于喷清水对照，结英期叶面积指数增加0．0797－2．5343，干物质增加16．11－86．13g/m^2，光合势增加0．74％－36．76％；净光合生产率增加0．62％－16．4％，产量增加1．72％－17．9％，各处理以1：800喷肥三次（分枝期、初花期、结英期）的效果最佳。     

浙江茶叶出口现状及应对国际"绿色壁垒"的措施

茶叶是浙江的传统优势农产品，改革开放以来，特别是近十年来，在各级政府的重视与支持下，利用资源与技术优势，通过实施良种工程、绿色工程、品牌工程、茶厂优化改造工程与特色优势农产品区域规划等，浙江省茶产业得到了较大发展。据业务统计，2005年全省茶园面积249万亩，茶叶总产量13．18万吨，总产值49．15亿元，与同口径相比，分别比上年增5．1％和9．0％。其中名优茶产量4．65万吨，产值41．23亿元，比上年分别增加3．8％和2．7％，均创浙江茶叶历史最高水平。茶业已成为浙江省最具优势且可持续发展的农业主导产业之一，为全省山区农业增效、农民致富以及新农村建设作出了较大贡献，也为我国茶叶出口屡创历史新高做出了贡献。     

不同生育期施用"奥普尔"对夏大豆生长发育的影响

用奥普尔液肥处理土壤，可提高大豆出苗率９．１％。除鼓粒期外，其余生育期使用该液肥，株高降低，分枝数增加，株英数增加百粒重降低；而鼓粒期施用，株高、分枝数没有变化，株英数和百粒重增加，综合效果，大豆施用奥普尔液肥，株粒数增加，产量提高，经济效益提高。以上土壤处理和花期喷施效果最好，增产率分别达１１．８％和９．６％；两次是复加施用，增产率达１３．６％，投放产出比达１：５．３。     

"肠炎康"治疗慢性结肠炎的临床观察

用“肠炎康”治疗98例慢性结肠炎，治愈63例，占64．4％，好转25例占25．5％，总有效率89．9％。     

"大西北"甜菜专用微肥对新疆伊犁河谷甜菜产质量的影响

公顷喷施大西北甜菜专用微肥3kg两次,甜菜产量增加6．25％～7．14％,含糖率提高1．0～1．3度．甜菜褐斑病防效达33．1％～39．6％。能降低甜菜有害物质。     

"绿洲茶园"微生物农药防治茶叶害虫效果好

湖北省农科院茶叶研究所高级农艺师刘明炎，今年５月得知武大绿洲生物技术有限公司经国家经贸委批准开始批量生产“武大绿洲茶园”（活体微生物病毒杀虫剂）。他捷足先登找来新药试用。５月１０日，他严格按照标准分别在室内、室外做了５００倍、７５０倍、１０００倍三浓度防治茶毛虫、灰茶尺蠖药效试验。经过７d的药效试验，观察结果如下：１、使用该药防治茶毛虫，浓度５００倍液喷１、４、７d防治效果均１００％；浓度７５０倍防治效果分别是９５．４％、１００％、１００％；浓度１０００倍防治效果分别是９４．２％、９６．５％、１０…     

"容大丰"膏肥甘蔗田间肥效试验

试验结果表明：甘蔗施用“容大丰”膏肥,可促进甘蔗生长,蔗茎长粗,从而增加蔗茎产量5．62％-9．17％,有助农业增收。同时还可改善蔗汁品质,提高甘蔗蔗糖分含量0．16％-0．85％（绝对值）,有利企业降低成本,提高经济效益。“容大丰”膏肥能使甘蔗增产增糖,是优质甘蔗糖料生产基地的理想肥料,在甘蔗生产上推广应用,施用量以300倍液（1～2次）为宜,可结合3-4月防治甘蔗螟虫、7-8月防治甘蔗绵蚜喷施。     

寡雄腐霉制剂"多利维生"对水稻的促长与防病增产效果

采用田间试验、栽培池浮床以及实验室毒性试验对寡雄腐霉制剂“多利维生（Polyversum）”对水稻的促长和防病增产效果进行了研究。初步试验结果表明，0．5g／L多利维生浸种早稻金早47，其秧苗茎蘖数、绿叶数和单株干重分别较浸种灵浸种（CK）有明显增加。在水稻营养生长期喷施多利维生能促进根系生长，汕优10号的最大根长和根干重分别较CK增加了6．50cm和0．41g／株，增幅分别为19．60％和5．05％；秀水11则增加了8.04cm和2．84g／株，增幅为22．57％和73．20％。喷施多利维生可以促进水稻分蘖，使分蘖高峰期提前，田间封行时间有所提早。在水稻3叶1心、分蘖期和齐穗期分别喷施0．1g／L多利维生，与不喷施对照比较，均有一定的增产效果；在水稻齐穗期喷施多利维生能提高结实率与千粒重。田间病害调查和实验室毒性培养试验结果均表明，多利维生处理对水稻真菌病害具有明显的抑制作用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.